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                <text>Agbossou, Igor</text>
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                <text>Si l'on s'intéresse à la manière dont les habitants d'une ville exploitent leur espace quotidien pour mieux comprendre leur comportement, et être apte à proposer des aménagements adaptés aux besoins et aux souhaits les plus fréquents, il est indispensable de pouvoir traduire en termes d'indicateurs la cognition spatiale des individus. Pour parvenir à cette fin, les équipes de recherche mettent de plus en plus en avant les atouts du travail collaboratif et pluridisciplinaire. &lt;br /&gt;L'étude de la mobilité résidentielle, que l'on ne peut dissocier (en absolu) de celle des autres formes de mobilité, notamment la mobilité quotidienne, se révèle être un bon analyseur des transformations sociales, démographiques, politiques, économiques qui traversent le monde urbain. &lt;br /&gt;A ce titre, la connaissance des tenants et les aboutissants de la mobilité résidentielle est un excellent compromis et une meilleure entrée pour la mise en place d'un observatoire sur l'agir urbain.</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>ELEMENTS DE REFLEXION EN VUE DE COMPRENDRE L'AGIR URBAIN</text>
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                <text>Nevers, Jean-Yves</text>
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                <text>Ce texte, écrit en 1992, analyse à partir des résultats d'une recherche sur Toulouse et d'autres travaux, les traits marquants de la situation des municipalités urbaines dans la période 1890-1914. Cette période apparaît comme une période de transition où s'élaborent de nouvelles conceptions de la gestion municipale et s'expérimentent de nouvelles pratiques concernant la démocratie locale, la structuration du gouvernement municipal, l'organisation des services communaux et la gestion financière.</text>
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                <text>Municipalités urbaines</text>
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                <text>Les municipalités urbaines à la Belle Epoque, le cas de Toulouse, 1890-1914</text>
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                <text>Godard, Xavier</text>
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                <text>L'amplification du phénomène d'urbanisation en Afrique a entraîné la croissance des besoins de transports, tandis que l'offre de transport connaissait une crise grave, liée à la crise économique, d'ou un développement du secteur artisanal, qui n'a cependant pas réussi à faire face à ces besoins de déplacement. C'est pourquoi le séminaire SITRASS 2 a été organisé autour de deux grands thèmes: la complémentarité entreprise-artisanat et les systèmes d'information, relatifs à ce domaine encore indisponibles ou inexistants, tout en ajoutant une exploration, encore timide, de l'influence potentielle des collectivités locales dans ces politiques de transport urbain.</text>
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                <text>politiques de transport urbain</text>
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                <text>Afrique sub-saharienne</text>
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                <text>L'organisation des transports urbains. Les acteurs, les méthodes. Actes du séminaire SITRASS 2, 13-17 janvier 1992, Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)</text>
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                <text>Le texte examine les principales caractéristiques de la gestion municipale de Toulouse de 1910 à 1940. Après une phase de quasi stagnation pendant les années 1880-1910, les finances communales entrent dans une période de forte turbulence marquée par l'enchaînement de trois crises. La crise financière des années 1910-19 se traduit par une diminution drastique des recettes qui conduit à une réduction des investissements et des services rendus. Dans les années 1925-35, en réponse à la croissance urbaine, la municipalité socialiste met en œuvre une politique très active financée par une hausse importante des impôts directs, ce qui suscite un mouvement de protestation de la bourgeoisie locale. Enfin, la crise économique des années trente aggrave les tensions financières et met le budget communal dans une situation très difficile, obligeant la municipalité à réduire les dépenses et à abandonner la politique keynésienne de relance qu'elle avait tentée de mettre en œuvre.</text>
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                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
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                <text>Gestion municipale</text>
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                <text>Stress, stress, stress...La municipalité de Toulouse face à la crise financière, à la crise urbaine et à la crise économique entre 1910 et 1940</text>
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                <text>Béton et utopie avant 1914 : architecture et “moule social”</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Meyer, Elise</text>
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                <text>Grussenmeyer, Pierre</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>Perrin, Jean-Pierre</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2007</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525215">
