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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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                <text>BENNAFLA, Karine</text>
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                <text>Cet article aborde la complexité du lien entre mobilités et politique avec le cas d’une petite ville isolée, siège d’un mouvement de protestation sociale entre 2005 et 2009. Sidi Ifni a vécu une période de gloire espagnole (1934-69), l’érigeant en place attractive, puis une politique de marginalisation socio-économique après sa rétrocession au Maroc (1969). La proximité du Sahara Occidental et la catégorisation du pays Aït Baamrane en marche frondeuse du royaume éclairent la stratégie de renouvellement de la population du Makhzen. Le déclin urbain a généré une émigration de crise, surtout vers l’Europe, grâce au statut juridique particulier des Ifnaouis en Espagne. L’immigration illégale s’intensifie depuis les années 1980, avec des harragas vers les Canaries voisines. Les émigrés ont fait pression sur les autorités marocaines lors de la vague protestataire. Leur rôle de levier de développement est plus modeste, comme l’est celui des actifs, touristes et retraités européens, de plus en plus nombreux à fréquenter et s’installer à Sidi Ifni. </text>
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                <text>This article studies the complex relationship between mobilities and politics, through the case of a small and isolated city, site of social mobilizations between 2005 and 2009. Sidi Ifni was a developed and attractive place during the Spanish occupation (1934-1969). Since the reintegration to Morocco (1969), the city suffers from a social and economic marginalization policy. The Makhzen is deploying “repopulation” strategy, in order to reduce the pressure of local people, due to the proximity of conflictual Sahara and to the categorization of Aït Baamrane’s zone as a historical turbulent region. Urban decline generates migratory movements, especially to Europe because of the special status held by Ifnaouis in Spain. Harrags’ illegal migrations to the Canary Islands are increasing since 1980’s. Emigrants did lobbying over the Moroccan authorities during the protests, but their role in local development is less important, same as the economic contribution of European workers, tourists and retired persons, who are more and more to visit and live in Sidi Ifni. </text>
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                <text>mobilities</text>
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                <text>Sidi Ifni</text>
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                <text>Sidi Ifni</text>
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                <text>Mobilités et politique à Sidi Ifni, ville isolée du Sud marocain</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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                <text>Fournet-Guérin, Catherine</text>
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                <text>Pour qui connaît mal Madagascar, cette île isolée au sud-est de l’Afrique peut apparaître comme « immobile » tant les processus de mobilités n’y sont pas spectaculaires. Or la réalité est tout autre si l’on s’intéresse non plus seulement aux grands indicateurs statistiques mondiaux mais aux pratiques des habitants de la Grande Île à différentes échelles. Le pays connaît bien une émigration d’élites originale et accueille des migrants, certes peu nombreux, mais qui traduisent son insertion dans des flux mondialisés, comme l’illustre le cas des commerçants chinois. À l’échelle nationale, se développent de nombreux fronts pionniers (ruées) liés à des cultures exportatrices (crevettes, litchis) ou à des gisements de pierres précieuses qui créent des mobilités intenses et des recompositions spatiales, tout en impliquant des acteurs migrants étrangers. Les migrations permanentes ou saisonnières sont également très nombreuses et contribuent à redessiner la répartition ethnique du peuplement. Enfin, les villes sont le lieu d’intenses mobilités, intra-urbaines tout comme entre villes et campagnes, qui souvent portent la marque des difficultés économiques structurelles mais aussi révèlent des stratégies d’adaptation pour surmonter ces crises. L’approche multiscalaire ainsi menée pour Madagascar pourrait permettre de mieux considérer le cas de pays du Sud peu connus, en apparence en marge des mobilités liées notamment à la mondialisation, mais en fait pleinement concernés par ces processus de transformation des espaces et des sociétés. </text>
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                <text>Who does not know Madagascar very well, this isolated island in the South East of Africa may seem motionless because of mobility processes which are not spectacular. When considering not only global data and indicators but mainly spatial practices of the inhabitants of the Big Island at different scales, then a different picture appears. As a matter of fact, there are Malagasy elites emigrating in Northern countries. There are also migrants settling in Madagascar. Although they are not numerous, they illustrate the way the country gets more and more involved in global flows (e.g. Chinese shopkeepers). Inside the country many pioneer fronts (rushes) have recently been developed, based on agricultural goods intended to export (shrimps, litchis) or gem deposits. They create dense mobilities, they lead to spatial evolutions and foreign migrants get involved in these new activities. Permanent and seasonal migrations are also well developed and lead to a new distribution of the different ethnic groups. Finally, dense mobilities exist in the urban eras (intra-urban mobilities and urban-rural exchanges). They convey economic crises but they also reveal new strategies to adapt and overcome these difficulties. The case of Madagascar here studied with a multiscale approach can help studying other Southern countries which are too often considered as standing apart from mobilities due to the consequences of globalisation whereas they are in fact fully concerned by these processes which transform spaces and societies.  </text>
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                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4131.html</text>
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                <text>Madagascar</text>
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                <text>pioneer front</text>
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                <text>échanges villes-campagnes</text>
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                <text>Madagascar, île immobile ?</text>
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                <text>Deboudt, Philippe</text>
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                <text>Deldrève, Valérie</text>
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                <text>Houillon, Vincent</text>
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                <text>Paris, Didier</text>
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                <text>2008-06-01</text>
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                <text>Se fondant sur l’étude d’un cas, le quartier du Chemin Vert à Boulogne-sur-Mer, les auteurs proposent dans cet article une réflexion sur les relations entre les dimensions socio-urbaines et environnementales dans la construction des inégalités sociales et écologiques. À partir de deux approches en géographie et en sociologie, les auteurs analysent la construction de l’espace urbain et les processus de marginalisation qui l’associe dans les années 1990 à une zone urbaine sensible. Si les caractéristiques sociales de ce quartier le rangent sans ambiguïté dans la catégorie des quartiers socialement très défavorisés, l’inégalité environnementale est partielle par rapport aux autres quartiers de la ville. En effet l’environnement urbain du quartier est certes bien dégradé par la faiblesse de l’accès aux services, par la qualité médiocre de ses logements et par sa marginalisation spatiale mais il bénéficie d’un environnement « naturel » objectivement positif que lui procure sa situation littorale et sa proximité à la mer. Les politiques de rénovation urbaine soutenues par l’Agence Nationale de Rénovation Urbaine en 2004 marquent une rupture dans cette évolution avec notamment un projet urbain intégrant la prise en compte de la dimension littorale et maritime du quartier. Une étude sociologique menée en 2006-2007 montre les difficultés de l’appropriation de ces transformations par les habitants. L’environnement vécu et perçu par les habitants diffère fondamentalement de celui des acteurs du territoire. La notion d’inégalité écologique s’enrichit de la double lecture des approches sociologique et géographique  </text>
