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                <text>La réflexion géographique s'intéresse aux conflits d'abord à partir de leur capacité à révéler et à renforcer des territorialités pré-existantes. Cette communication a pour ambition de contribuer à l'analyse leur rôle dans la production de nouvelles territorialités. Sans nier l'importance des configurations préexistantes sur le déclenchement et les modalités du conflit, je propose de focaliser l'attention sur l'analyse des impacts spatiaux et territoriaux des situations de conflits et controverses.</text>
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                <text>Conflits et controverses : de nouvelles scènes de production territoriale ?</text>
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                <text>The massive downsizing of the state-owned sector and the concomitant impressive growth of the private sector at the end of the 1990s have altered the nature of the Chinese labor market. The introduction of market mechanisms has contributed to increasing labor turnover and competitiveness in market wages. Using two urban household surveys for 1995 and 2002, this paper analyzes the evolution of labor market segmentation in urban China, by applying an extended version of Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods. During the 7-year period, the sharp increase in real earnings for all workers shows substantial differences across ownership, economic sectors, and regions. We find strong evidence of a multi-tiered labor market along these three major lines and highlight increasing segmentation within each of the three dimensions, the gap between the privileged segments of the labor market and the most competitive segments widening over time.</text>
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                <text>Economic liberalization with rising segmentation in China's urban labor market</text>
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                <text>Dans la France contemporaine se multiplient des situations dans lesquelles des collectivités locales, des associations ou des résidents s'opposent à l'implantation d'un équipement, se mobilisent contre la construction d'infrastructures de transports ou plaident pour la protection de lieux ou d'espaces. Les conflits qui portent sur la localisation d'équipements ou d'infrastructures, introduisent aussi des débats sur l'opportunité de leur réalisation, sur l'acceptabilité des nuisances et sur les relations entre les différents usages de l'espace. Dans le nouveau contexte créé par l'essor des préoccupations environnementales et patrimoniales, par l'affichage des objectifs de développement durable et de lutte contre le changement climatique, les mobilisations de riverains ne peuvent plus simplement être disqualifiées comme caractérisant un égoïsme résidentiel face aux besoins de l'intérêt général et aux nécessités de l'équipement du territoire.</text>
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                <text>La France, aménager les territoires</text>
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                <text>Using newly available spatial price deflators, this paper shows that inequality evaluations in the literature overstate the magnitude of inequality and inequality changes in China, as well as the role played by regional differences in the observed inequality rise during&lt;br /&gt;the 1990s.</text>
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                <text>Urban income inequality in China revisited, 1988-2002</text>
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                <text>Cet article analyse les discours de résidents du Vieux Tours - un des premiers secteurs restaurés en France - mobilisés pour tenter de limiter les nuisances liées à la concentration de certaines activités (bars, restaurants, discothèques). Les habitants mobilisés exercent une vigilance stricte sur le respect des règlementations de lutte contre le bruit et des prescriptions de protection du patrimoine. Le Vieux Tours est aujourd'hui doté d'une instance de concertation chargée d'offrir une scène aux revendications de l'association des habitants et de pacifier les relations entre les différents usages de cet espace. Dans un contexte de conflits et controverses se met en œuvre un mode particulier d'habiter basé sur l'appropriation des objectifs et du référentiel de l'action publique patrimoniale.</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>Habitants mobilisés et devenir d'un espace patrimonial</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>À l'heure où de nombreux penseurs avancent l'idée d'une&lt;br /&gt;dé-territorialisation de la vie sociale par la multiplication&lt;br /&gt;des organisations en réseaux, physiques ou virtuels, les&lt;br /&gt;conflits locaux représentent une nouvelle manière de&lt;br /&gt;créer des territoires de liens sociaux.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516661">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/37/35/31/PDF/Mele_2007_ADELS.pdf</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Territoires</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516665">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>conflits</text>
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                <text>territoire</text>
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                <text>territorialisation</text>
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                <text>NIMBY</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Conflits locaux : de nouvelles scènes de production territoriale ?</text>