                <text>Virtual Research Environments are tools and technologies to enhance and support research. These online environments are dedicated to &lt;br /&gt;support collaboration whether in the management of a research activity, the discovery, analysis and curation of data or information, or &lt;br /&gt;in the communication and dissemination of research outputs. They are applicable to numerous domains, and they are particularly useful &lt;br /&gt;for Cultural Heritage purposes. Aim of this paper is to present a Virtual Research Environment (VRE) for archaeology and architecture. &lt;br /&gt;An Information System has been produced, which is based on open source software modules and works on the Internet. It permits to &lt;br /&gt;avoid users to be software driven and it makes possible for different persons to register and consult data from different places. The &lt;br /&gt;system will then improve the sharing of research and data between archaeologists working on dissimilar sites, and also between these &lt;br /&gt;professionals and the general public for the dissemination of the knowledge about the site. Our VRE has diverse objectives: digital &lt;br /&gt;archiving of archaeological and architectural datasets, data inquiry through different interfaces notably clickable plans and 3D models, &lt;br /&gt;attractive visualization and communication of information. &lt;br /&gt;The Information System includes possibilities of thematic and interactive treatments. The thematic treatments are done from the history &lt;br /&gt;and the visit of the archaeological site, from diverse search engines and from views of the records. The interactive treatments are carried &lt;br /&gt;out on plans and on 3D models that are used as interactive interfaces to access the documents and objects. It allows doing an exploratory &lt;br /&gt;visit of the site and an inquiry of all the documents that have been gathered about it, according to the interests of each visitor. The &lt;br /&gt;tool proposed is usable for every kind of archaeological site, and allows managing and visualizing very diverse types of data. Our first &lt;br /&gt;experimentations and tests have been done on sites managed by the Service of the National Sites and Monuments of Luxembourg: the &lt;br /&gt;medieval castle of Vianden and the gallo-roman villa of Echternach. &lt;br /&gt;In the system, data with metadata chosen by the expert are recorded in the XML format (standard of the W3C) and automatically &lt;br /&gt;integrated in a MySQL database. Afterwards, the registered information is made accessible through different interfaces, particularly &lt;br /&gt;interactive 2D and 3D representations, which permit queries at spatial and temporal levels. These clickable representations are 2D &lt;br /&gt;images or vectors created in SVG, and 3D models produced in VRML and X3D, for a full compliance with the W3C recommendations. &lt;br /&gt;The 3D models are principally historical models, which have been initially created from multiple data sources like texts, old paper &lt;br /&gt;plans, drawings, sections, etc., coming from the excavation work of the archaeologists. At the beginning they were in a particular &lt;br /&gt;modeler format. They have been exported in VRML and X3D afterwards, and then made interactive thanks to anchor processes. It is &lt;br /&gt;now possible to click on these models to access all the data from which they have been produced. In addition, the user of the system can &lt;br /&gt;generate his own 3D models and composition plans thanks to multi-criteria data entry forms. He has the choice to select for example &lt;br /&gt;one or several places and one or several historical phases, for which he wants to generate ”on the fly” the 3D model to see the historical &lt;br /&gt;evolutions of the site. Approximately the same process is available to create synthesis 2D plans or photo-montage allowing for instance &lt;br /&gt;to superimpose the architectural arrangement of the castle today with its former configurations. &lt;br /&gt;The proposed VRE offers also different possibilities to improve the visualization of archaeological and architectural data, which have &lt;br /&gt;sometimes been gathered for a long time, often without computerized means. This information is then highlighted in a new way, rather &lt;br /&gt;than being forgotten in a drawer with any means of further exploitations.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525216">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00264824</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525217">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/26/48/24/PDF/MEYER_200707_3DARCH.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525218">
                <text>ENG</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525219">
                <text>ISPRS International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Systems</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525220">
                <text>2nd 3D-ARCH International Symposium</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525221">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525222">
                <text>Information Systems</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525223">
                <text>Data Management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525224">
                <text>Interactive Visualizations</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525225">
                <text>Internet</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525226">
                <text>Archaeology</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525227">
                <text>Virtual research environment for the management and the visualization of complex archaeological sites.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>conference proceeding</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525193">
                <text>Porto</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525194">
                <text>Portugal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525195">
                <text>Moudjed, Mounia</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525196">
                <text>2007</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525197">
                <text>In Europe, interesting European experiences in the field of production of indicators in order to&lt;br /&gt;measure the performance (as efficiency) of the public transport exists. This paper analyses five European cases: England, France, Norway, Sweden, and Italy. Those countries have more or less recent institutional changes : the criteria of performance seems to be more and more taken into account in those institutional changes, in particular because of the competition (but not only). Different actors in each country intervene to give more importance to the performance and its measure: the local authorities and the operators thanks to contractual mechanisms and performance incentives for instance. Local and national initiatives will be mentioned in the production of performance indicators. It will perhaps give some possible scenarios in the field of performance indicators for the French public transport case.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525198">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00280219</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525199">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/28/02/19/PDF/66_Moudjed.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525200">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/28/02/19/PDF/Mounia_Moudjed_abstract_Porto.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525201">
