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                <text>Paris</text>
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                <text>Callen, Delphine</text>
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                <text>Le Goix, Renaud</text>
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                <text>L'article porte sur les enclaves fermées et les rues privées, dont on pense généralement qu'elles incarnent l'émergence d'un mode d'urbanisme dont la fermeture remettrait en cause la nature de l'espace urbain. Toutefois, ce phénomène est-il en France aussi nouveau qu'on le pense généralement ? Ne s'agit-il pas d'un phénomène enraciné dans les logiques qui ont fait et font la ville capitaliste (droits de propriété, rente foncière...) ? Et quelles en sont les conséquences en termes de sociabilité dans le voisinage, et dans les rapports à l'espace public ? On étudie ces processus de rétractation de l'espace public dans le cadre du développement des voies privées et des lotissements fermés dans le val de Bièvre (banlieue sud de Paris) très marqué par la multiplication de petits lotissements fermés côtoyant de vieux noyaux villageois rejoints par la périurbanisation. Bien qu'à vocation initialement privée, ces espaces résidentiels entretiennent d'étroites relations avec des espaces à vocation publique : voierie, parcs, espaces de loisirs, dont ils tirent l'essentiel de leur rente de site et de situation.&lt;br /&gt;Par l'étude de ces lotissements fermés, on cherche à évaluer si la séparation morphologique et juridique est la marque d'une volonté de séparation sociale. La fermeture est-elle fondée socialement, motivée par les choix résidentiels et les pratiques quotidiennes ? Ne sommes-nous pas plutôt en présence d'une forme de discours (des promoteurs immobiliers) mettant en avant une valeur ajoutée d'un produit immobilier ?&lt;br /&gt;Un première partie porte sur le contexte d'apparition des fermetures et des séparations en région parisienne, en dégageant la dimension historique et les logiques d'appropriation de l'espace de ces enclaves. Le dépouillement d'une enquête sur 75 résidents de ces quartiers préciseront ensuite les implications sociales de l'appartenance à des espaces résidentiels démarqués de l'espace public, ainsi que les modalités de leur insertion dans la ville, étudiées en termes d'usage des équipements publics de loisirs, de déplacements domicile-travail, et de stratégies résidentielles.&lt;br /&gt;Les résultats démontrent que&lt;br /&gt;- le déterminant de la fréquentation et des pratiques de l'espace public ont plus à voir avec le niveau d'étude, l'âge des résidents et leur niveau socio-professionnel qu'avec la nature du lotissement, ouvert ou fermé. &lt;br /&gt;- les éléments de différenciation ne sont pas tant à chercher au niveau du lotissement qu'au niveau de la commune. &lt;br /&gt;- l'appartenance communale détermine plus les critères de différenciation que les stratégies au niveau du lotissement.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00110100</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/11/01/00/PDF/Chapitre9_callen_legoix.pdf</text>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>La métropole parisienne ; centralités, inégalités, proximités.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519161">
                <text>La métropole parisienne ; centralités, inégalités, proximités.</text>
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                <text>La métropole parisienne ; centralités, inégalités, proximités.</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>villas</text>
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                <text>parcs résidentiels</text>
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                <text>lotissements fermés</text>
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                <text>morphologie sociale</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519168">
                <text>morphologie urbaine</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Fermetures et "entre soi" dans les enclaves résidentielles</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519134">
                <text>François, Jean-Christophe</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519135">
                <text>Poupeau, Franck</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519136">
                <text>2007</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Since the late 1980s, much research has been devoted to the strategies that families use in France to avoid sending their children to the public schools assigned to them by the carte scolaire, which defines school districts. But while there is substantial sociological literature on the different criteria of family choices, relatively little has been said so far about how the geographic location of the school and its implantation in a given space influence these choices. In order to examine the specific effects that the spatial aspect (location) of the education offer has on differentiating education practices within the same social category, it seems necessary to understand first of all how social practices are adapted to different contexts. Too often sociologists tend to consider the factor of social origin alone, or focus on a simple correlation of variables, such as the educational level or income level of parents. However, as Pierre Bourdieu has shown, it is above all a comprehension of the distribution structure of economic and cultural capital that makes it possible to understand the differentiation in schooling practices. This article explores the hypothesis that education strategies can only be really understood if one analyses how families - depending on the economic and cultural capital they possess - can adapt their strategies to an education offer that has specific socio-spatial characteristics. This article presents the results of a survey that was conducted in a community selected for its exemplary characteristics; the questionnaire distributed to parents of students entering Grade 6 thus made it possible to test the hypothesis of how families adjust to educational provision, depending on the distribution of the capital (economic and cultural) they possess.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519138">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00160786</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519139">
                <text>DOI: 10.1080/02680930601065858</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519140">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/16/07/86/PDF/RightMove2006.pdf</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519141">
                <text>ENG</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519142">
                <text>journal of educational policy</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519143">
                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519144">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519145">
                <text>school</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519146">
                <text>segregation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519147">
                <text>social groups</text>
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                <text>social-spatial differenciation</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519149">