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                <text>article in non peer-reviewed journal</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Lyon</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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                <text>Germain, Séverine</text>
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                <text>Ce papier examine la question du changement d'échelles des politiques de sécurité en Italie au cours des années 90, qui a conduit à l'avènement d'une gouvernance multi-niveaux impliquant les communes, les régions et l'Etat. Nous soutenons qu'un petit groupe d'entrepreneurs politiques, proches du Parti Démocrate de Gauche, a contribué à la mise sur l'agenda régional du thème de la sécurité en Emilie-Romagne, à la suite de l'ouverture d'une fenêtre d'opportunité politique en 1995. La Région Emilie-Romagne a ensuite développé un « modèle » de relations inter-institutionnelles, qu'elle a cherché à diffuser auprès de l'ensemble des collectivités italiennes (Régions, Provinces, Communes), qui se sont alliées face à l'Etat pour revendiquer la reconnaissance de leur rôle dans le domaine de la sécurité par l'intermédiaire d'une proposition de loi commune. Le changement d'échelles analysé demeure cependant incomplet car souffrant de la résistance institutionnelle du Gouvernement central et des conséquences des disparités territoriales Nord-Sud existant en Italie.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00009381</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516644">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/06/03/42/PDF/Communication4.pdf</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516646">
                <text>8ème Congrès de l'AFSP Villes, Régions, Etat, Europe : l'action publique à l'épreuve des changements d'échelle, Lyon, 14-16 septembre 2005</text>
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                <text>8ème Congrès de l'AFSP Villes, Régions, Etat, Europe : l'action publique à l'épreuve des changements d'échelle, Lyon, 14-16 septembre 2005</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516648">
                <text>8ème Congrès de l'AFSP Villes, Régions, Etat, Europe : l'action publique à l'épreuve des changements d'échelle</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516649">
                <text>[SHS:SCIPO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science</text>
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                <text>sécurité</text>
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                <text>gouvernance multi-niveaux</text>
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                <text>région</text>
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                <text>Italie</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516655">
                <text>Les collectivités italiennes à la conquête de la sécurité : vers l'affirmation d'un (nouveau) paradigme ?</text>
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                <text>Grenoble</text>
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                <text>Germain, Séverine</text>
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                <text>Poletti, Cristian</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516626">
                <text>This joint paper, which deals with policing in Italy, chiefly aims at describing the main evolutions which have occurred in the field of security over the last fifteen years. During the last decade, a new institutional process took place: beside the State law enforcement agencies, other players started claiming to have their duties acknowledged. Indeed, local governments -i.e. municipalities- and regions have played a growing role in the co-production of security, especially in Emilia-Romagna, where new inter-agency partnerships have been experimented on localities' initiative since the mid-nineties. &lt;br /&gt;The growing involvement of localities in the co-production of security has been explained by the growing claim for safety expressed by the local populations (the “citizens' committee” phenomenon) and the crisis of the traditional political parties which were used to channelling social demands towards the State. This dynamic has given an impetus to a reflection on the police duties. The watchword of “proximity” has entered the police institutions as an answer to this new crisis of legitimacy. The main idea was to strengthen the relations between the (national and local) police forces and the local populations by promoting rooted police agents among them. So, both local and national police forces have started an identity transition based on principles borrowed from the community policing philosophy.&lt;br /&gt;This paper will be basically divided into two parts. The first one will tackle the new institutional organization of policing in Italy, and more precisely the combination of dynamics which generated the growing involvement of localities in the field of security. In particular, the case study of Emilia-Romagna will be examined, since the Region appeared as a pioneer in the nineties by promoting local (regional and municipal) security policies and inter-agency partnerships. The second part will deal with the impact of these evolutions upon local and national police forces' practices and identities. It will be pointed out that there are some convergences in the evolving practices of both police forces, but also that these dynamics have a quite different impact on their own professional identity.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00374004</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/37/40/04/PDF/Communication.Germain.Poletti.pdf</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516629">