                <text>ENG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525202">
                <text>FEUP. Nectar Conference Porto, May 9-12 2007, Porto</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525203">
                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525204">
                <text>urban public transport</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525205">
                <text>regulation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525206">
                <text>performance indicators</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525207">
                <text>On the interest of introducing performance indicators in the local urban transport in France: a proposal for a European benchmarking analysis</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525208">
                <text>conference, seminar, workshop communication</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525177">
                <text>Bignon, Jean-Claude</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525178">
                <text>Chaabouni, Salma</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525179">
                <text>Halin, Gilles</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525180">
                <text>2007-11-20</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525181">
                <text>L'image peut être un support à la recherche d'informations dans toutes les phases de la conception architecturale. L'utilisation d'outils d'aide à la conception proposant des références imagées semble être possible quel que soit le moment du projet. Cet article présente trois approches et expérimentations qui traitent de l'apport de l'image référence dans le processus de conception architecturale. La première approche repose sur l'idée que les architectes utilisent des références externes comme éléments de production de nouvelles idées et qu'il est possible d'organiser cette connaissance référentielle en prenant l'image comme élément structurant. Les deux autres approches proposent d'utiliser l'image pour soutenir la formulation des besoins des concepteurs dans des phases plus avancées. Les besoins identifiés sont ceux de l'architecte qui recherche une information particulière pour justifier ou réaliser ses choix pendant l'acte de conception.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525182">
                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00188793</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525183">
                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/87/93/PDF/RechRefImage-1.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525184">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525185">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525186">
                <text>Assistance à la conception</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525187">
                <text>conception architecturale</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525188">
                <text>recherche d'image</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525189">
                <text>expérimentation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525190">
                <text>référence</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525191">
                <text>Recherche de références par l'image dédiée à l'assistance à la conception architecturale</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525192">
                <text>preprint</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="32851" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="43">
      <elementSetContainer>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525157">
                <text>Clémençon, Anne-Sophie</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525158">
                <text>2003</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525159">
                <text>This short text, published in the periodical Urban Morphology, is a book review of Lucie K.Morisset's book The landscape's memory. The urban form history of a town centre : Saint-Roch, Quebec (La mémoire du paysage. Histoire de la forme urbaine d'un centre-ville, Saint-Roch, Québec), Les presses de l'Université de Laval, Canada, 2001, 286 pp. Written in French, this is a case study of an important area of Quebec City.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525160">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00280894</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525161">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/28/08/94/PDF/A.S.Clemencon_2003_Book_review_English.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525162">
                <text>ENG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525163">
                <text>Urban Morphology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525164">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525165">
                <text>[SHS:HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525166">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525167">
                <text>[SHS:ART] Humanities and Social Sciences/Art and art history</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525168">
                <text>[SHS:MUSEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Cultural heritage and museology</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525169">
                <text>Urban forms</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525170">
                <text>landscape</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525171">
                <text>Canada</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525172">
                <text>Quebec city</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525173">
                <text>Saint-Roch district</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525174">
                <text>Lucie K. Morisset</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525175">
