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                <text>Verdeil, Eric</text>
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                <text>Ce chapitre analyse le redéploiement de la politique énergétique jordanienne dans le contexte de l'affirmation d'une priorité en faveur du développement durable. L'orientation de notre questionnement consiste à étudier la mise en œuvre de ces réformes à partir d'une grille de lecture des mutations de l'action publique en termes de nouvelles relations entre acteurs (désengagement de l'Etat, partenariat public-privé, injonctions internationales) et de nouvelles territorialisations, en particulier en observant la place faite par les concepteurs de ces réformes à l'échelon local. Inversement, il s'agit de voir comment les acteurs urbains, dans un contexte de décentralisation plus nominale qu'effective, perçoivent les enjeux énergétiques et s'en saisissent. A cet égard, nous cherchons à inscrire notre propos dans une discussion sur la territorialisation des politiques énergétiques et notamment, sur le rôle des villes et acteurs des politiques urbaines dans la conception des politiques énergétiques. L'exemple jordanien est instructif et paradoxal. Comme de nombreux pays qu'on peut classer comme émergents, la Jordanie connaît actuellement une croissance très rapide de sa consommation énergétique et en particulier de l'électricité, en raison du mouvement d'urbanisation et de la diffusion de nouveaux usages fortement consommateurs. D'autre part, cette croissance est perçue par le gouvernement comme une source de fragilité politique dans la mesure où le pays est totalement dépendant des importations d'hydrocarbures pour satisfaire cette demande. Enfin, l'accès à l'électricité, largement subventionné, fait partie intégrante du contrat social jordanien, ce qui a sur le long terme, lourdement pesé sur l'équilibre des finances publiques. Or, pour rompre sa dépendance, le gouvernement jordanien entend mettre fin aux subventions, privatiser le secteur et développer de nouvelles sources de production valorisant des énergies renouvelables (solaire, éolien, à plus long terme nucléaire). Ces orientations très volontaristes se traduisent par une redéfinition du rôle des acteurs étatiques. D'un côté, l'opérateur historique intégré du secteur est restructuré et une partie de ces actifs privatisée. De l'autre, les agences étatiques conservent un rôle central dans la définition de la politique énergétique notamment en ce qui concerne la stratégie, les énergies renouvelables et le nucléaire. Mais la mise en place de cette nouvelle stratégie ne va pas sans heurt entre l'impératif du développement durable et les réactions des consommateurs qui en subissent le coût accru. D'autre part, une lecture attentive à l'échelon local souligne également que les réformes en cours s'inscrivent à rebours du mouvement revendiqué de décentralisation. Les entreprises gestionnaires de la distribution, fortement inscrites dans leur territoire et liées à des municipalités, subissent des changements de stratégie qui remettent en cause leurs ancrages locaux. En définitive, notre communication souligne les enjeux sociaux des politiques énergétiques (notamment liée à la pauvreté urbaine) et le caractère spécifique - et en tout cas à rebours des évolutions constatées en Europe occidentale et aux USA - de leur territorialisations. Le tournant local des politiques énergétiques ne semble pas se produire en Jordanie.</text>
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                <text>Expérimenter la ville durable au sud de la méditerranée. Chercheurs et professionnels en dialogue</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>développement urbain durable</text>
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                <text>Villes, énergie et développement durable en Jordanie : entre néolibéralisme et improbable décentralisation</text>
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                <text>Rebotier, Julien</text>
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                <text>Caracas compte aujourd'hui parmi les villes les plus dangereuses d'Amérique latine. Les pratiques de sécurité largement répandues y marquent le paysage, les pratiques territoriales, et les rapports sociaux. Plus que par la distribution de ces pratiques (de surveillance, de limitation de fréquentation de certains lieux, de collectifs de défense), c'est à travers le sens qui leur est donné et les représentations de l'insécurité des différents acteurs que des inégalités, non pas tant de distribution mais de reconnaissance, semblent jouer à plein. On note que l'insécurité, incontournable à Caracas et présente à l'esprit de chacun, n'est pas également prioritaire pour tous. Un panorama de pratiques de sécurité parmi différents groupes d'acteurs permet de les confronter et, au-delà de formes parfois similaires, de les distinguer. Ainsi, stigmatisation et discours dominants fondés sur des rapports sociaux et culturels inégaux, propres au contexte caraqueño, constituent à la fois un moteur de, et se trouvent renforcés par des pratiques de sécurité différemment signifiées. On trouve là une dimension politique nécessaire à la compréhension des pratiques de sécurité dans un contexte urbain pétri d'inégalités.</text>
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                <text>Justice Spatiale / Spatial Justice</text>
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                <text>Insécurité urbaine</text>
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                <text>Pratiques de sécurité et inégalités à Caracas. Nouveaux ressorts d'une logique ancienne?</text>
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                <text>Rebotier, Julien</text>
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                <text>En sintonía con el contexto regional, la participación urbana se desarrolla en Venezuela desde el último cuarto del siglo XX, permitiendo la emergencia de nuevos actores en el escenario urbano. Con los gobiernos Chávez y la politización de la cuestión social en un contexto urbano profundamente desigual, son más polémicas aún las experiencias participativas en Caracas. Situar la gobernanza urbana es fundamental a la hora de investigar de manera crítica los procesos de interacción social y producción de la ciudad. Se propone un método de comparación de lógicas de actores, relativas a la planificación urbana y la vivienda en Caracas desde 1958. Ello permite identificar tendencias en la producción de la ciudad, apuntar a enfoques comparativos en el tiempo y en el espacio así como articular y politizar experiencias puntuales.</text>