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                <text>A team of sociologists and geographers conducted a research about relations between social and ecological inequalities. The case study is located in a problem urban area, located in Boulogne-sur-Mer (North of France). Basing their analysis on a case study of the Chemin Vert district in Boulogne-sur-Mer, the authors examine the relationship between the socio-urban dimension and the environmental dimension in the construction of social and ecological inequalities. From an integrated geographical and sociological perspective, the authors analyze the construction of urban space and the processes of marginalization that, in the 1990s, were associated to this space, resulting in the concept of zone urbaine sensible (sensitive urban zone). While the authors agree that the social characteristics of the Chemin Vert district place it unequivocally in the category of extremely under-privileged, the district’s environmental inequality is nonetheless limited in comparison to other districts in the city. In fact, although the urban environment of the Chemin Vert is certainly diminished by the lack of access to services, by the mediocre quality of housing, and by the district’s spatial marginalization, it benefits from a "natural" environment that is objectively positive, due to its coastal location and its proximity to the sea. The urban renewal policies financed by France’s National Urban Renovation Agency in 2004 signaled a change in the evolution of this district, notably with an urban project that takes the Chemin Vert’s coastal and maritime dimension into account. A sociological study conducted in 2006-2007 high- lighted the difficulties that the inhabitants have in appropriating the transformations engendered by this urban project. The environment lived in and perceived by the inhabitants differs fundamentally from the one perceived by the territorial stakeholders. The contrasting perspectives of the geographical and sociological approaches act to expand the notion of ecological inequality. </text>
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                <text>Boulogne-sur-Mer</text>
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                <text>inégalités écologiques</text>
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                <text>inégalités sociales</text>
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                <text>zone urbaine sensible</text>
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                <text>Inégalités écologiques, inégalités sociales et territoires littoraux : L’exemple du quartier du Chemin Vert à Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais, France)</text>
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                <text>Pochet, Pascal</text>
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                <text>Plat, Didier</text>
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                <text>Diaz Olvera, Lourdes</text>
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                <text>2005-01-01</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569905">
                <text>Cet article vise à illustrer les liens entre mobilité quotidienne et processus de ségrégation spatiale dans les villes d’Afrique sub-saharienne. Dans un contexte général de croissance démographique, d’étalement urbain, et de pauvreté persistante des ménages comme des acteurs publics, à Dar es Salaam, à Dakar, comme dans d’autres grandes villes africaines, les transports s’avèrent problématiques. Les études de cas mettent en évidence les écarts très importants existant dans l’accès à la ville entre les marcheurs et les usagers des modes motorisés, entre les résidents des quartiers lotis et accessibles et ceux habitant dans les quartiers non lotis et enclavés. Les nombreuses lacunes dans l’équipement et dans l’accessibilité des quartiers renforcent l’impact négatif des faibles revenus sur la mobilité, et favorisent un repli contraint sur le quartier, au risque d’un approfondissement de la pauvreté et de la ségrégation urbaines </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569906">
                <text>The aim of this article is to illustrate the links between daily travel and spatial segregation in sub-Saharan Africa cities. In a context of rapid demographic growth, unplanned urban sprawl and increasing poverty of the public sector and the population, in Dar Es Salaam and Dakar, like in other large African cities, trips between distant districts are problematic. The case studies highlight differential access to the urban space between the “confirmed pedestrians” and the users of motorised means of transport, and between the residents from the well-off planned and accessible districts and those from the poor unplanned and inaccessible ones. Deficiencies in the supply of basic facilities and in the accessibility to the neighbourhoods reinforce the negative impact of low incomes on daily travel, and encourage the confinement of populations in their neighbourhood with the risk of increasing urban poverty and segregation. </text>
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                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index2771.html</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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                <text>fr</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569909">
                <text>daily travel</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569910">
                <text>Dakar</text>
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                <text>Dar es Salaam</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569912">
                <text>household survey</text>
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                <text>poverty</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>transport policy</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569915">
                <text>urban service</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569916">
                <text>Dakar</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569917">
                <text>Dar es Salaam</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569918">
                <text>enquête-ménage</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569919">
                <text>mobilité quotidienne</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569920">
                <text>pauvreté</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569921">
                <text>politique de transport</text>
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                <text>service urbain</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569923">
                <text>La ville hors de portée ? Marche à pied, accès aux services et ségrégation spatiale en Afrique subsaharienne</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569884">
                <text>Mainet, Hélène</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569885">
                <text>Édouard, Jean-Charles</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569886">
                <text>2005-01-01</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569887">
                <text>Les petites villes constituent un espace intéressant pour questionner la notion d’enclavement, à différentes échelles. En effet, leur insertion plus ou moins bonne dans les réseaux urbains et leur fonction dans l’organisation des territoires leur confèrent une position charnière entre territoires ruraux et espaces urbains, alors qu’à l’échelle locale, elles présentent des éléments de proximité spatiale souvent propices à une bonne intégration sociale. L’étude de deux petites villes de la province sud-africaine du KwaZulu-Natal permet de mettre en valeur le rôle essentiel des acteurs publics et privés dans l’évolution des situations d’enclavement, dans un contexte de recomposition récente des découpages administratifs et une redéfinition des politiques d’aménagement. Assiste-t-on à une inversion de la mise en enclavement qui était la norme à l’époque de l’apartheid ? Quelle place les petites villes occupent-elles au sein des nouveaux territoires ?  </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569888">
                <text>Small-sized towns are an interesting case study for the notion of spatial enclosing. They are inserted in urban networks, in dif- ferent ways and they have a key function in polarising both urban and rural territories. At the local scale, they often present ele- ments of proximity which favour social integration. The analysis of two small towns in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal is a good way to underline the role of both private and public actors in the evolution of enclosing situations, in a broad context of administrative and managing redefinition, in the post-apartheid area. What can be the place of this urban scale in the newly created territories ? </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569890">