                <text>Book review of&lt;br /&gt;The landscape's memory. The urban form history of a town centre : Saint-Roch, Quebec (La mémoire du paysage. Histoire de la forme urbaine d'un centre-ville : Saint-Roch, Québec)&lt;br /&gt;by Lucie K.Morisset</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525176">
                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Savary, Sophie</text>
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                <text>La ville est un objet matériel et symbolique construit par la relation que les hommes entretiennent avec elle. Cette relation est tissée par les expériences que chacun vit dans une ville (hypothèse phénoménologique), la ville vécue personnellement notamment dans ses dimensions sensibles, informée par la réalité sociale. Ce qui définit et détermine cette relation est l'imaginaire, entendu comme réserve d'images ou de schèmes mais aussi comme processus dynamique d'autoproduction. L'imaginaire de la ville ne se laisse appréhender qu'à travers un imaginaire personnel, toujours empreint d'un imaginaire collectif. Nous proposons de décrire l'imaginaire d'une ville à partir de la représentation fictionnelle qu'élabore un auteur dans son œuvre, et plus particulièrement à partir du point de vue paysager de la ville. La ville élue est Barcelone et les auteurs, quatre habitants barcelonais, L. Goytisolo, J. Marsé, E. Mendoza, M. Vázquez Montalbán. La méthode géolittéraire s'inscrit dans le prolongement des théories élaborées par Gilbert Durand sur l'imaginaire, de la géographie humaniste et de la sociocritique littéraire. La spécificité de la démarche réside dans la pratique affirmée de l'interdisciplinarité, nécessaire à une lecture des textes consciente des processus langagiers à l'œuvre dans les romans, processus fondamentaux dans la construction de la représentation. Les lectures des romans seront mises en perspective avec des discours d'habitants dans le but de mieux comprendre la relation de la ville fictionnelle à la ville réelle. Le résultat de la recherche se présente sous la forme d'un recueil mythographique et poétique de Barcelone, élaboré à deux niveaux d'analyse (les discours non paysagers et ceux paysagers).</text>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00281596</text>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/28/15/96/PDF/These_Savary.pdf</text>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/28/15/96/ANNEX/These_Savary_vol._2_Annexes_1_a_386.pdf</text>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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                <text>Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525143">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>Barcelone</text>
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                <text>imaginaire de la ville</text>
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                <text>ville vécue</text>
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                <text>paysage</text>
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                <text>romans</text>
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                <text>géolittérature</text>
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                <text>interdisciplinarité</text>
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                <text>Luis Goytisolo</text>
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                <text>Juan Marsé</text>
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                <text>Eduardo Mendoza</text>
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                <text>Manuel Vázquez Montalbán</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>IMAGINAIRES D'UNE VILLE : BARCELONE PAR SES PAYSAGES&lt;br /&gt;UNE ÉTUDE GÉOLITTÉRAIRE</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>PhD thesis</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>London</text>
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                <text>United Kingdom</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Massot, Marie-Hélène</text>
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                <text>Armoogum, Jimmy</text>
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                <text>Bonnel, Patrick</text>
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                <text>Caubel, David</text>
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                <text>2006-01</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>The aim of the present study is to evaluate the possible extent of modal shifts from car use to 'alternative modes' (public transport, cycling, walking) without any change in individual patterns of activity. Its approach is based on a transfer procedure that allows the simulation of the maximal potential market for transport modes other than the private car. The method is based on repeated iterations of a simulation model that assigns journeys to transport modes other than the automobile based on a number of improved public transport scenarios. Demand is channelled towards individual modes (walking, cycling), public transport, and a combination of individual and public modes, based on their relative time and distance performance. The modal transfer procedure is applied to several transport supply scenarios, which provide a picture of what is possible in the sphere of modal split. Each simulation entails a potential transfer of private vehicle-km to each of the other modes. Even where different public transport scenarios are simulated, the transfer is evaluated for round trips in both the Paris and Lyon surveys. There is therefore no modification in the activity pattern of the people surveyed nor trips induced by improvements in transport supply. The aim is not to predict what would be the modal split in other circumstances, but the upper limit of the shifts. This paper presents our methodology and the principal results obtained through numerical simulations based on figures for the Paris and Lyon conurbations. This approach demonstrates that a policy focused on modal shifts has the potential to reduce car use, but that this potential is limited. Any aspiration to reduce car use further would mean changes in the patterns and location of activity.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525114">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00102996</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525115">