                <text>ENG</text>
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                <text>Explaining major shifts in policing, an international perspective</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516631">
                <text>[SHS:SCIPO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science</text>
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                <text>security</text>
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                <text>Italy</text>
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                <text>Local security policies in Italy: new key institutional players, transformation of policing and professionalization of municipal forces</text>
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                <text>Nicosie</text>
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                <text>Germain, Séverine</text>
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                <text>This paper aims to deal with community participation in the field of security in France and Italy, and particularly to investigate the relationship between the Physical and the Social thanks to a comparison between two case studies: the “Projet Grenoble Sud” (“South Grenoble Project”) in Grenoble (France) and the “Progetto Città Sicure” (“Safe City Project”) in Modena (Italy). My contribution is based on my PhD research in progress about local security policies in both countries, focussing on four cities (Lyon and Grenoble in France; Bologna and Modena in Italy).&lt;br /&gt;Community participation in Modena -which can be qualified as “problem-solving oriented”- is based on networks of “sentinels” who keep neighbourhoods and the police action under supervision. It results from a bottom up process, that is to say spontaneous citizens' mobilizations on security problems that occurred in the mid-nineties, in the national context of political party crisis and rising of immigration flux. On the opposite, the community participation pattern in Grenoble results from a top down process, driven by the local government who leads a consultative process that enables people to make proposals to improve security in their neighbourhoods, and then to maintain control over the effective implementation of the retained proposals. This mode of community participation can be qualified as “program-building and implementation-controlling”. &lt;br /&gt;I claim that the differences between these two patterns of community participation lie in the relationships between the physical and the social dimensions of neighbourhoods, which define the process of (re)building local identities based on the exclusion of “outgroups” (Elias and Scotson, 1965) and therefore influences the framing of the social demand of security by the local government. As a generalization, I support the hypothesis that in Emilia-Romagna, the social differentiation between residents and (immigrant) delinquents allows community participation based on the idea of reconquering public spaces within neighbourhoods, whereas in France, where the reconquest of public spaces seems more supported by public authorities than by inhabitants, deprived city suburbs called “banlieues” embody the consequences of an uneasy social differentiation, in discourses as well as in policies. These poor suburbs are physically delimited places where delinquents live and act, and are therefore stigmatized by the rest of the local population who live in other neighbourhoods. The political tensions created by the Interior Minister's description of urban vandals as “racaille” (“scum” or “rabble”), a few months before the beginning of urban violence that have been wracking these suburbs for two weeks, have recently well illustrated this idea. Building a collective social differentiation is so uneasy in France that individual responses such as moving (Roché, 2002) lead to a territorial differentiation whose real victims are residents who remain there. &lt;br /&gt;Therefore, historical and cultural explanations are useful to understand this differential of collective action: the building in discourses and policies of immigrant delinquents “outgroups” is easier in Italy because it is a more recent immigration country that has little colonial past. It's all the more easy in Emilia-Romagna as this Region belongs to the “Third Italy” (Putnam et al., 1993), where old homogeneous and integrated working class neighbourhoods still exist, where new immigrants are more equally distributed on the territory and where corporate actors in the field of safety are not systematically placed under suspicion unlike France, a “strong” state, where this kind of mobilization is often associated with denouncement and militia, what we could call the “syndrome of Vichy”. It is a question of degree: mobilization of second class inhabitants in deprived neighbourhoods is always a challenge for local governments, even in the UK with more grass roots associations.</text>
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                <text>ENG</text>
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                <text>ECPR Joint Session, April 2006&lt;br /&gt;Workshop n. 15: Neighbourhood Politics, Policymaking and the Discourse of Community Participation</text>