                <text>fr</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569891">
                <text>small-sized towns</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569892">
                <text>social segregation</text>
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                <text>South Africa</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569894">
                <text>spatial enclosing</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569895">
                <text>Afrique du Sud</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569896">
                <text>enclavement spatial</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569897">
                <text>petites villes</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569898">
                <text>ségrégation sociale</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569899">
                <text>Petites villes et enclavement socio-spatial. Le cas du KwaZulu-Natal (Afrique du Sud)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644299">
                  <text/>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644300">
                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569858">
                <text>Poyau, Aurélie</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569859">
                <text>2005-01-01</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569860">
                <text>L’objet de ce texte est de mettre en lumière les récentes mutations des marchés urbains d’Abidjan. Il montre que la situation se détériore et que les nouveaux marchés en construction, dont la gestion est de type B.O.T, deviennent des forteresses commerciales. Dans un contexte de crise politique et économique, cet article propose une analyse des implications de la situation actuelle dans les marchés. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569861">
                <text>The purpose of this text is to bring to light the recent transformations to the local trading markets in Abidjan. The passage shows us the situation is deteriorating and that the new markets, currently under construction and controlled by BOT management, are becoming commercial strongholds. In a context of political and economical crisis, this article analyses the implications of the current situation in the markets. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569862">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index2744.html</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569863">
                <text>fr</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569864">
                <text>Abidjan</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569865">
                <text>enclosing</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569866">
                <text>hygiene</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569867">
                <text>management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569868">
                <text>privatization</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569869">
                <text>security</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569870">
                <text>segregation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569871">
                <text>supplies</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569872">
                <text>trading market</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569873">
                <text>Abidjan</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569874">
                <text>approvisionnement</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569875">
                <text>enclavement</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569876">
                <text>gestion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569877">
                <text>hygiène</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569878">
                <text>marché</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569879">
                <text>privatisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569880">
                <text>sécurité</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569881">
                <text>ségrégation</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569882">
                <text>Les récentes mutations des marchés économiques dans la capitale économique ivoirienne</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text/>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Tamru, Bezunech</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569799">
                <text>2005-01-01</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>L’État-nation fortement centralisé qu’était l’Ethiopie s’est transformé à partir de 1991 en un État fédéral avec de larges transferts de compétences aux régions. Cette date marque aussi l’indépendance de facto de l’Érythrée et l’enclavement de l’Éthiopie. Le gouvernement provisoire de l’époque avait créé 14 régions autonomes ramenées à 9 par la constitution de 1995. Cette même constitution a aussi créé deux métropoles qui dépendent directement du niveau fédéral. Celles-ci sont Addis-Abeba, la capitale, et Deré-Dawa la seconde ville du pays. Les deux villes constituent donc des enclaves fédérales au sein des régions autonomes. En prenant le cas de ces deux isolats urbains, l’évolution des visées politiques et territoriales sont examinées selon les projets de désenclavement de l’Éthiopie et en particulier selon ceux qui mobilisent les villes. L’émergence des États autonomes et leur reconnaissance identitaire dans la nouvelle fédération sont aussi étudiées afin de s’interroger sur l’impact réel de la décentralisation en cours. En dernière partie, les nouveaux enjeux liés à ces deux cités dans le contexte général du réseau urbain national sont analysés. L’évolution de ce réseau semble ainsi tracer les prémices d’un nouveau type de relation à l’enclavement en Éthiopie contemporaine.  </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569801">
                <text>In 1991, the highly centralized state of Ethiopia was transformed into a federal state with large transfers of administrative powers to the regional states. At the same time, Eritrea gained de facto its independence and Ethiopia became landlocked. Ethiopia was under the rule of the provisional government that had created 14 regional states. The number of these states was later reduced to 9 by the constitution of 1995. The constitution has also created two metropolis that are directly accountable to the federal level. These metropolis are Addis-Ababa, the capital city, and Dere-Dawa the second largest city of the country. The two cities are hence federal urban enclosures inside the regional states. By considering the case of these two urban enclosures, three level of analysis are proposed in the following paper. First, the evolution of territorial and political aims are examined by analysing their strives to open up Ethiopia especially by means of cities’ development. The emergence of the regional states and their identities’ recognition in the newly established federation are also studied so as to assess the real impact of the current decentralization process. At last, the new stakes linked to the federal cities in the context of the Ethiopian cities network are analysed. The evolution of this network seems to be a new way of tackling the problem of being a landlocked state for contemporary Ethiopia. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index2710.html</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569803">
                <text>fr</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Addis-Ababa</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569805">
                <text>decentralization</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569806">
                <text>Dere-Dawa</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569807">
                <text>Ethiopia</text>
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                <text>landlocked state</text>
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                <text>urban enclosures</text>
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                <text>urban network</text>
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                <text>Addis-Abeba</text>
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                <text>décentralisation</text>
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                <text>Deré-Dawa</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569814">
                <text>enclaves urbaines</text>
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                <text>état enclavé</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569816">
                <text>Éthiopie</text>
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                <text>réseau urbain</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569818">
