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                <text>372-373</text>
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                <text>Montigny Gilles</text>
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                <text>Yankel Fijalkow : La construction des îlots insalubres. Paris 1850-1945</text>
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                <text>compterendu</text>
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                <text>13-27</text>
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                <text>Corinne Régnard</text>
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                <text>Yves Charbit</text>
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                <text>Demographic Dynamics and geographical Patterns of African Populations. 

Whereas Latin American and Asian demographic transitions are well advanced, differences between African sub-regions remain important. 
This paper assesses changes in the trends of mortality and fertility and the influence of urbanization on both variables. 
A regional analysis shows that contrarily to the theory of demographic transition, urbanization does not necessarily induce a decline of fertility and of mortality. Other factors must be taken into account, for instance the supply of health care.</text>
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                <text>Alors que depuis plusieurs décennies, la plupart des pays d'Amérique latine et d'Asie ont réalisé leur transition démographique, en Afrique, les contrastes entre les cinq sous-régions restent marqués. 
Cet article propose un bilan de l'évolution des deux grandes variables (mortalité et fécondité) qui gouvernent principalement les dynamiques de population en Afrique et explore l'incidence du facteur urbain. 
L'analyse conduite au niveau des sous-régions africaines montre que contrairement à la théorie de la transition démographique, l'urbanisation n'induit pas nécessairement la baisse de la mortalité et celle de la fécondité et que d'autres facteurs doivent être pris en compte, par exemple l'offre de santé.</text>
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                <text>Charbit Yves, Régnard Corinne. Dynamiques démographiques et dimensions géographiques des populations africaines. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1999-1. Les populations de l'Afrique subsaharienne. pp. 13-27.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_1999_num_17_1_1867</text>
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                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.1999.1867</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Fertility ; Demographic Perspectives ; Population Dynamics ; Demographic Transition ; Africa ; Regional Analysis ; Mortality</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="388043">
                <text>Perspectives démographiques ; Dynamique de population ; Transition démographique ; Afrique ; Analyse régionale ; Mortalité ; Fécondité</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Dynamiques démographiques et dimensions géographiques des populations africaines</text>
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                <text>303-315</text>
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                <text>Bernard Schéou</text>
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                <text>Pascal Pochet</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="388019">
                <text>2003</text>
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                <text>Effects of the Population Ageing on Tourism Patterns in France.