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                <text>Cuadernos del Cendes</text>
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                <text>ISSN:1012-2508</text>
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                <text>Vivienda</text>
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                <text>geopolitica urbana</text>
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                <text>Planificacion, gobernanza y vivienda en la Caracas democràtica. Contextualizar para comparar</text>
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                <text>Millard, Eric</text>
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                <text>Dans ce texte,il ne s'agit pas de procéder à une étude spécifiquement tournée vers une appréciation politico-juridique du droit opposable au logement, en particulier, dans le contexte français actuel, ni à une description des énoncés et concrétisations d'énoncés constituant ce droit, même si certaines observations ici pourraient y conduire, sans en tenir lieu. Il s'agit en revanche d'approcher ce droit d'un point de vue théorique, en ce que la formulation retenue révèlerait - ou non - une meilleure ou tout au moins une autre forme disponible pour la protection pratique des droits affirmés.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/78/39/PDF/MA_langes_FranA_ois_Julien-LaferriA_re.pdf</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Mélanges François Julien-Laferrière</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:DROIT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Law</text>
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                <text>Droit au logement</text>
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                <text>théorie du droit</text>
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                <text>théorie critique</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Le droit au logement opposable</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495779">
                <text>Beyrouth</text>
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                <text>Lebanon</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495781">
                <text>Combes, Laurent</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495782">
                <text>Verdeil, Eric</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495783">
                <text>1997</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495784">
                <text>Cette communication présente pour la première fois le livre d'Helmut Ruppert Beyrouth une ville d'Orient marquée par l'Occident. Il analyse les principales originalités de sa lecture de l'espace beyrouthin, à partir de quatre points : la confrontation de deux modèles de structuration urbaine, démarche géographique et paysage urbain, la structure résidentielle, les centres d'activités.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495785">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00617974</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495786">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/79/74/PDF/combes-verdeil-articleRuppert-BeyrouthGdBeyrouthv2.pdf</text>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495788">
                <text>Beyrouth, grand Beyrouth</text>
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                <text>Beyrouth, Grand Beyrouth</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495790">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="495791">
                <text>géographie</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495792">
                <text>histoire de la géographie</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495793">
                <text>paysage urbain</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495794">
                <text>écologie urbaine</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495795">
                <text>Beyrouth</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495796">
                <text>Liban</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495797">
                <text>Le regard d'un géographe allemand sur Beyrouth en 1967</text>
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          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495798">
                <text>conference proceeding</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495762">
                <text>Paris</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495763">
                <text>France</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495764">
                <text>Verdeil, Eric</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495765">
                <text>2001</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495766">
                <text>Ce chapitre présente une réflexion sur les nouveaux usages et les nouvelles conceptions de la notion de limite ville-campagne à partir des débats sur l'aménagement de la région parisienne, tels qu'évoqués dans la revue La Vie Urbaine, et dans le plan Prost. Le chapitre est structuré suivant les divisions suivantes : Années vingt : la limite de la ville en question; De la science "urbaine" à la politique : la question des limites du Grand Paris; Le Plan Prost; Conclusion</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495767">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00617989</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="495768">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/79/89/PDF/LIMITE-VERDEIL.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495769">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495770">