                <text>Enclaves urbaines et stratégies territoriales dans l’Éthiopie contemporaine</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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                  <text/>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569149">
                <text>Metzger, Pascale</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569150">
                <text>2004-10-01</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>La question urbaine à La Réunion est peu traitée par la recherche scientifique, et la connaissance sur ce thème provient surtout d’organismes opérationnels. Jusqu’au début des années quatre-vingt-dix, la question urbaine est analysée essentiellement sous l’angle des problèmes de gestion du territoire causés par la croissance démographique, les besoins en logements et en emplois, dans le contexte de transformation et de modernisation très rapide vécues par l’île depuis sa départementalisation en 1946. Dans le Schéma d’Aménagement Régional de 1995, la problématique urbaine est cernée d’emblée par une série de contraintes et de limites dans un projet de territoire qui privilégie les espaces ruraux et notamment la canne comme stratégie de développement ; l’urbain se définit en creux, dans les zones résinageduelles laissées par les espaces naturels et agricoles protégés pour lesquels il représente une menace. Dans les discours des politiques et des opérationnels de l’aménagement, la ville offre une image négative qui néglige le rôle essentiel de la ville dans l’économie et le développement de l’île. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569152">
                <text>In Reunion Island the urban question has received little attention from academic research. Knowledge generated originates essentially from technical and operational institutions. Until the 1990s, the urban question was analysed essentially from the point of view of territorial management and technical problems caused by demographic growth, housing needs and employment during the rapid modernisation of the island since 1946. The regional plan of territorial management (schéma d’aménagement régional) of 1995 underestimates the urban question because the strategy of development is based on the rural activities, especially sugar cane production. Urban development is viewed as a threat to the natural and agricultural protected areas and is accepted in residual geographical sectors.Discourses and politics of local planners offer a negative picture of urban areas and neglect their importance in the economy and development of the island. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569153">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index238.html</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569154">
                <text>fr</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569155">
                <text>environment politics</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569156">
                <text>reunion island</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569157">
                <text>town planning</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569158">
                <text>urban sprawl</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569159">
                <text>urbanisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569160">
                <text>aménagement du territoire</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569161">
                <text>étalement urbain</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569162">
                <text>La Réunion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569163">
                <text>schéma d’aménagement régional</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569164">
                <text>urbanisation</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569165">
                <text>Les enjeux de la question urbaine dans l’aménagement régional à l’île de la Réunion</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569166">
                <text>article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text/>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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          </elementContainer>
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      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569126">
                <text>Piantoni, Frédéric</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569127">
                <text>2004-10-01</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569128">
                <text>L’insularité, métaphore paradoxale pour un espace continental, semble la notion la plus adéquate pour évoquer un profond déséquilibre de l’espace guyanais, alors que les interactions centres-périphéries se déclinent à toutes les échelles (internationale, nationale et régionale). La sur-concentration démographique et la focalisation économique organisées autour de trois pôles majeurs – Cayenne, Kourou, Saint-Laurent – et leur cloisonnement sont les caractéristiques d’un espace en crise, dont les migrations épousent, en les renforçant, les déséquilibres. Au regard de leur faible capacité de drainage, ces centralités sont peu polarisantes au sein de l’espace départemental. La notion de crise spatiale se lit autant dans l’hyperconcentration du peuplement au sein de l’espace littoral survalorisé que dans la faiblesse des mouvements internes de population et des échanges inter-polaires. L’analyse des mobilités internes par les changements de résidence et les navettes domicile-travail, puis des migrations internationales permet d’approcher la dynamique des échanges. À l’inverse, leurs capacités attractives trouvent un écho à l’extérieur de l’aire départementale, aux échelles nationale et internationale. Les types de migrations internationales (politiques, économiques, de compétences) révèlent l’extraversion et la dépendance de cet espace ultramarin. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569129">
                <text>Insularity, a paradoxical metaphor for a continental space, seems the most adequate concept to evoke a deep imbalance of French Guyana, whereas the centre-periphery interactions are found at each scale (international, national and regional). The demographic hyper-concentration and focussing of economic activities on three bulk-headed poles – Cayenne, Kourou, Saint-Laurent – is characteristic of a space in crisis. Migratory movements both reinforce and embrace the spatial disequilibria. Given their low drai- résinage capacity, these centralities do not have a very polarizing effect within departmental space. The concept of space crisis is read as much in the hyper-concentration of the settlement within the littoral space overdeveloped as in the weakness of the internal movements of population and the interpolarized exchanges. Analysis of internal mobility based on changes of residence and residence-work commuting, as well as on international migration, enables a better understanding of the dynamics of exchanges. Conversely, their gravitational capacities find an echo outside the departmental surface, on national and international scales. The different types of international migration (political, economic, of competences) reveal the extraversion and the dependency of this overseas French territory. </text>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569130">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index222.html</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569131">
                <text>fr</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569132">
                <text>Cayenne</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569133">
                <text>demographic concentration</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569134">
                <text>economic concentration</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569135">
                <text>employment</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569136">
                <text>internal mobility</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569137">
                <text>Kourou</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569138">
                <text>Saint-Laurent du Maroni</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569139">
                <text>spatial discontinuity</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569140">
                <text>Cayenne</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569141">
                <text>concentration démo-économique</text>
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                <text>discontinuité</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569143">
                <text>emploi</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569144">
                <text>Kourou</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569145">
                <text>mobilités internes</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569146">