                <text>Making the right move: how families are using transfers to adapt to socio-spatial differentiation of schools in the greater Paris region</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519150">
                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Baudet-Michel, Sophie</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519120">
                <text>Aschan-Leygonie, Christina</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2007</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>On a examiné les différences que la répartition de quelques pathologies respiratoires en lien avec la pollution introduit entre 54 villes françaises, à partir du fichier des hospitalisations dans les établissements publics en 2000. On met ainsi en avant une opposition entre des villes du nord et de l'est. La taille des villes semble avoir peu d'effets sur la répartition.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00163298</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519124">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/16/32/98/PDF/EnvRisqSantV2.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>population urbaine</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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                <text>troubles respiratoires</text>
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                <text>pollution de l'air</text>
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                <text>Hospitalisation</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519132">
                <text>La santé respiratoire dans les villes françaises : une caractérisation par les hospitalisations</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519133">
                <text>preprint</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519101">
                <text>Aschan-Leygonie, Christina</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519102">
                <text>Baudet-Michel, Sophie</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>2007</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
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                <text>Cet article met en évidence des types d'organisation de la pollution journalière par le dioxyde d'azote dans 54 aires urbaines françaises.</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519105">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00150556</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519106">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/16/32/85/PDF/Aschan_Baudet_Pollution_V1.pdf</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Données urbaines</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519110">
                <text>[SHS:ENVIR] Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519111">
                <text>Pollution atmosphérique</text>
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                <text>Villes</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>France</text>
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                <text>Cycle journalier</text>
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                <text>La densité et la diversité de l'offre universitaire en Ile-de-France renvoient, en partie et sans grande surprise, à une organisation francilienne duale : au centre de grandes universités plutôt spécialisées thématiquement et généralistes quant au type de diplôme, à la périphérie des établissements de taille relativement plus faible avec une spécificité de l'offre, en direction de diplômes professionnels. Cette étude montre que ce schématisme est toutefois à nuancer dans la mesure où les migrations inter-universitaires esquissent une image plus polycentrique de cet espace métropolitain.</text>
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                <text>La métropole parisienne</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Université</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Des universités en concurrence</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>La géographie des espaces gays est souvent centrée sur les grandes métropoles, renforçant par la même l'idée que loin de la grande ville il n'y aurait pas de vie homosexuelle. Or, il existe à l'échelle nationale une structure commerciale et associative qui répond à une logique d'organisation propre aux services spécialisés. La cartographie des commerces et des associations LGBT permet donc de mettre en perspective la dynamique de ces espaces et de repenser le lien entre ville et homosexualité.</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Ville et homosexualité, une relation à l'épreuve de la cartographie.</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Baron, Myriam</text>
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                <text>Berroir, Sandrine</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519047">
                <text>Définir la place de Paris dans le système universitaire français c'est dépasser le simple stade de la caricature. Les changements de la carte de l'offre universitaire au cours des trente dernières années obligent à reconsidérer le positionnement de Paris dans le paysage universitaire tant en termes de spécialisations, de dynamiques que d'atouts pour attirer de nouveaux étudiants. Au jeu des évaluations croisées, la région capitale semble perdre de son lustre. Parler de Paris et de dispositif universitaire resterait incomplet si n'était envisagée la structuration interne de la métropole, forte de ses 17 universités. Au final, une image très ambivalente s'impose : plutôt que le centre du système universitaire français, Paris apparaît de plus en plus comme un isolat avec ses fonctionnements spécifiques, cette façon de se suffire à elle-même et surtout cette attractivité globale moins importante qu'attendue.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00152545</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519049">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/15/25/45/PDF/BaronBerroir_AnnalesdeGeographie.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519051">
                <text>Annales de Géographie</text>
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                <text>ISSN:0003-4010</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519053">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519054">
                <text>attractivités</text>
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                <text>complémentarités</text>
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                <text>concurrences</text>
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                <text>étudiants</text>
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                <text>flux</text>
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                <text>migrations</text>
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                <text>métropolisation</text>
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                <text>Régions</text>
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                <text>universités</text>