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                <text>[SHS:SCIPO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science</text>
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                <text>Comparative analysis</text>
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                <text>community participation</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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                <text>Italy</text>
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                <text>Explaining community participation in the field of security: social and territorial differentiations between and within neighbourhoods in France and Italy</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Germain, Séverine</text>
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                <text>La comparaison de quatre cas d'étude (Bologne, Modène, Grenoble et Lyon) révèle dans quelle mesure les mobilisations d'habitants ont contribué à une réorientation du contenu des politiques municipales en matière de sécurité. Nous avons, dans chacune des villes, étudié les processus de problématisation de la « sécurité » sur une période de dix ans, entre 1997 et 2006. Le premier constat auquel nous sommes parvenus touche à la pluralité des problèmes inclus dans le thème général de la « sécurité ». Le deuxième constat établi concerne les formulations des problèmes retenues par les pouvoirs publics, qui peuvent présenter de fortes similitudes, mais également varier d'une ville à l'autre, d'une part, et selon la nature des acteurs qui s'expriment dans chacune des configurations territoriales étudiées, d'autre part. De cette pluralité de problèmes et diversité d'interprétations découlent ainsi des politiques locales plurielles.&lt;br /&gt;Il est ressorti de nos investigations que la parole profane (la parole des « résidents » dans notre perspective) se trouve au cœur des processus de problématisation de la « sécurité » dans les quatre villes. Qu'elle s'exprime sous formes de mobilisations spontanées d'habitants, fortement médiatisées, dans les deux villes italiennes, ou paraisse davantage canalisée par les associations d'habitants et les institutions dans les deux villes françaises, il n'en demeure pas moins que les problématisations différenciées observées résultent directement des conceptions des problèmes exposées par les résidents dans chacune des villes. Ainsi, s'il existe à Modène un large consensus sur la figure de « l'immigré en situation irrégulière - délinquant » -dont attestent les 18 000 signatures recueillies par la pétition réclamant une législation plus stricte à l'égard des immigrés ayant commis des actes de délinquance-, à Bologne le débat sur la définition du degrado (dégradation) de la ville n'a pas permis de dégager un modèle de causalité unifié d'un problème pluriel. Or de la problématisation opérée découle la politique menée : alors qu'à Modène, les pouvoirs publics et les habitants mobilisés soutenaient l'ouverture d'un centre de rétention pour les étrangers, à Bologne services de l'Etat et municipalité se rejetaient la responsabilité du traitement de la « dégradation », au gré de la définition du problème mise en avant.&lt;br /&gt;Au-delà des particularités de chacun des cas d'étude, il nous a semblé que les problématisations de la « sécurité » portées par les résidents dans les quatre villes avaient pour horizon commun une volonté de réappropriation de l'usage des espaces publics, utilisés par certaines catégories de population de manière indue. Le cas de la prostitution, tel qu'il est dénoncé par les résidents à Lyon et à Bologne, illustre nettement ce point : l'activité n'est pas tant condamnée d'un point de vue moral qu'au niveau des pratiques qu'elle génère dans l'espace public (préservatifs et détritus divers abandonnés). De ce point de vue, la focalisation croissante sur le territoire des politiques de prévention de la délinquance menées que croient déceler certains auteurs, sous le vocable de « prévention situationnelle », s'expliquerait autant par la problématisation de la « sécurité » qu'opèrent les résidents au niveau local que par celle que formulent les décideurs.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00374019</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516593">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/37/40/19/PDF/SQSP.Germain.pdf</text>
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                <text>Les nouveaux acteurs politiques</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516596">
                <text>[SHS:SCIPO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="516597">
                <text>Comparaison</text>
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                <text>mobilisations sociales</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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                <text>Italie</text>
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                <text>sécurité</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>La parole profane dans la problématisation de la sécurité : mobilisations d'habitants et réorientation de l'action publique en France et en Italie</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Démurger, Sylvie</text>
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                <text>Fournier, Martin</text>
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                <text>Chen, Yi</text>