                <text>Saint-Laurent du Maroni</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569147">
                <text>Les mobilités en Guyane française : catalyseur et fonction-miroir des discontinuités territoriales</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569148">
                <text>article</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text/>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644300">
                  <text>Revues.org</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568994">
                <text>Royoux, Dominique</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568995">
                <text>2007-12-01</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568996">
                <text>L’étalement résidentiel, la fragmentation grandissante de l’activité, des loisirs et de la vie quotidienne, le travail durable des femmes, désynchronisent, de manière plus ou moins accentuée, les temps sociaux individuels et collectifs, depuis l’avènement de la société de services. Une partie de ces dysfonctionnements, situés généralement dans la sphère privée, rejaillit sur la sphère publique qui doit alors concevoir différents dispositifs de conciliation entre la vie professionnelle et la vie familiale. Ainsi, sont nées les politiques publiques temporelles, en Italie d’abord, puis en Allemagne, aux Pays-Bas, en Espagne, en Finlande et en France depuis une dizaine d’années. Elles sont généralement mises en œuvre par les collectivités territoriales par le biais de bureaux des temps, parfois avec le soutien des États. Ces structures publiques cherchent à identifier les contraintes que connaissent certaines catégories de populations et d’usagers et proposent des solutions co-construites avec les acteurs, concernant l’accès aux services publics, l’élaboration d’une nouvelle offre de mobilité, l’organisation des lieux de travail. Cet article en présente une typologie avec des exemples concrets. Mais les politiques temporelles vont au-delà de ces réajustements. Par leur orientation vers une réduction des inégalités, par les relations nouvelles qu’elles veulent établir entre les genres, par la meilleure adéquation entre les différents statuts endossés successivement (et parfois simultanément) par les individus et les populations, et plus récemment par la prise en compte des usages différenciés au sein des espaces publics, elles portent l’ambition d’un nouveau projet de société dans laquelle la géographie du temps à sa place. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568997">
                <text>The residential spread, the growing breaking up of activity, leisure, daily life and women sustainable employment desynchronize more or less collective and individual social times since the services society dawn. A part of these dysfunctional aspects, which in general belong to the private sphere, is put on the public sphere that therefore must set up different measures aiming at the combination of professional and family lives. Thus Time public policies were created (first in Italy, and then in the Netherlands, Spain, Finland and France) for the last ten years. They are mostly implemented by local authorities via Time Offices and sometimes supported by States. These public structures try to identify constraints which certain people and users categories have to cope with. They suggest solutions that are built in partnership with stakeholders and address public services access, a new mobility offer design and the organisation of work places. This article introduces a typology with concrete examples of these solutions. But Time policies go beyond these necessary adjustments. And they support the ambition of a new society project in which time geography has its place by: their trend to a reduction of inequality; the new relationships to set up between genders; a better affinity between status taken on successively (and sometimes simultaneously) by individuals and populations; and more recently by taking into account differentiated uses in public spaces. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index2305.html</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568999">
                <text>fr</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>combination of professional and family lives</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569001">
                <text>Europe</text>
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                <text>local authorities</text>
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                <text>public policies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569004">
                <text>synchronization of public spaces uses</text>
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                <text>time office</text>
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                <text>time policies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569008">
                <text>collectivités territoriales</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569009">
                <text>conciliation vie professionnelle/vie familiale</text>
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                <text>Europe</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="569011">
                <text>politiques publiques</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569012">
                <text>politiques temporelles</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569013">
                <text>synchronisation des usages de l’espace public</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569014">
                <text>Temporalités urbaines et politiques publiques</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644298">
                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text/>
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              <elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568956">
                <text>Josselin, Didier</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568957">
                <text>Castex, Élodie</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2007-12-01</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>L’objectif de cet article est de discuter les réponses apportées par les transports à la demande (TAD) aux nouvelles formes de mobilité et aux temporalités éclatées. Après avoir rappelé les composantes des nouvelles temporalités et leur répercussion sur la mobilité, nous revisitons les concepts d’ubiquité, d’immédiateté et d’instantanéité de Gabriel Dupuy, auxquels nous ajoutons l’informativité et la continuité. Puis nous comparons différents modes de déplacement face à l’idéal des réseaux. Enfin, nous mettons en exergue les capacités des TAD à répondre à l’évolution des mobilités, à la lumière d’exemples concrets et de résultats d’enquêtes.  </text>
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                <text>This paper aims to discuss the real and potential outcomes of Demand Responsive Transports (DRT). Those services allow to care for new mobilities that induce complex temporalities. We set our discussion around the concepts of “ubiquité”, “instantanéité” and “immédiateté” from Gabriel Dupuy and propose to add two complementary aspects: “informativité” and “continuité”. Then we compare different modes of transport faced to these ideal concepts. We end on an emphasize of the DRT capacity to respond to the new mobility demand, highlighted by several concrete services and the results of a survey. </text>
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                <text>Demand Responsive Transport (DRT)</text>
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                <text>mobilities</text>
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                <text>Modes</text>
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                <text>temporalities</text>
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                <text>TIC</text>
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                <text>mobilités</text>
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                <text>modes</text>
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                <text>transport à la demande (TAD)</text>
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                <text>Temporalités éclatées : la réponse des transports à la demande aux nouvelles formes de mobilité</text>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Genre-Grandpierre, Cyrille</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2007-12-01</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568942">