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                <text>Paris et le système universitaire français : mythe et réalités</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Bretagnolle, Anne</text>
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                <text>Pumain, Denise</text>
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                <text>Vacchiani-Marcuzzo, Céline</text>
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                <text>2007</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Les systèmes des villes observables aujourd'hui dans le monde se sont formés dans des contextes historiques extrêmement variés : certains ont moins de deux siècles (Etats-Unis, Australie, Afrique du Sud), d'autres plongent leurs racines dans l'Antiquité (pays d'Europe, Asie, Afrique), même s'ils ont parfois été profondément remodelés par l'occupation coloniale (Afrique Noire, Inde). Pourtant, au delà de cette diversité initiale, force est de constater que les systèmes une fois formés présentent des propriétés extrêmement stables : les villes, par les relations qu'elles tissent entre elles, souvent matérialisées par des réseaux d'échanges techniques, « font système » et leurs évolutions sont interdépendantes. Ces propriétés communes, qui s'expriment dans la manière dont elles remplissent l'espace et s'ajustent les unes aux autres sur le plan hiérarchique et fonctionnel, s'expliquent par certains facteurs opérant à des échelles de temps différentes : formation des territoires, transition urbaine, convergence espace-temps, cycles d'innovation.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00150065</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519032">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/15/00/65/PDF/DU5_dpabcvm.pdf</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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                <text>Données urbaines</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519036">
                <text>villes</text>
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                <text>systèmes de villes</text>
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                <text>Les formes des systèmes de villes dans le monde</text>
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                <text>L'un des débats géographiques les plus constants est celui qui oppose les approches globales à celles qui rendent compte d'expériences singulières. Nous proposons ici un cadre d'analyse qui permet d'inscrire une étude de cas, celui de l'Aire urbaine Belfort-Montbéliard-Héricourt , dans une perspective plus générale, celle du développement local utilisé ici comme outil conceptuel. L'intérêt de cet outil est qu'il permet de traiter des rapports entre territoires institutionnels et territoires fonctionnels. En effet, l'approche en termes de développement local repose généralement sur l'identification d'un territoire considéré comme un espace de solidarité active au sein duquel les populations locales sont appelées à se mobiliser et à coordonner les ressources locales dans une perspective de diversification et d'enrichissement des activités économiques et sociales. Ainsi, au fondement de l'approche en termes de développement local, il y a ce souci de repérer des fonctionnements territoriaux concrets transcendant, le cas échéant, les frontières des territoires institutionnels considérés ici au sens des territoires hérités de l'organisation politico-administrative (départements, circonscriptions électorales, etc.). Par conséquent, traiter du cas de l'Aire urbaine Belfort-Montbéliard-Héricourt dans une perspective de développement local, c'est savoir en quoi ce cas précis nous renseigne sur les rapports entre territoires institutionnels et territoires fonctionnels. Dans ce cas, l'action locale se développe sur un territoire revendiqué politiquement. Cette revendication s'appuie toutefois sur une certaine réalité fonctionnelle. On assiste alors à une reconnaissance opérationnelle et institutionnelle de ce territoire. Cette évolution permet de poser une des questions majeures soulevées par une approche en termes de développement local : celle des rapports entre élus, citoyens et territoire.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/17/40/25/PDF/AireurbaineBMH.pdf</text>
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                <text>Territoires institutionnels, territoires fonctionnels</text>
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                <text>Territoire institutionnels, territoires fonctionnels</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>développement local</text>
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                <text>Franche-Comté</text>
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                <text>L'aire urbaine Belfort-Montbéliard-Héricourt ou la valeur d'un exemple de développement local</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>conference proceeding</text>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Ducom, Estelle</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>Le viellissement et la diminution de la population à Tokyo conduisent à une ville moins diluée dans l'espace par un double phénomène de rétraction périurbaine d'une part et de retour au centre d'autre part. Cette situation sans précédent soulève des questions majeures d'aménagement urbain.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00150044</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/15/00/44/PDF/Annales-ducom.pdf</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519002">
                <text>Les Annales de la Recherche Urbaine</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519003">
                <text>ISSN:0180-930-X</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>Vieillissement</text>
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                <text>Japon</text>
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                <text>rétraction périurbaine</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519008">
                <text>L'involution démographique et urbaine dans l'aire tokyoïte</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Palermo</text>
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                <text>Italy</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518981">
                <text>Verdier, Nicolas</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2006-03-30</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>L'enquête présentée ici vise à déterminer les rythmes et les moments d'intérêts pour les villes chez les historiens français. Elle s'appuie sur l'analyse exhaustive des 400 articles relatifs à la ville dans trois grandes revues françaises entre 1876 et 1968. Les conclusions principales sont qu'après une première phase de recherche (jusque vers 1928) qui se caractérise par sa diversité, une seconde phase, principalement constituée autour des productions des Annales, organise la recherche autour de deux questions : l'économie et la société. Autrement dit, le développement de la recherche sur la ville grâce aux Annales s'accompagne d'un appauvrissement des thématiques.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00104278</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518985">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/10/42/78/PDF/VerdierQuelquesapercus.pdf</text>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>I saperi della città, a cura di Enrico Iachello</text>