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                <text>2007</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This paper analyzes the impact of market liberalization on gender earnings differentials and discrimination against women in urban China at the beginning of the 1990s. The observed stability in the overall gender earnings gap between 1988 and 1995 is shown to result from a complex set of evolutions across enterprises, earnings distributions, and time. Our results highlight the interplay of opposing forces, with economic reforms contributing to changes in managers' behaviors in different dimensions. On the one hand, by bringing more competition, liberalization favored a reduction in discriminating behaviors in both urban collectives and foreign-invested enterprises; on the other hand, by relaxing institutional rules, it led to a loosening of the government's egalitarian wage-setting policies, leaving more space for discrimination in state-owned enterprises.</text>
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                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00138124</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516581">
                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/81/24/PDF/DFC_DE_V2b.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516582">
                <text>ENG</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516583">
                <text>The Developing Economies</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economies and finances</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>The Evolution of Gender Earnings Gaps and Discrimination in Urban China, 1988-95</text>
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                <text>Lavergne, Marc</text>
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                <text>2008-12-13</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516563">
                <text>Dubai, qui s'est érigée au rang de symbole de la mondialisation triomphante, est aujourd'hui confrontée à la plus grave crise de sa courte histoire. L'effondrement des marchés financiers et des cours du brut depuis l'automne 2008 est une épreuve de vérité pour son modèle de développement fondé sur les services destinés à une clientèle mondiale avide de profits rapides et de loisirs.&lt;br /&gt;Cet article examine les recettes du modèle, et sa capacité à surmonter les difficultés présentes, ainsi qu'à évoluer pour donner à Dubaï l'assise humaine et sociale plus stable qui lui fait encore défaut.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/37/51/51/PDF/Dubaei.pdf</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>[SHS:SCIPO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science</text>
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                <text>Les villes du monde arabe ont toujours suscité et réveillé es fantasmes au cœur des occidentaux. Cependant, si la notion du désir nous évoque automatiquement des visions de souks et de bains publics, le frôlement d'une femme voilée, l'odeur des parfums et du narghileh, aujourd'hui elle s'est élargie avec la modernité. Peut-on dans ce cas considérer les villes du Golfe comme étant des villes arabes ? Elles sont peuplées d'étrangers, avec une urbanisation récente, parfois froide et calquée sur l'occident. La vie dans ces cités se déroule avec la satisfaction d'aspirations diverses dans plusieurs espaces délimités. Souks, grands hôtels, boites de nuits, galeries marchandes, chaque endroit répond à la satisfaction d'un besoin exprimé par une clientèle spécifique. A Manama ou à Dubaï par exemple, le monde de la nuit constitue un univers à part, mêlé de prostitution affichée qui fonctionne sous l'œil en apparence indifférent mais vigilent de la police. Avec Internet, les jeunes explorent de nouveaux horizons, jusqu'alors inconnus. Sur la rive sud du Golfe s'échelonne trois ensembles urbains, dont chacun représente un rapport au monde différent : trois types de « fabriques urbaines ». La région urbaine du fond du Golfe (Koweït, l'ensemble Bassorah-Oum qasr et Abadan-Khorromshahr) : villes au destin brisé. Les villes saoudiennes (Al Qatif, Al Damman, Al Zahran, Al Khubar) et leur soupape de sûreté : Manama, la capitale de Bahreïn. Et enfin Dubaï, à l'orée du Golfe, la cité marchande vouée au culte consumériste. Ainsi le Golfe constitue-t-il un milieu ou le mode de vie est très ambivalent. En effet, société traditionnelle et technologies modernes se mélangent formant un contraste saisissant. Le désir, est réprimé ou encouragé selon qu'il constitue une ressource financière ou pas. Néanmoins son expression reste fragile et peut à tout instant être réprimée étant donné qu'elle n'émane pas d'une mobilisation citoyenne forte.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00375152</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/37/51/52/PDF/desir_lavergne.pdf</text>
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                <text>Golfe persique</text>
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                <text>islam</text>
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                <text>Sur les ailes du désir, de Koweït à Mascate</text>
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                <text>This paper deals with the contrast between the beduin tribal origins of the rulers of this wealthy and dynamic Emirate and the globalized economy and society which makes for the majority of its dwellers. It raises the question of the sustainability of the model, faced with the tendency of the foreign population to settle there on the long run, and the need to involve this population, or at least the middle and upper middle class in the project for Dubaï.</text>