                <text>Aux débuts de l'urbanisme français. Regards croisés de scientifiques et de professionnals (fin XIX-début XXème siècle)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495771">
                <text>Aux débuts de l'urbanisme français. Regards croisés de scientifiques et de professionnals (fin XIX-début XXème siècle)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495772">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="495773">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="495774">
                <text>limite</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495775">
                <text>histoire de l'urbanisme</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495776">
                <text>Grand Paris</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495777">
                <text>La limite ville-campagne dans les projets d'aménagement de la région parisienne de 1919 à 1939</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495778">
                <text>conference proceeding</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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    </collection>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495744">
                <text>Ouallet, Anne</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495745">
                <text>2009-05-14</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495746">
                <text>Patrimoine et vulnérabilités sont liés de manière complexe. Nous commençons par montrer comment la vulnérabilité peut enclencher la patrimonialisation et inversement. Les facteurs de vulnérabilités sont ensuite analysés dans leurs différentes dimensions. Le contexte de grande pauvreté des villes africaines amène les populations à privilégier des stratégies de survie. A une époque où le patrimoine est un outil de développement économique, la question patrimoniale est devenue un enjeu majeur et parfois source de conflits. La résilience apparaît comme un élément modérateur des vulnérabilités. L'article s'appuie sur l'expérience des villes africaines du patrimoine mondial avec des exemples sélectionnés au Mali et en Ethiopie.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495747">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00618097</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495748">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/80/97/PDF/1056article_OUALLET.pdf</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495749">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/80/97/IMG/Ouallet_photo_1.GIF</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495750">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/80/97/IMG/Ouallet_photo_2.GIF</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495751">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495752">
                <text>Cybergeo</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495753">
                <text>ISSN:1278-3366</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495754">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="495755">
                <text>vulnérabilité</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495756">
                <text>patrimoine</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495757">
                <text>Afrique</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495758">
                <text>dynamiques urbaines</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="495759">
                <text>résilience</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495760">
                <text>Vulnérabilités et patrimonialisations dans les villes africaines : de la préservation à la marginalisation</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495761">
                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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          </element>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495704">
                <text>Banzo, Mayté</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495705">
                <text>2009-11-25</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495706">
                <text>L'" espace ouvert " est un terme utilisé dans le domaine de l'aménagement pour qualifier l'ensemble des espaces " non bâtis " offrant des paysages à caractère rural et naturel dans les vastes aires urbanisées de la ville contemporaine. L'usage de ce terme, pourtant délaissé en Amérique du nord, tend à s'affirmer en Europe. Cette affirmation relève à la fois de la difficulté à identifier la grande diversité des espaces non bâtis, mais également de l'inadaptation des termes fréquemment utilisés pour les caractériser. En effet, les concepts de paysage, campagne, nature continuent d'affirmer l'existence d'espaces ou de mondes du savoir distincts de ceux de l'urbain. La multiplication des oxymores (ville-nature, ville-campagne, ville-paysage) traduit la réticence à accepter la réalité d'une urbanisation généralisée dans le rapport que les sociétés entretiennent avec tous les espaces, quelle que soit leur forme. Le présent volume interroge les raisons qui imposent de trouver un terme alternatif pour qualifier ces espaces et le processus qui participe à l'émergence de ce terme. Nous considérons que trois domaines nourrissent ce processus : la ville et la pensée urbanistique, la relation société/ville-nature, l'action publique territorialisée. L'espace ouvert existe par et pour la ville/urbain. Il naît des formes qu'induisent les relations ville-campagne et du regard que porte la ville, et ceux qui la font, sur les espaces non bâtis (partie 1). L'évolution du rapport de la société à la nature dans un monde qui trouve ses limites impose de repenser la relation de la nature et de la ville qui, longtemps opposées, doivent désormais s'associer. La planification stratégique spatialisée participe à cette nouvelle relation et à la mise en visibilité de l'espace ouvert (partie 2). Cette visibilité se concrétise dans l'action publique territorialisée qui révèle l'espace ouvert comme bien commun et participe à sa territorialisation par le biais de projets territoriaux suscitant un renouvellement des pratiques de l'aménagement urbain (partie 3). Face à la grande diversité des situations et des processus liés aux espaces non bâtis proches, voire éloignés de la ville, l'espace ouvert est un mot-valise utile car assez flou pour intégrer cette diversité sans chercher à la qualifier de prime abord. Il constitue ainsi un outil très utile pour comprendre la manière qu'ont les acteurs territorialisés de concevoir et de s'approprier ces espaces. Il permet d'observer les dynamiques à l'œuvre dans les périphéries urbaines et les formes d'urbanité émergente dans lesquelles semble s'affirmer la place des espaces non bâtis et les pratiques de " nature ". C'est l'hypothèse que défend ce travail.</text>