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                <text>I saperi della città, a cura di Enrico Iachello</text>
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                <text>I saperi della città, a cura di Enrico Iachello</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>[SHS:HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518992">
                <text>Histoire urbaine</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518993">
                <text>historiographie</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Quelques aperçus sur l'histoire des villes</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                <text>conference proceeding</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518964">
                <text>Pumain, Denise</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518965">
                <text>2006</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518966">
                <text>notices du Dictionnaire La Ville et l'Urbain rédigées par Denise Pumain</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518967">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00266515</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518968">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/26/65/15/PDF/DICO_dp.pdf</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518969">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518970">
                <text>Dictionnaire La Ville et l'Urbain</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518971">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518972">
                <text>ville</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518973">
                <text>urbain</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518974">
                <text>métropole</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518975">
                <text>système urbain</text>
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                <text>système de villes</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>articles pour le Dictionnaire La ville et l'urbain</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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                <text>L'articolo analizza la dimensione spaziale del fenomeno migratorio nelle città italiane. Esso concentra l'attenzione sulle molteplici forme di insediamento dei migranti all'interno degli spazi urbani, con riferimento, in particolare, al caso di Napoli. Prende in considerazione tanto la dimensione residenziale quanto gli spazi “altri” e, in special modo, gli spazi pubblici che vengono trasformati dai migranti in relazione alle loro molteplici forme di appartenenza (di genere, etnica, lavorativa). L'esempio di Napoli mette in discussione le tradizionali interpretazioni del fenomeno migratorio nel Mezzogiorno italiano. Fino a un recente passato, si è dato in genere risalto al ruolo di quest'area - e, nello specifico, al ruolo della Campania - come spazio di transito per i migranti. In realtà, tale interpretazione del fenomeno migratorio nelle regioni meridionali lascia in secondo piano la complessità delle dinamiche migratorie contemporanee, trascurando di analizzare il ruolo svolto dalle risorse relazionali e dalle strategie messe in campo dai migranti nel loro processo di inserimento socio-spaziale. Per questa ragione, l'analisi delle diverse forme migratorie che si sviluppano nello spazio urbano necessita di una prospettiva che tenga conto di differenti scale territoriali, prendendo in considerazione le pratiche socio-spaziali che prendono forma a livello locale quanto a livello internazionale e globale. In questa prospettiva, Napoli non appare più come un “caso a parte”, irriducibilmente diverso dagli altri come è stato considerato finora, bensì come un laboratorio di nuove forme migratorie.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/21/20/27/PDF/MigNapoli_SEmigrazione.pdf</text>
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                <text>Studi Emigrazione</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ANTHRO_SE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
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                <text>Mezzogiorno</text>
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                <text>Italie</text>
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                <text>changements urbains</text>
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                <text>Spazi insediativi e pratiche socio-spaziali dei migranti in città. Il caso di Napoli.</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Schmoll, Camille</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Résumé&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La ville de Naples a souvent été représentée comme un lieu de contact et d'interpénétration entre Sud et Nord de la Méditerranée. Une telle conception de la ville comme « entre-deux » est problématique, comme le montre l'étude des flux migratoires qui la traversent. Naples peut certes être considérée comme un espace de transition et d'échange entre l'Union Européenne et les différents Suds du monde, mais ni son histoire cosmopolite, ni sa position spatiale ne permettent seules d'en expliquer les raisons. En outre, ce rôle d'interface de la ville doit être relativisé, notamment à la lumière de la mondialisation des flux et de la diversification des profils et parcours des migrants. A l'aune de ces évolutions, la ville est avant tout un laboratoire de nouvelles formes migratoires. Il est vrai que certains migrants, à travers la circulation commerciale, choisissent la ville en vertu de sa position d'interface, permettant l'exploitation des différentiels. Toutefois, cela induit, dans une certaine mesure, un bouleversement des hiérarchies spatiales sur lesquelles étaient fondées leurs stratégies migratoires.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00212024</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/21/20/24/PDF/C.Schmoll_BAGF2006.pdf</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518929">
                <text>Bulletin de l'Association des Géographes Français</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518931">
                <text>[SHS:ANTHRO_SE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518933">
                <text>Migrations internationales</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518934">
                <text>mobilités</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518935">
                <text>transit</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518936">
                <text>économies informelles</text>
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                <text>Mezzogiorno</text>
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                <text>Naples</text>
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                <text>Italie</text>
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                <text>Méditerranée</text>
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                <text>interface</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Naples dans les mouvements migratoires : une interface Nord-Sud?</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518911">