                <text>DOI: 10.1080/01441640500124787</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525116">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/10/29/96/PDF/Transport_reviews_2006.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525117">
                <text>ENG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525118">
                <text>Transport Reviews</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525119">
                <text>ISSN:0144-1647</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525120">
                <text>Transport Reviews</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525121">
                <text>Transport Reviews</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525122">
                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525123">
                <text>Urban transport</text>
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                <text>Modal split</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525125">
                <text>modal split simulation method</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525126">
                <text>Transportation policy</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525127">
                <text>Car use reduction</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525128">
                <text>Public transport</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="525129">
                <text>Individual daily mobility</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525130">
                <text>modal transfer</text>
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                <text>Paris (France)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525132">
                <text>Lyon (France)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="525133">
                <text>Potential for car use reduction through a simulation approach: Paris and Lyon case studies</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525134">
                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Arcueil ; Paris</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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                <text>Massot, Marie-Hélène</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525084">
                <text>Armoogum, Jimmy</text>
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                <text>Bonnel, Patrick</text>
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                <text>Caubel, David</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2005</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525088">
                <text>Notre objet ici consiste à définir les champs des « possibles » de la réduction de la place de la voiture dans la mobilité urbaine dans le cadre d'un programme de simulation du report modal, de la voiture vers le transport collectif, le vélo ou la marche. Notre approche tient compte de l'ensemble des activités et des espaces fréquentés qui soutiennent la mobilité quotidienne des conducteurs, le report modal potentiel est évalué à l'aune des performances relatives des modes en présence en termes de vitesse, de flexibilité et de coûts.&lt;br /&gt;Ce qui est donc objectivé dans cet article est une mesure du défi de vitesse et de flexibilité d'usage dans le temps et dans l'espace que pose « la voiture » aux politiques visant à en réguler son usage dans les parties les plus denses de nos agglomérations et notamment dans celles de la région parisienne. L'hypothèse sous-jacente à ces travaux est que la vitesse de déplacement, plus que son coût pour le conducteur, régit et organise les pratiques sociales d'un e grande majorité d'individus et légitime, au moins pour ceux qui sont en situation de choix, celui du mode le plus rapide et le plus flexible.&lt;br /&gt;C'est dans cette approche que nous définissons « les champs des possibles » du report modal et instruisons la contradiction existante entre les souhaits exprimés de réduction de l'usage de la voiture et son usage croissant. Les simulations présentées ont été principalement réalisées sur la base des usages quotidiens observés de la voiture dans la zone dense francilienne et sur le Grand Lyon par les « enquêtes ménages déplacements ».</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525089">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00111720</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525090">
                <text>PUBLICNRS: 521614</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525091">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/11/17/20/PDF/XVI_emesJacques_Car9.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525093">
                <text>Les villes ont-elles achevé leur transition ? Actes des Seizièmes Entretiens Jacques Cartier ; Lyon ; 2 - 3 déc. 2003</text>
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                <text>Les villes ont-elles achevé leur transition ? Actes des Seizièmes Entretiens Jacques Cartier ; Lyon ; 2 - 3 déc. 2003</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="525095">
                <text>Les villes ont-elles achevé leur transition ? Actes des Seizièmes Entretiens Jacques Cartier ; Lyon ; 2 - 3 déc. 2003</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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                <text>Politique de transport urbain</text>
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                <text>réduction de l'usage de la voiture</text>
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                <text>vitesse</text>
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                <text>budget-temps de transport</text>
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                <text>simulation</text>
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                <text>mobilité quotidienne</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Une ville sans voiture : utopie ?</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
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                <text>Poitiers</text>
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                <text>Bonnel, Patrick</text>