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                <text>This work presents a rationale for the prevalent limits to voters' information disclosure in electoral settings. When allowed to express an intensity of preferences, strategic voters overstate in equilibrium of large multicandidate elections. Due to these overstatements, the set of voting equilibria of elections held under different voting rules coincide: the voting rules are strategically equivalent. Voters need not anymore overstate in electorates with few voters. However, enlarging the set of available grades does not significantly alter the set of possible winners in such elections.</text>
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                <text>Monteix, Nicolas</text>
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                <text>Depuis les années 1970, plusieurs études de topographie urbaine ont été menées à Pompéi, prenant fréquemment les espaces " artisanaux " comme objet. En combinant l'utilisation d'une nomenclature latine souvent mal justifiée et des raisonnements parfois simplistes, ces recherches ont conclu que le facteur primordial de localisation des activités urbaines serait la recherche d'une proximité avec les rues principales. Cette focalisation sur les grands axes de circulation a été particulièrement exacerbée lors des débats opposant les tenants d'une cité de consommation à ceux d'une cité de production au cours des années 1980 et 1990. De nouvelles interprétations, concernant l'alimentation et les métiers liés au textile, permettent de proposer d'autres explications à la structure du tissu productif de Pompéi au moment de l'éruption du Vésuve. L'analyse de la répartition des espaces voués à ces deux activités permet de proposer une autre image de la ville qui ne serait pas uniquement extravertie. Les besoins de la population, la facilité d'approvisionnement en matières premières et des impératifs techniques permettent de mieux expliquer quelques concentrations remarquables.</text>
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                <text>Revue archéologique de l'Est - suppléments</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory</text>
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                <text>Antiquité</text>
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                <text>La localisation des métiers dans l'espace urbain: quelques exemples pompéiens</text>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Présentation de l'ouvrage d'Helmut Ruppert Beyrouth, une ville d'Orient marquée par l'Occident, publié en 1969 et traduit par l'auteur. Cet ouvrage, écrit en allemand, a été largement ignoré des chercheurs ayant travaillé sur Beyrouth à cette période et jusqu'aux années de la reconstruction. Dans cette présentation, l'ouvrage est replacé dans la lignée des études urbaines orientalistes animée par Eugen Wirth et mis en perspective par rapport aux travaux contemporains ou postérieurs.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00617960</text>
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                <text>Ruppert Helmut, Beyrouth, une ville marquée par l'Occident</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495653">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495654">
                <text>Beyrouth</text>
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                <text>paysage urbain</text>
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                <text>commerce</text>
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                <text>souks</text>
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                <text>industrie</text>
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                <text>communautés</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Présentation</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
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    <elementSetContainer>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495602">
                <text>Lafi, Nora</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2011</text>
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                <text>In many societies, petitions are a means of communication between rulers and ruled. Since the 1980s, historians have tried to analyse the nature of this relationship and to answer linked questions, such as the emergence of public opinion, the existence of a civil society and the capacity of a society to develop forms of democracy. Petitions are indeed a very abundant archival resource, and also a very specific individual or collective expression of discontent, protest, opinion or need. As such, they are invaluable historical sources, both informative and reflective of the nature of the society that produced them. From ancient times to the era of Byzantium, from medieval England to18th century North America, or from 18th century Japan to present times, petitions have been crucial in shedding light on the whole governance context, as scholars have frequently shown. In the Ottoman empire, petitions were also central features of the relationship between rulers and ruled. In the Ottoman empire, communication between local societies and the central administration in Istanbul was codified during the period of the old regime on the basis of various medieval practices, themselves sometimes of ancient origin. In cases of conflict, or where generally accepted administrative processes had broken down, or in cases where new demands or problems had arisen, inhabitants were granted the right to write petitions either on an individual basis or as a group (professional, confessional, civic collective