                <text>Besse, Jean-Marc</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2006</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>A partir d'une analyse du travail photographique d'Anne-Marie Filaire en Israël/Palestine, l'article propose une réflexion sur la notion de paysage politique.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00185720</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/57/20/PDF/Les_marques_du_territoire.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>paysage</text>
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                <text>formes spatiales</text>
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                <text>géographie</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Les marques du territoire</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>other publication</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518896">
                <text>Cattan, Nadine</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2006</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518898">
                <text>Ce texte propose une définition de la méthaphore classique de centre-périphérie pour décrire les organisations spatiales et principalement le système mondial. Il montre comment cette image fige le système mondial dans une représentation duale trop réductrice. Il explicite alors les raisons pour lesquelles le système mondial doit être lu hors de ce prisme et donne quelques pistes pour la réflexion.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518899">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00162580</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518900">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/16/25/80/PDF/Centre-Peripherie-dicodef.pdf</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518901">
                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Dictionnaire des mondialisations</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518903">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518904">
                <text>Centre-Périphérie</text>
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                <text>métaphore</text>
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                <text>Système mondial</text>
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                <text>dualité</text>
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                <text>représentation</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Centre-Périphérie</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Pumain, Denise</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518881">
                <text>2006</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518882">
                <text>The question of complexity and its increasing application to social sciences is challenging the modelling of spatial systems. New concepts and new methods have been proposed and invite to reformulate classical modelling frames. This approach is demanding to open a better informed dialogue between the disciplines which supply models and tools and those where the existing knowledge is reformulated inside this new frame. Actually, creating an « artificial geography » is not straightforward. It is rather easy to translate urban theories within the paradigm of complex systems, but their modelling, for instance by using multi-agents systems, still raises many conceptual and practical difficulties. We underline here some problems in defining significant urban entities and exploring the evolution of their spatial relationships over time. We briefly present which options have been selected for developing the SIMPOP2 model which is conceived for simulating the evolution of systems of cities over long periods of time.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518883">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00156778</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518884">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/15/67/78/PDF/cybergeofinal.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518885">
                <text>ENG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518886">
                <text>CyberGeo: European Journal of Geography</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518887">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518888">
                <text>complexity</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518889">
                <text>emerging structures</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518890">
                <text>self-organisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518891">
                <text>urban systems</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518892">
                <text>space-time convergence</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518893">
                <text>multi-agents systems</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518894">
                <text>From theory to modelling : urban systems as complex systems</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518862">
                <text>Genève</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518863">
                <text>Switzerland</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518864">
                <text>Clerval, Anne</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518865">
                <text>2006</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518866">
                <text>Gentrification, this specific form of middle-class penetration that affects older and working-class areas and that is accompanied by the restoration of housing, is a long-term movement in continental European cities that leans on the traditionally central positioning of the middle classes. Nevertheless, the movement has accelerated recently due to the convergence of a network of causes, including the changes to the global economic system and their expression in the world's largest cities, and the implications for the property market in those same cities. &lt;br /&gt;Starting with the example of Paris, we will show how gentrification resembles a pioneering wave very similar to battle or invasion plans with its advance posts, skirting strategies and front lines. This pioneering front is nevertheless not a clear demarcation line, but a frontier zone where the gentrifiers live alongside the working classes, who are more and more often immigrants as gentrification progresses. In these spaces where such different groups live together, the ongoing process results in a change of scale in segregation between the different streets, flats and in other domains such as education or leisure activities. &lt;br /&gt;What is the role of public policies in urban planning and housing in a process of this kind? Gentrification is often ignored or poorly understood by the public authorities, who are happy with the social desegregation that results in working-class areas. Furthermore, policies for the restoration of housing and the regeneration of public spaces - even in consultation with the residents, who are primarily the gentrifiers - work in favour of their acquisition of the area at the expense of the working classes. But there is little room for manœuvre for politicians who genuinely want to put a stop to this process.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518867">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00152809</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518868">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/15/28/09/PDF/Clerval-Gentrification_Paris.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518869">