Ageing of the population, change in lifestyles of the elderly citizens, the tourism operators will be strongly affected by these long term socio-demographic evolutions. Retired persons already represent a large part of the clientele in the tourism sector. This group shows profound social change : growing life expectancy, improvement in health and standard of living, cohorts with an increasing participation in the consumption and leisure world, but also cohorts that will experience uncertainty as far as financing of retirement pensions is concerned and that could face problems of mobility over 75 or 80. What are the recent trends in matter of senior tourism, and how could it change during the next years? We present statistical data in order to highlight these topics. On much major points, tourism patterns of the elderly are getting closer to those of the younger adults, because of generation effects. The arrival at the retirement age of the « baby-boomers » cohorts will certainly imply new changes in tourism demand of the elderly, especially a growing autonomy in tourism and travel, and a larger and larger diversity in the nature of holidays stays.</text>
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                <text>Vieillissement de la population et changements de modes de vie à l'âge de la retraite, le secteur du tourisme est et sera fortement concerné par ces évolutions démographiques et sociales. Clientèle essentielle pour le secteur du tourisme, la catégorie des retraités et pré-retraités connaît de profonds changements, dont l'accroissement numérique ne constitue qu'un élément : élargissement de l'horizon de vie et amélioration de l'état de santé et des revenus, générations de plus en plus intégrées au monde de la consommation et des loisirs, mais générations qui seront aussi préoccupées par le financement des retraites et par les problèmes de mobilité aux grands âges. Comment ont évolué les pratiques touristiques des « seniors » ces dernière années et comment risquent-elles de changer encore dans les années à venir ? Nous présentons les évolutions récentes du tourisme des retraités à partir de données statistiques récentes et essayons d'anticiper les évolutions futures. Sur bien des points les pratiques touristiques des personnes âgées se sont rapprochées de celles des plus jeunes. L'arrivée à la retraite des générations nées après-guerre va entraîner de nouvelles inflexions dans les pratiques touristiques, avec notamment une autonomie plus grande et plus de diversité dans les formes de voyages.</text>
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                <text>Pochet Pascal, Schéou Bernard. L'influence du vieillissement sur les pratiques touristiques en France. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2003-2. Tourisme et dynamiques démographiques. pp. 303-315.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2003_num_21_2_2083</text>
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                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.2003.2083</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Tourism ; Quantitative Data ; Cohort Effect ; Ageing Effect ; Demand ; Elderly People ; Lifestyle</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="388028">
                <text>Tourisme ; Demande ; Effet d'âge ; Effet de génération ; Enquête statistique ; Retraité ; Mode de vie</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>L'influence du vieillissement sur les pratiques touristiques en France</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="387993">
                <text>251-261</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="387994">
                <text>C. Michael Hall</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="387995">
                <text>Dieter K. Müller</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="387996">
                <text>2003</text>
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                <text>The increased capacity of households to allocate their time in several places as a result of both the growth of new flexible forms of work and a more mobile retirement lifestyle has contributed to a renewed interest in second homeownership all over the industrialized world. This has been of particular benefit to rural areas where the consumption of second home households contributes to rural business. However, the often long-lasting visits to second homes raises question as to whether second homes are, in reality, first homes in terms of the owners' relationship to place. The answer to this question is of considerable importance due to the nexus between regional population figures, taxation and public transfers. Considered as tourists, the second homeowners are, however, not registered in the host community thereby leaving municipalities with increased costs for service supply, but without benefits from public transfers. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to uncover the hidden seasonal population patterns caused by second home tourism and to estimate their impact on the demographic and economic structure of rural areas. A unique geographical database covering all second homes in Sweden is used to illustrate this issue. Drawing on the example of Sweden it is demonstrated that current administrative practices in population statistics place rural municipalities at a financial disadvantage.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="387998">
                <text>Résidences secondaires et répartition régionale de la population : des pratiques administratives et de leurs échecs en Suède.

Dans l'ensemble du monde industrialisé, suite au développement de formes flexibles de travail et à l'émergence de modes de vie plus mobiles chez les retraités, les ménages disposent d'une capacité croissante à répartir leur temps entre plusieurs lieux distincts, ce qui a renouvelé leur intérêt pour l'acquisition de résidences secondaires. Cet attrait renouvelé a particulièrement bénéficié aux zones rurales où la consommation des ménages de seconds résidents contribue aux activités économiques locales. Toutefois, le séjour, souvent long, dans les résidences secondaires amène à se demander si, en définitive, celles-ci ne sont pas des premières résidences, du moins sous l'angle de la relation que les propriétaires entretiennent avec elles. En raison du lien existant entre le volume de la population régionale, le niveau d'imposition et les transferts publics, la réponse à pareille question est cruciale. En effet, en tant que touristes, les propriétaires de résidences secondaires ne sont pas enregistrés dans la municipalité hôte comme résidents : leur présence impose des coûts croissants pour la collectivité locale en matière d'offre de services mais sans bénéfice via les transferts publics. L'objet du présent article est de mettre en évidence la distribution spatiale de la population saisonnière et d'estimer son impact sur les structures démographiques et économiques des zones rurales. Une base de données géographiques originale, couvrant l'ensemble des résidences secondaires en Suède, est mobilisée pour examiner cette question. À partir de l'exemple de la Suède, il est démontré que les pratiques administratives actuelles désavantagent les municipalités rurales sur le plan financier.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="387999">
                <text>Müller Dieter K., Hall C. Michael. Second Homes and Regional Population Distribution: On Administrative Practices and Failures in Sweden . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2003-2. Tourisme et dynamiques démographiques. pp. 251-261.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="388000">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2003_num_21_2_2079</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="388001">
                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.2003.2079</text>
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                <text>Emigration has been a longstanding feature of human activity for a number of reasons, including environmental, social, economic, political and security causes. The creation of diasporas has been one result of such movements of people. Increasingly in recent years emigrants have been returning to their homelands for holidays and other visits, and this form of tourism has grown significantly. The paper discusses the nature of such tourism, its links to VFR tourism, and the specific characteristics that differentiate it from the latter. Case studies of two elements of the Lebanese emigrant population are discussed to throw additional light on the motivations and behaviour of emigrants returning to their homeland in the context of tourism.</text>
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                <text>Les communautés encloses aux Etats-Unis - Une nouvelle tendance du développement urbain. 