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                <text>L'amélioration des systèmes de transport dans les agglomérations (vitesse accrue et baisse des coûts de transport) a contribué à la diminution de la densité dans les zones urbaines et a conduit à un usage dominant de la voiture et une très forte réduction de l'usage de la marche et du vélo, tandis que les transports en commun sont restés globalement stable. L'usage de la voiture est maintenant dominant face aux autres modes de transport y compris dans la métropole parisienne. &lt;br /&gt;Cette domination de la voiture conduit de plus en plus l'opinion publique à réclamer une réduction de son usage et le développement d'alternative à son usage. L'objectif de ce travail est de déterminer si ces demandes sont compatibles avec les vitesses pratiquées actuellement à l'aide de chacun des modes de transport. Plus précisément notre objectifs est de répondre à ces questions : Est-ce que les conducteurs ont une bonne appréciation de la vitesse quant à leur choix de comportement ? Combien de conducteurs pourraient gagner du temps en changeant de mode de transport ? Que peut-on attendre, en termes de réduction de l'usage de la voiture, d'une amélioration significative de l'offre de transports collectifs ou bien d'une réduction forte de la vitesse de l'automobile ? &lt;br /&gt;Cet article présente la méthodologie ainsi que les principaux résultats obtenus à travers les simulations conduites sur les agglomérations de Lyon et de Paris.</text>
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                <text>Une ville sans voiture : utopie ?</text>
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                <text>L'usage privé de l'automobile domine largement les déplacements dans les grandes aires métropolitaines. Son usage y est croissant, et ce malgré une opinion publique généralement favorable au développement des transports publics et des prises de position politiques qui reflètent cette opinion. En outre, les projections disponibles et l'examen des potentiels de régulation liés aux politiques traditionnellement envisagées (maîtrise du stationnement, développement des transports publics, instruments économiques (péage urbain) ou fiscaux (TIPP)) montrent que l'impact de ces politiques reste limité.&lt;br /&gt;La question à laquelle nous souhaitons répondre dans le cadre de cette communication est la suivante : peut-on envisager un fonctionnement satisfaisant d'une grande aire métropolitaine fondé sur un système de transport radicalement différent, reposant principalement sur l'usage d'autres modes que la voiture particulière ? Par « radicalement différent », nous entendons un système dans lequel l'usage de la voiture particulière pourrait être réduit de manière non marginale, d'au moins la moitié des véhicules * kilomètres automobiles, pour fixer les idées.&lt;br /&gt;Dans ce travail, nous ne cherchons pas à justifier l'orientation vers un système radicalement différent. Notre objet consiste à mettre en œuvre différents scénarios de transport, afin d'évaluer sur la base de règles de transfert les effets sur l'usage d'autres modes que la voiture dans les zones denses des agglomérations parisienne et lyonnaise.&lt;br /&gt;Les scénarios de transport ont été mis en œuvre en simulant une amélioration progressive de l'offre en transports publics : croissance des vitesses commerciales sur les lignes de surface, croissance du service en généralisant à la journée l'offre de la période de pointe du soir, mise en site propre des lignes de bus, création de nouvelles lignes de transports publics, extension des lignes de métro et des lignes de trains express régionaux et restructuration du réseau de bus. Nous avons également identifié et simulé une série de mesures d'accompagnement qui sont susceptibles &lt;br /&gt;d'améliorer l'efficacité de l'offre en transports publics, telles que la mise en œuvre de rabattements en vélo ou en voiture vers les lignes de transports publics ou de stratégies d'information pour les usagers.&lt;br /&gt;La méthode, développée par l'INRETS depuis 1996, a été appliquée aux agglomérations parisienne et lyonnaise sur la base des dernières enquêtes ménages déplacements de chacune des agglomérations. Pour chaque scénario de transport, des modèles sont utilisés afin de calculer les temps en transports publics de l'ensemble des déplacements, quel que soit le mode de déplacement utilisé dans les enquêtes ménages déplacements. Nous appliquons ensuite une procédure de transfert modal pour évaluer les effets de chacun des scénarios sur l'usage des modes doux. Les déplacements, ou plus précisément les boucles de déplacements, sont assignés à un des modes alternatifs sur la base de règles éliminatoires (pas de transfert vers la marche pour des distances supérieures à 2 kilomètres, pas de transfert vers le vélo pour des distances supérieures à 8 kilomètres, pas de transfert si le motif de déplacement des boucles est « accompagnement »...) et sur la base de contraintes (respect des budgets-temps de déplacement des individus, distance de chaque déplacement et boucle, existence d'une offre en transports publics...). Ce système de règles et de contraintes constituent le cœur de la procédure de transfert modal, qui examine les possibilités de transfert dans le contexte de scénarios d'offre en transport.</text>
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                <text>SFE. Evaluation et développement durable - Vèmes Journées Françaises de l'Evaluation, 27 - 29 juin, Limoges, France</text>
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                <text>Etude de faisabilité d'un système de transport radicalement différent sur les zones denses parisienne et lyonnaise</text>