                <text>ENG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518870">
                <text>50th IFHP World Congress - Final report</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518871">
                <text>Urban life, boundaries and transformations, 50th IFHP World Congress</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518872">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518873">
                <text>gentrification</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518874">
                <text>Paris</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518875">
                <text>social division of urban space</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518876">
                <text>Gentrification, a frontier reshaping social division of urban space in the inner Paris</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518877">
                <text>conference proceeding</text>
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          </element>
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          <elementContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518848">
                <text>Pumain, Denise</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518849">
                <text>2006</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518850">
                <text>Dans les villes comme dans les territoires apparaissent des propriétés émergentes, issues des différentes formes d'échanges et d'interactions qui se produisent entre les acteurs urbains, à plus ou moins longue distance. Ces propriétés sont caractéristiques de l'organisation des villes en réseaux, en systèmes, à des niveaux meso- ou macro-géographiques, Elles contraignent à leur tour les actions sociales comme le devenir de chaque ville, dans la mesure où elles constituent des règles « spontanées » de l'évolution des villes. Certaines de ces propriétés rapprochent les formes d'organisation des systèmes urbains de celles de systèmes physiques, tellement les régularités observées sont générales et universelles. Peut-on alors imaginer les expliquer par de simples modèles dynamiques, certes non linéaires, dont le fonctionnement serait indépendant du temps et des règles propres à chaque société ? On examine comment la structuration des systèmes urbains a pu être décrite par des modèles de croissance stochastique, ou des modèles géométriques (type fractales), ou bien par des modèles économiques a-temporels. On insiste ensuite sur le fait que ces systèmes sont des objets sociaux qu'il importe de considérer dans leur dimension évolutive, par exemple pour interpréter sur la longue durée l'émergence de leur structure et ses transformations, notamment sous l'effet des modifications technologiques de l'espace-temps sociétal, et jusqu'à quel point il faut prendre en compte les accidents marquants de leur histoire pour en comprendre les particularités de forme. La plus grande complexité des interprétations et des modèles suivant cette deuxième voie semble nécessaire, quand il s'agit de tester des hypothèses sur l'évolution future des villes.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518851">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00145939</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518852">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/59/39/PDF/morphogenese_villesdp.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518853">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518854">
                <text>Morphogenèse. L'origine des formes</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518855">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518856">
                <text>villes</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518857">
                <text>systèmes urbains</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518858">
                <text>morphologie urbaine</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518859">
                <text>théorie évolutive des systèmes urbains</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518860">
                <text>Systèmes de villes et niveaux d'organisation</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518861">
                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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          </elementContainer>
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      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518833">
                <text>Pumain, Denise</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518834">
                <text>2006</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518835">
                <text>The panorama of hierarchical organisation in social and natural sciences was intended to improve our understanding of universally emerging hierarchical organisations in nature and society. We expected new insights from the analysis of the scope for circulating concepts and methods between various disciplines. We were searching for a possible general explanation for hierarchical structures. We have reviewed a whole set of quantitative and qualitative approaches, including measures and analytical tools, which provide deeper knowledge about general and specific processes generating or maintaining hierarchies. But this theoretical and methodological investigation has also led us to reverse the question, through the discovery of a possible explanatory power of hierarchical structures themselves, as a necessary part of the architecture of complex systems. Looking for hierarchical organisation would thus become an essential methodological step in the description and understanding of complex systems.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518836">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00145935</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518837">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/59/35/PDF/hierarchy_conclusion.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518838">
                <text>ENG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518839">
                <text>Herarchy in natural and social sciences</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518840">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="518841">
                <text>[NLIN:NLIN_AO] Nonlinear Sciences/Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518842">
                <text>hierarchy</text>
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                <text>complex systems</text>
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                <text>scaling</text>
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                <text>self-organisation</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518846">
                <text>Provisional conclusions about hierarchical organisation in complex systems</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
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          </element>
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