                <text>Depuis 30 ans, les changements qu’ont subis tant la forme urbaine (étalement urbain permis par la diffusion de l’usage de l’automobile) que son mode de fonctionnement (émergence de nouveaux rythmes plus individuels.) ont engendré de fortes inégalités dans l’accessibilité aux aménités urbaines. Après avoir donné quelques exemples de ces inégalités dans le cas de l’accessibilité spatio-temporelle aux commerces à Avignon, nous discutons des moyens de les réduire en agissant à la fois sur la dimension temporelle de l’accessibilité (horaires d’ouverture des magasins) et sur sa dimension spatiale (localisation des commerces et moyens de transport pour y accéder). </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568943">
                <text>For 30 years, changes in the urban form (urban sprawl allowed by the massive use of automobile) and changes in the urban functioning (emergence of new rhythms more individual) have engendered strong inequalities in the accessibility to urban facilities. First we give for Avignon urban area some examples of these inequalities in the case of space-time accessibility to stores. Then we discuss the means to reduce them by acting on the temporal part of accessibility (opening hours of the shops) and on its spatial part (location of the shops and means of transportation to join them).  </text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index3266.html</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568945">
                <text>fr</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568946">
                <text>accessibility</text>
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                <text>Avignon</text>
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                <text>retailing</text>
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                <text>urban rhythms</text>
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                <text>accessibilité</text>
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                <text>Avignon</text>
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                <text>commerce</text>
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                <text>temporalités urbaines</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568954">
                <text>L’accessibilité aux commerces dans l’aire de vie avignonnaise.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text/>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568901">
                <text>Kergoat, Michelle</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="568902">
                <text>Touchard, Danièle</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568903">
                <text>2007-12-01</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568904">
                <text>La montée en puissance de l’activité féminine a fait émerger la problématique de l’articulation des temps.  En effet, la persistance du modèle du « Gagnepain » qui suppose une femme disponible pour les activités domestiques et familiales, fait du temps des femmes un temps « encombré », qui pénalise son accès à la vie professionnelle ou aux sphères citoyennes, et plus globalement entrave encore son autonomie et sa participation aux sphères de décision.  Consciente de ces inégalités sexuées, la ville de Rennes a entrepris depuis une dizaine d’années une politique d’égalité.  Une action ciblée tout d’abord sur la formation et qualification professionnelle de ses agents ayant montré des limites liées à la sexualisation des rôles, la municipalité s’est alors engagée sur une voie plus ambitieuse visant à mieux articuler les temps des citoyens, à fournir de nouveaux services ou aménager les services existants, à réfléchir sur l’aménagement de l’espace, afin de réduire les « temps contraints » et rapprocher les temps de vie des femmes et des hommes. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="568905">
                <text>The increasing power of feminine professional activities has brought into light a new problematic of time schedule articulation.  The persistence of the “Mister Breadwinner” model, which calls for women being at all times available for domestic and family tasks, results in the overstuffing of women’s time schedules; this hinders their possibility of entering the labour market, of implicating in citizen activities, and more globally impedes their autonomy as well as their ability to participate in the higher decisional spheres. Taking into account these gender inequalities, about ten years ago, the city of Rennes has adopted an “equality policy”. Its first action focused on the formation and the professional qualification of its agents, but there soon appeared limits to this action, linked to a sexual differenciation of functions. This led the city of Rennes to opt for a more ambitious path, aiming to better articulate its citizen’s time schedules, either by providing new services or improving the ones already in place, and also by rethinking the planning of urban space in order to reduce “obligatory time schedules”, permitting as a result a better conciliation between women and men of their normal life “time schedule”. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568906">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index2281.html</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568907">
                <text>fr</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568908">
                <text>equality policy</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="568909">
                <text>gender differenciation of functions</text>
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                <text>obligatory time schedules</text>
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                <text>time schedule articulation</text>
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                <text>articulation des temps</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568913">
                <text>politique d’égalité</text>
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                <text>sexualisation</text>
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                <text>temps contraints</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568916">
                <text>La ville et le temps des femmes : l’exemple de la ville de Rennes</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text/>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568856">
                <text>Gwiazdzinski, Luc</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568857">
                <text>2007-12-01</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568858">
                <text>La mutation rapide de nos rapports aux espaces, aux temps et aux mobilités et la disjonction de plus en plus importante entre l’Urbs et la Civitas, nous obligent à un changement d’approche radical. Le géographe réinterroge nos pratiques et usages spatio-temporels de la ville et revisite le système urbain à partir de la figure de « la ville malléable ». Il définit encore un nouvel urbanisme, de nouvelles règles d’usage et une nouvelle ergonomie des temps et des espaces collectifs. Enfin, il dessine de nouvelles cartes d’identité urbaines « présentielles », transformant au passage l’usager en « citoyen éphémère » et le voyageur en « mobilien ». Ici et maintenant. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568859">
                <text>Fast-moving changes in the way in which we relate to space, time and modes of transport, coupled with an ever-widening gap between cities and their communities, is forcing researchers, authorities and citizens to adopt radically new approaches. The geographer re-examines the spatiotemporal relationship with a city in order to suggest ways in which the urban fabric may be improved, based on the concept of the “flexible city”. He goes on to explore a new kind of town planning, new usage rules and more ergonomic spatiotemporal planning. Finally, he looks at new “on-site” urban identity cards that are transforming the user into a “temporary citizen” and giving the traveller better “mobility”. Here and now. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index2270.html</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568861">
                <text>fr</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>24 hours society</text>
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                <text>citizenship</text>
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                <text>identity</text>
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                <text>mobility</text>
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                <text>social times</text>
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                <text>temporary citizen</text>
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                <text>citoyen éphémère</text>
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                <text>citoyenneté</text>
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                <text>identités</text>
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                <text>mobilités</text>