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                <text>Cities of the South. Citizenship and Exclusion in the 21st Century</text>
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                <text>Dubai</text>
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                <text>Global City, tribal Citizenship: Dubai's paradox</text>
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                <text>Paris</text>
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                <text>Berland-Berthon, Agnès</text>
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                <text>C'est entre traces et turbulences, force des permanences et stratégie de substitutions, que l'on peut situer l'actuelle problématique urbaine de la démolition-reconstruction des ensembles d'immeubles de logements sociaux en France. Les projets de transformation socio-spatiale des quartiers des grands ensembles mettent en forme(s) la politique de rénovation urbaine et bouleversent les espaces et leurs habitants. Ces projets sont profondément marqués par une histoire des origines qui contraint fortement le changement attendu.&lt;br /&gt;Ces traces visibles sont ici de deux natures : d'une part, celles laissées dans l'espace et les représentations collectives par une morphologie architecturale et urbaine stigmatisée, jugée stigmatisante et en rupture avec les formes et les pratiques de la « bonne » ville traditionnelle ; d'autre part, celles empreintes dans le sol, issues d'une conception par le plan de masse, de type « grand prix de Rome », et réalisée sur des grandes parcelles. Les traces invisibles sont celles des routines, tant financières que politiques et techniques, qui accompagnent en continu, régulent, voire freinent les diverses volontés de transformation dont ces quartiers sont de plus en plus souvent l'objet, au fur et à mesure que la ville les rejoints.&lt;br /&gt;Les turbulences visibles sont alors de deux ordres : d'une part, au nom de la forme responsable, celles de la substitution des productions du mouvement moderne par les formes urbaines de la ville historique : la rue et l'îlot ; d'autre part, au nom de la ville libérale, celles d'un redécoupage foncier et domanial de la grande parcelle en petites unités, jugées plus aptes à permettre au grand ensemble d'accéder au statut de quartier urbain. Les turbulences invisibles sont principalement de natures sociale et politique, constituées du changement encore opaque de la « clientèle » des quartiers sociaux et de celui des niveaux de décision des projets de renouvellement urbain qui oscillent entre centralisation (avec l'ANRU) et déconcentration-décentralisation (avec la délégation des aides à la pierre).&lt;br /&gt;Derrière l'écran d'une politique de rénovation urbaine centralisée qui s'attaque à la visibilité d'une ségrégation socio-spatiale politiquement incorrecte, il semble que se profilent au niveau local les conditions d'une politique de l'habitat, qui parviendront peut-être à substituer au slogan des « quartiers comme les autres » celui de quartiers populaires, parce que, en fait, au-delà des images, telle est la réalité.</text>
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                <text>Pérennité urbaine ou la ville par-delà ses métamorphoses. Volume II : Turbulences. Actes du colloque international Pérénnité urbaine ou la ville par-delà ses métamorphoses, UMR 7145 LOUEST, Equipe MOSAIQUES, Paris, 15 et 16 mars 2007</text>
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                <text>Les grands ensembles, des quartiers pas comme les autres</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>Logement social</text>
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                <text>Les grands ensembles : des quartiers pas comme les autres</text>
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                <text>Lavergne, Marc</text>
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                <text>Amman est une ville de création récente ; sa croissance est due à son choix comme capitale d'un Etat neuf, et à l'affluc de réfugiés palestiniens. C'est aujourd'hui une ville qui regroupe plus de la moitié des habitants du pays et concentre l'essentiel des activités et des dynamismes. Mais cette ville qui repose sur des ressources externes est très divisée socialement ainsi que spatialement.</text>
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                <text>Métropolisation</text>
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                <text>Jordanie</text>
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                <text>Amman</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516482">
                <text>Cet article étudie le processus de conception en architecture. Deux cas sont à distinguer lorsqu'on doit expliquer le passage d'un état à un autre du projet architectural: 1) Le changement d'état induit une transformation du modèle morphologique, auquel cas il faut introduire l'opérateur schème pour décrire l'opération de conception (Raynaud 1999); 2) Le changement d'état ne suppose pas une telle transformation et consiste seulement en un ajustement dimensionnel. L'article étudie ce dernier cas sur plusieurs projets (Gio Ponti, Sebastiano Serlio, Villard de Honnecourt) et montre qu'il faut encore recourir à l'opérateur schème pour décrire complètement l'opération de conception. Mais l'architecturologie considérant l'échelle comme un opérateur de conception, la relation entre schème et échelle doit être clarifiée. L'article examine les raisons conduisant à qualifier l'échelle et le schème de co-opérateurs de la conception architecturale.</text>