Au cours des deux dernières décennies, l'énïergence de quartiers résidentiels fermés a marqué de façon importante le développement urbain aux États-Unis. On estime que plus de huit millions d'individus habitent actuellement dans ce genre de communautés. A travers tout le pays elles ont changé l'environnement urbain ainsi que la population périurbaine et son style de vie. Aux États-Unis, ces communautés sont essentiellement des constructions privées entretenues par des associations de propriétaires et leurs employés. Elles sont clôturées ou entourées de murs et les résidents se protègent souvent en plus par un système de surveillance mutuelle, des services de gardes professionnels ou des systèmes de surveillance de haute technologie. Ces communautés encloses reflètent, entre autres, la polarisation croissante dans la société urbaine ainsi que sa fragmentation et une baisse de la solidarité et soulignent la tendance vers une privatisation des services urbains.</text>
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                <text>In the last one and a half decades the emergence of gated residential areas has become a mass trend in U.S.-American urban development. It is estimated that more than eight million people live in these communities today. Throughout the country they have changed the urban landscape as well as the suburban society and its lifestyle. In the U.S. these communities are mostly privately built, and they are maintained by a homeowner association and its hired staff. They are fenced or walled off and the residents are often additionally protected by a privately organized neighborhood watch, professional security guards or high-tech surveillance systems. Gated communities are one element in U.S.-American cities that reflect the increasing polarization, fragmentation and diminished solidarity within urban society and the progressive trend towards privatization of urban services.</text>
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                <text>Frantz Klaus. Gated Communities in the USA - A New Trend in Urban Development. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2000-1. Mélanges (II) - Miscellanies (II). pp. 101-113.</text>
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                <text>After outlining both the geographical ubiquity and some of the conceptual problems with the migration-related demographic trend known as 'counterurbanisation', this paper seeks to expand our understanding of the scope of this phenomenon. This is done by outlining some of the characteristics of two 'marginal' forms of rural resettlement taking place in Britain: new initiatives in crofting in Scotland and a revival in back-to-the-land ideas in England. Whilst their importance may be appreciated in their own right, this is enhanced by considering briefly both the historical tradition of back-to-the- land movements in Britain and the contemporary presence of such activities in other European countries. In sum, it is argued that we need to see greater diversity within counterurbanisation than is commonly acknowledged.</text>
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                <text>'Back-to-the-land' à nouveau : étendre la portée du concept de contrurbanisation.

Après avoir décrit l'ubiquité géographique et les problèmes conceptuels relatifs au processus de contrurbanisation, cet article vise à accroître notre compréhension sur la portée de ce phénomène. Dans ce but, nous décrivons ici les caractéristiques de deux formes 'marginales' de reclassement rural ayant eu lieu en Grande-Bretagne : de nouvelles initiatives dans le crofting en Ecosse et une renaissance de l'idée 'back-to-the- land' en Angleterre. En somme, nous désirons illustrer l'existence peu évoquée d'une grande diversité des mécanismes de contrurbanisation.</text>
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                <text>Halfacree Keith. Going 'back-to-the-land' again: extending the scope of counterurbanisation . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2001-1-2. Repopulation et mobilités rurales. pp. 161-170.</text>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2001_num_19_1_1984</text>
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                <text>Annick Germain and Damaris Rose : Montréal, The Quest for a Metropolis</text>
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