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                <text>temps sociaux</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568873">
                <text>ville 24h/24</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Redistribution des cartes dans la ville malléable</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568812">
                <text>Outaghzafte-El Magrouti, Fatima</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2007-12-01</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>À partir d’une étude qualitative, réalisée auprès de la population carcérale dans trois maisons d’arrêt de France, nous proposons une présentation centrée sur les interactions détenus/surveillants. C’est en analysant les relations basées sur la gestion de l’espace carcéral entre ces deux groupes qu’apparaît une inégale temporalité. L’ « organisation » est proposée comme un modèle de réactivité, où le personnel de surveillance s’adapte à chaque instant à la demande des reclus. Néanmoins, nous avons souvent entendu ces derniers se plaindre du lent processus qui permet de passer de la sollicitation à la concrétisation d’une requête (changement de cellule, prise de rendez-vous chez le médecin, parloir...). Quant aux surveillants, ils ont une injonction à exécuter rapidement leurs tâches. Le surveillant, homme libre dans un espace fermé et réglementé cohabite avec le détenu, homme dépourvu de liberté : les rythmes paraissent inconciliables. Comment, dans un contexte de surpopulation latente et d’inégale temporalité, les surveillants traitent-ils les demandes des détenus ? Notre article a l’ambition de décrire ce contexte temporel complexe et d’apporter des éléments de compréhension.  </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568815">
                <text>This article describes the complex temporal context of interactions between correctional officers (COs) and prisoners. Based on qualitative fieldwork within three French prisons, the results show an inequality of temporality between both groups in everyday life. The prison organization is seen as a model of reactivity, with COs reacting and adapting constantly to prisoners’ demands. Inmates often complain about the amount of time it takes to get a response to their request (e.g. cell change, appointment with a doctor, visiting room, etc.). Although COs are required to fulfil theirs tasks promptly. How do these two groups with different temporality live with each other? How COs deal with prisoners’ demands in a context of overpopulated prisons? These are some of the issues raised in this article that lead to a better understanding of life in prison. </text>
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                <text>interactions COs/inmates</text>
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                <text>gestion des demandes</text>
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                <text>temporalité inégale</text>
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                <text>L’espace-temps carcéral : vers une gestion temporelle des demandes des reclus</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568793">
                <text>Deschamps, Catherine</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568794">
                <text>Gaissad, Laurent</text>
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                <text>2007-12-01</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568796">
                <text>Des territoires de la drague sexuelle entre hommes et de la prostitution (Paris, Toulouse, Marseille, Barcelone) sur lesquels nous avons enquêté, cet article décrit l’étonnante labilité, examinant les côtoiements périlleux qui s’y jouent : ce mouvement où les territoires et les temporalités sont constamment redéfinis ne met pas simplement à profit l’anonymat présumé de la ville, mais les gestes à la fois multiples et infiniment particuliers qu’elle superpose les uns aux autres. Le temps nocturne, en rupture avec les rythmes contraignants de la journée, autorise l’envergure des déplacements réels et identitaires. Mais en plein jour, la transaction sexuelle secrète a plutôt tendance à mimétiser l’usage convenu, celui qui cadre avec l’espace conçu et aménagé pour lui, celui qui « fait avec » des co-voisinages multiples, surtout aux heures de pointe. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="568797">
                <text>Drawn from our surveys on men cruising for sex and sex work “territories” (Paris,  Marseille Toulouse, Barcelona), this article underlines their major instability focusing on the risky vicinity at stake. This time-wise and geographical movement that constantly redefines them does not simply rely on the city’s presumed anonymity, but on multiple and entirely individual actions superimposed together. Night-time, in break with the binding rhythms of the day, obviously extends the scale of spatial and identity “shifts”. But during the day, more secret sexual transactions tend to mimic conventional customs, those appropriate to the space conceived and scheduled for them, those that “make with” multiple interactions with the neighbourhood, especially at peak hours. </text>
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                <text>fr</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568800">
                <text>cruising</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568801">
                <text>prostitution</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568802">
                <text>public space</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568803">
                <text>sex</text>
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                <text>temporality</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="568805">
                <text>drague</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568806">
                <text>espace public</text>
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                <text>prostitution</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568808">
                <text>sexualité</text>
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                <text>temporalité</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568810">
                <text>Des sexualités dans l’espace public. Moments « autres » et co-voisinages multiples</text>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568775">
                <text>Demeaux, Perrine</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568776">
                <text>2006-12-01</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568777">
                <text>L’article présente un projet original mené à Nanterre : la création d’un observatoire local de la santé dont l’objectif est d’orienter la politique et l’action de santé publique à partir de la connaissance des indicateurs de santé disponibles à l’échelle infra-urbaine. Après l’examen des points-clés de cette recherche expérimentale, l’article présente l’outil, ses enjeux et ses limites. Enfin, il propose une analyse géographique de la situation sanitaire des élèves nanterriens, résultat des premières études de l’observatoire, à partir d’indicateurs de santé bucco-dentaire et de masse corporelle.  </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="568778">
                <text>This article presents an original project led by Nanterre city: the creation of a local health observatory which aims to give public health policy and practice guidance based on the best health information and data available at a local scale. After a survey of the experimental research key points, this article presents the observatory, its stakes and limitations. Finally, it shows a geographical analysis of the health situation of the pupils of Nanterre, a result of the observatory first studies, through oral health and BMI indicators. </text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568779">
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568780">
                <text>fr</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568781">
                <text>health indicators</text>
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                <text>local health observatory</text>
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                <text>local-level</text>
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                <text>Nanterre city</text>
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                <text>public health</text>
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                <text>échelle locale</text>
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                <text>indicateurs de santé</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568788">
                <text>Nanterre</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568789">
                <text>observatoire local de santé</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568790">
                <text>santé publique</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568791">