body). But this system of petitioning was more than mere recourse to remedies or adjustments. Rather, it was an integral tool in the functioning of the empire and in the definition of imperial power in the provinces. The petition was not just an exceptional tool, but a normal procedure, whose bureaucratic nature had been formalised over the course of the Ottoman centuries. Indeed, the central archives in Istanbul contain hundreds of thousands of such petitions from throughout the empire and spanning the 15th to the 20th centuries. These petitions were registered by a specialised administrative bureau, whose consistency and importance grew as the empire set about constructing its bureaucratic apparatus. Petitions were registered in daftar, and subjected to a whole administrative process that constituted the very essence of imperial authority. The petition cannot be likened to a bottle thrown into the ocean in the hopes of capturing the sultan's attention, and nor was it merely akin to a medieval supplicant's appeal to the sovereign in the hopes of gaining an exception. It was rather an act of codified administrative communication whose role is pivotal to an understanding of the very essence of the Ottoman empire and the relationship between centre and peripheries. This codification had a multifaceted heritage dating from the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries, an era that in administrative terms constitutes the Ottoman old regime. However, during the Tanzimat era and, for cities, the period of municipal reform during the second half of the 19th century, when both the whole administrative system and the very foundations the organisation of society itself were reordered, these old practices were, paradoxically, used intensively to negotiate the accommodation of the new administrative system with local configurations. At the very moment of its reform, the old system was the object of strong collective investment, which reveals both the importance of the old channels of communication and of the mediation process for accommodating the new.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00618770</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/87/70/PDF/Lafi_PetioningEdited7Feb11.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>ENG</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Istanbul as seen from a distance. Centre and Provinces in the Ottoman Empire</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History</text>
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                <text>Ottoman Empire</text>
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                <text>Istanbul</text>
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                <text>petition</text>
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                <text>petitioning system</text>
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                <text>Hauken</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495615">
                <text>Higginson</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495616">
                <text>Attreed</text>
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                <text>Byzantine</text>
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                <text>byzantin</text>
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                <text>old regime</text>
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                <text>Feissel</text>
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                <text>Stern</text>
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                <text>Burton</text>
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                <text>Barkey</text>
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                <text>Lowry</text>
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                <text>Fekete</text>
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                <text>Hataway</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495627">
                <text>Hourani</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495628">
                <text>modernity</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495629">
                <text>archives</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495630">
                <text>Aleppo</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495631">
                <text>Bodman</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495632">
                <text>Schatkowski</text>
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                <text>daftar</text>
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                <text>defter</text>
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                <text>urban factions</text>
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                <text>bureaucracy</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495637">
                <text>Ursinus</text>
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                <text>Acun</text>
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                <text>grievance</text>
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                <text>BOA</text>
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                <text>complaints</text>
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                <text>Islam</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Petitions and Accommodating Urban Change in the Ottoman Empire</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495589">
                <text>Verdeil, Eric</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495590">
                <text>2011-08</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495591">