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                <text>The private car currently dominates travel in large metropolitan areas and its use is on the increase, in spite of the fact that public opinion is generally in favour of the development of public transport and political statements which reflect this opinion. Furthermore, the available projections and an analysis of the potential effect of conventional policies indicate that although such policies are able to exert some control, it is limited.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then, the question, that this research directed by INRETS will attempt to answer, is: could a major metropolitan area operate with a radically different transport system that is based principally on the use of modes other than the automobile? By "radically different", we mean a system in which use of the conventional automobile would be reduced in a non-marginal manner, by, say, between a third and a half of all private car vehicle-kilometres.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This research does not attempt to justify a move towards a radically different system a lot as already been said on it. Instead, the project will perform different transport simulations and assess on based-rules the effect on the use of modes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Transport scenarios have been designed to incorporate a progressive improvement in public transport supply in the following respects: increase in speeds on the roads, increase in service frequencies during off-peak periods, creation of exclusive public transport lanes, reserving radial roads for public transport, extension of metro and regional express rail and reorganisation of bus routes in response to this. We have also devised and simulated a set of appropriate accompanying strategies that are intended to improve the effectiveness of public transport supply, for example policies to encourage the use of the bicycle or park and ride schemes. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The methodology, developed by INRETS has been applied on Paris and Lyon region based on the last household travel survey conducted in each area. For each transport scenario, Paris and Lyon models are used to calculate public transport time for all trips whatever is the actual mode of transport. We then applied the procedure of mode transfer to assess the effect of each of these scenario on mode choice. The procedure is based on automatic rules. Trips, or more precisely round trips, are assigned to one or other of the alternative modes on the basis of elimination rules (no walking for distances over 2 kilometres, no cycling over 8 kilometres, no modal transfer if the purpose of the round trip is for escorting purposes...) and on the basis of constraints (individual travel-time budgets, the length of each trip and round trips, the existence of transport supply...). This system of rules and constraints constitutes the core of the modal transfer procedure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The paper will present both the methodology and results obtain from Paris and Lyon case studies.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/09/67/36/PDF/AET_2.pdf</text>
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                <text>AET. European Transport Conference 2002 – ETC 2002, 9 - 11 September 2002, Cambridge (UK)</text>
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                <text>AET. European Transport Conference 2002 – ETC 2002, 9 - 11 September 2002, Cambridge (UK)</text>
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                <text>AET. European Transport Conference 2002 – ETC 2002, 9 - 11 September 2002, Cambridge (UK)</text>
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                <text>modal split simulation method</text>
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                <text>Paris (France) – Lyon (France)</text>
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                <text>Evaluation of car traffic reduction potential in urban area, Paris and Lyon case-studies</text>
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                <text>Lyon</text>
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                <text>Improvements in individual mobility conditions for drivers in the Paris conurbation (higher speed and lower cost of individual mobility) have contributed to the reduction of urban areas density and have led to dominant use of the car and a dramatic reduction in walking and cycling, while the use of public transport has remained roughly constant. The car now highly dominated the other transport modes in many places including the Paris metropolitan area. As a consequence of a car domination, a great part of the public opinion claims a reduction of a car use and the development of alternative forms of transport. The aim of this study is to determine whether those claims are consistent with the actual present car traffic speeds. More precisely, our aim was to try to answer some questions: have car drivers a good appreciation of a car speed performance? How many are car's drivers who could save time by using other modes of transport? What can be expected from a drastic growth of the public transport supply and/or from a reduction of the car speed in order to reduce the car usage and consequently the car traffic flows. This paper presents our methodology and the major results obtained through numerical simulation based on Paris and Lyon conurbations figures.</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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                <text>Individual daily mobility</text>
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                <text>Transport modelling</text>
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                <text>Traffic simulation</text>
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                <text>Speed and car used regulation in urban areas : Paris and Lyon case studies</text>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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                <text>Balanche, Fabrice</text>
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                <text>La généralisation des municipalités avec des assemblées élues à l'ensemble du territoire syrien, y compris dans les zones rurales, est un moyen pour le régime baathiste de renforcer ses réseaux de clientélisme. Après la révolte des Frères musulmans (1979-1982), il s'agissait aussi de créer des acteurs intermédiaires entre la population et l'État, susceptibles de désamorcer les crises sociales. Les conseils municipaux sont constitués par la petite bourgeoisie baathiste, le plus souvent par promotion interne au sein de l'administration. Le choix des présidents de municipalité par le régime est délicat, car il lui faut éviter que cette fonction ne leur permette d'acquérir une certaine indépendance.</text>
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                <text>Revue Tiers Monde</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>[SHS:SCIPO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science</text>
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                <text>Les municipalités dans la Syrie Baathiste</text>
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