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                <text>Arquitetura Revista</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>conception architecturale</text>
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                <text>opérations</text>
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                <text>opérateurs</text>
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                <text>échelle</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Le schème, opérateur de la conception architecturale, II: Le cas de la conservation du modèle morphologique</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Raynaud, Dominique</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2006</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Les sociologues de l'art expliquent généralement les représentations et valeurs esthétiques par des déterminants traditionnels (elles sont contractées par habitude) ou affectuels (elles naissent dans un rapport émotionnel à l'oeuvre d'art). Une série de quatre expérimentations portant sur la construction des valeurs et représentations architecturales montre que les déterminants rationnels ne doivent pas être sous-estimés dans ce processus. Les valeurs et les représentations esthétiques sont assimilables à des inférences rationnelles dont la production obéit au principe de moindre action de Maupertuis.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/37/65/68/PDF/Construction_representations-AR.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="516473">
                <text>Arquitetura Revista</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="516474">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="516475">
                <text>architecture</text>
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                <text>valeurs et représentations artistiques</text>
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                <text>rationalité</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>La construction des représentations sociales de l'architecture</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Raynaud, Dominique</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="516451">
                <text>2008</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Pourquoi les architectes subissent-ils une crise de légitimité durable dans les pays démocratiques, alors que, dans la plupart d'entre eux, le recours à l'architecte est fixé par la loi? On observe que l'organisation du travail de conception et de maîtrise d'oeuvre prend aujourd'hui les traits d'un partenariat concurrentiel à tendance égalitariste. De cela découle la crise de la profession d'architecte, qui tient essentiellement à l'érosion des pouvoirs de l'architecte face aux autres acteurs. Ce fait ne manque pas d'évoquer un paradigme tocquevillien: la passion de l'égalité qui règne dans les sociétés démocratiques tend à abolir les différences de statut. La pertinence du paradigme est évaluée en comparant les effets pervers décrits par les acteurs du bâtiment avec les conséquences de l'égalitarisme prédites par Tocqueville. Enfin, l'article se demande pourquoi le phénomène égalitaire n'a touché les architectes qu'à partir de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00376566</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="516454">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/37/65/66/PDF/Architectes_egalitarisme-TR.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>The Tocqueville Review</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516458">
                <text>démocratie</text>
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                <text>égalité</text>
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                <text>pouvoir</text>
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                <text>légitimité</text>
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                <text>crise</text>
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                <text>profession</text>
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                <text>architecte</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="516465">
                <text>La profession d'architecte à l'épreuve de l'égalitarisme contemporain</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Lavergne, Marc</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516437">
                <text>1999</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Le Liban de l'après-guerre connaît un intense mouvement de littoralisation, dû à l'attraction de la métropole beyrouthine, au détriment des centres secondaires, qui avaient bénéficié du repli communautaire vers la montagne et l'intérieur.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>Méditerranée</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="516443">
                <text>Liban</text>
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                <text>littoralisation</text>
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                <text>reconstruction</text>
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                <text>métropolisation</text>
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                <text>Des Emirs de la Montagne à la reconstruction du Centre-Ville : disparités spatiales et littoralisation au Liban à l'ère de la mondialisation</text>
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