                <text>‫ھﺬا اﻟﻨﺺ ھﻮ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات ﻛﺘﺎب ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان - دورس ﺣﻮل اﻋﺎدة اﻻﻋﻤﺎر اﺛﺮ اﻟﺤﺮب - ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ﻣﺎﺧﻮذة ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﻨﺎن ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮب 6002، ﺣﺮرﺗﮭﺎ ھﻮﯾﺪا اﻟﺤﺎرﺛﻲ .‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺮى اوﻻ ان ﻟﺒﻨﺎن ﻛﺎن ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻹﻋﻤﺎر.‬ ‫اﺛﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﺳﻨﻄﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ﺗﻌﺒﺮﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ اﺻﻨﺎف ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ إﻋﺎدة اﻹﻋﻤﺎر .‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻻﺧﯿﺮ، ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ھﺬه اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ، ﻧﻼﺣﻆ اﻧﺴﺤﺎب اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ اﻟﺤﻀﺮي ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﮭﻨﯿﺔ .‬</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495592">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00614935</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="495593">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/49/35/PDF/iriq_farday_168-172.pdf</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495594">
                <text>ARA</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495595">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="495596">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>reconstruction</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495598">
                <text>guerre</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495599">
                <text>Hezbollah</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495600">
                <text>Compte rendu de Lessons in post-war reconstruction. Case studies from Lebanon in the aftermath of the 2006 war</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>other publication</text>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495576">
                <text>Warin, Philippe</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495577">
                <text>2011</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495578">
                <text>Définition de la notion "Usager". Acteur de la définition des besoins sociaux, de l'intérêt collectif et de l'offre de services urbains. Acteur de la légitimation des choix publics budgétaires et fiscaux. Acteur de la cohésion sociale.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495579">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00619104</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="495580">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/91/04/PDF/Usager-Warin_texte_publiA_F.pdf</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495581">
                <text>FRE</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495582">
                <text>Dictionnaire des politiques territoriales</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495583">
                <text>[SHS:SCIPO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495584">
                <text>Usager</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="495585">
                <text>politiques publiques territoriales</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495586">
                <text>démocratie</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495587">
                <text>Usager</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="495588">
                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Au cours des décennies 1920 et 1930, dans un contexte où, en France, est mise en place une politique d'immigration de main-d'œuvre et où des organismes publics prennent en charge le placement, comment, dans une ancienne ville d'immigration comme Marseille, les immigrantes intègrent-elles le marché du travail ? À partir de sources diverses (archives de l'office départemental et municipal de placement, données de la Statistique Générale de la France - SGF-, archives du bureau marseillais du Service Social d'Aide au Émigrants - SSAÉ -, dossiers d'étrangers, récits de vie publiés, etc.), l'article analyse, d'une part, comment les organismes publics de placement envisagent l'immigration des femmes, en particulier dans la région marseillaise, et d'autre part, les chemins empruntés par des migrantes pour s'insérer sur le marché du travail.</text>
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                <text>En la historiografía todavía no está bien resuelto el problema del origen de la definición de "anarquismo" y de "anarquía" en la historia política y cultural de la Europa contemporánea. Si bien el pensamiento anarquista tiene raíces que se hunden en la antigüedad y su relativa definición encuentra un uso frecuente en el debate político en Francia ya en la primera mitad del siglo XIX, es cierto que no existe un movimiento anarquista organizado más que desde el quinquenio de 1872-1877. Tras la separación de la "Internacional antiautoritaria" del Consejo General de la AIT, es en el laboratorio político de la Suiza francófona donde los militantes locales y los exiliados que conforman la Federación del Jura adoptan formalmente el comunismo anárquico, y solo desde entonces esta escuela política asume la elaboración de elementos estratégicos tácticos y precisos que desde este momento la caracterizan. ¿Pero es posible hablar de anarquistas y de anarquía antes de ese hito? Hemos planteado el problema analizando el recorrido de dos de los fundadores del movimiento anarquista internacional, conocidos también por su actividad intelectual en el ámbito de la etnología y de la geografía, los hermanos Élie y Élisée Reclus. Analizaremos sus escritos y su correspondencia en los años en torno al evento que marca la transición más visible en su trayectoria militante, que les lleva del republicanismo "rojo" al anarquismo: la Comuna de París.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00614917</text>
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                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/49/17/PDF/La_Comuna_de_ParA_s_y_los_origines.pdf</text>
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                <text>SPA</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Germinal Revista de Estudios Libertarios</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>La Comuna de París y los orígenes del pensamiento anarquista: la experiencia de los hermanos Reclus</text>
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