                <text>Vers un observatoire local de la santé à Nanterre</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Salem, Gérard</text>
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                <text>Pirot, Françoise</text>
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                <text>Vallée, Julie</text>
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                <text>Harang, Maud</text>
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                <text>Fournet, Florence</text>
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                <text>Meyer, Pierre-Erwann</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2006-12-01</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="568696">
                <text>Afin de mettre en relation les disparités spatiales de santé à Ouagadougou avec les processus d’urbanisation, nous réalisons, à partir d’une image satellitaire, une stratification de la capitale burkinabè selon des critères, qui illustrent les différences d’urbanisation : la densité du bâti et le type de lotissement. Cette stratification permettra de mener une enquête sanitaire auprès des populations qui résident dans des espaces de niveaux différents d’urbanisation. L’analyse texturale, technique utilisée pour déterminer les hautes fréquences spatiales, permet de caractériser le bâti sur l’image satellitaire panchromatique SPOT 5. Elle se révèle très satisfaisante pour localiser le bâti lorsque seule une image panchromatique est disponible. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568697">
                <text>To put spatial health disparities in Ouagadougou in relation to the processes of urbanization, we realize from a satellite image a stratification according to criteria’s, which resume the urbanization: building density and area regularity. From this stratification it is possible to carry out a health survey near the populations which reside in different urban spaces. Textural analysis is a technique to determine the space high frequencies. We used it to characterize the building on the satellite image panchromatic SPOT 5. It proves very satisfactory to localize the building when only a panchromatic image is available. </text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568699">
                <text>fr</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>building density</text>
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                <text>Burkina Faso</text>
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                <text>Burkina Faso</text>
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                <text>densité du bâti</text>
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                <text>enquête</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568720">
                <text>Stratification de la ville de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) à partir d’une image panchromatique Spot 5 : une première étape à la mise en place d’une enquête de santé</text>
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                <text>Durand, Frédéric</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2011-09-01</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Cet article décrit le processus de métropolisation à l’œuvre au sein de la région urbaine de Haute Silésie (Pologne). Centrée autour de Katowice, la capitale régionale, cette vaste conurbation de deux millions d’habitants, héritière de la période industrielle, tente de se réorganiser institutionnellement et économiquement, afin de s’adapter aux nouvelles lois de la globalisation. L’objet de cette communication est d’exposer les difficultés que rencontrent les acteurs institutionnels pour structurer le territoire métropolitain. En effet, l’émergence d'une métropole polycentrique dans cette région est rendue délicate du fait des nombreux héritages qui la composent (restructuration des sites industriels, histoire régionale complexe) et qui en imprègnent encore aujourd’hui l’espace et la société. </text>
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                <text>This paper describes the process of metropolisation at work within the urban region of Upper Silesia (Poland). Centered around Katowice, the capital city, this vast conurbation of two million inhabitants, inherited from the industrial period, attempts to reorganize itself institutionally and economically, in order to face the new laws of globalization. This article aims at explaining the difficulties faced by institutional actors to structure the metropolitan territory. Indeed, the emergence of a polycentric metropolis in this region is complicated due to its numerous legacies (restructuring of industrial sites, turbulent regional history) which still permeate society and space. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568661">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4555.html</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>fr</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>cities</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568664">
                <text>governance</text>
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                <text>metropolisation</text>
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                <text>Poland</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568667">
                <text>spatial planning</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568668">
                <text>aménagement du territoire</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568669">
                <text>gouvernance</text>
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                <text>métropolisation</text>
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                <text>Pologne</text>
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                <text>villes</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568673">
                <text>La construction métropolitaine en Haute Silésie</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text/>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Ouallet, Anne</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2007-12-01</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>La question des temporalités est ici interrogée dans des espaces urbains africains sollicités par des mises en patrimoine. Des exemples localisés, pris au Mali et en Ethiopie, permettent de croiser les différentes dimensions des expressions patrimoniales avec celles du temps, temps long de l’histoire, celui plus court de la gestion urbaine ou encore celui des actions quotidiennes. L’articulation des échelles géographiques et les potentialités économiques font également émerger des temporalités propres qui se rencontrent dans le local. La globalisation du monde, souvent accompagnée d’une accélération, vient rencontrer et parfois heurter les pas de temps locaux. Nous observons d’abord les temporalités des constructions urbaines, puis la délicate articulation entre temporalités sacrées, temporalités économiques et temporalités sociales. Enfin nous confrontons les temps courts de l’action et les temps longs utilisés pour la valorisation d’un patrimoine désormais rentré dans une logique marchande.  </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568640">
                <text>The issue of time scales is considered in African urban spaces concerned with heritage. Examples are taken in Mali and in Ethiopia. Our first observations deal with urban development time scales, then we tackle the tricky link between different time scales: sacred, economical and social. Finally, we compare the shorter time of action to the longer one used to give value to heritage included henceforth in the market. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568641">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index2208.html</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568642">
                <text>fr</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>cities</text>
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                <text>Ethiopia</text>
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                <text>heritage</text>
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                <text>Mali</text>
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                <text>Éthiopie</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568648">
                <text>Mali</text>
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                <text>patrimoine</text>
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                <text>villes</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="568651">
                <text>Patrimoine et temporalités dans les villes africaines du patrimoine mondial : exemples maliens et éthiopiens</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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