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                <text>Native place, city, and nation: Regional networks and identities in Shanghai, 1853-1937</text>
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                <text>China, Chine, Shanghai, migration urbaine, histoire urbaine, emotion, émotion, société urbaine, social order, ordre social, identité, Goodman Bryna</text>
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Bryna Goodman

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University of California Press

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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Extract from the Introduction:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
This study explores social practices and rituals related to xxiangyi , also called xiangqing and ziyi , Chinese expressions for the sentiment that binds people from the same native place. This sentiment, and the social institutions which expressed it, profoundly shaped the nature and development of modern Chinese urban society. The two quotations which begin this chapter suggest twin aspects of urban social organization and behavior that correspond to native-place sentiment. The account in the 1907 Shanghai gazetteer describes organization by native place as a necessary, natural, specifically Chinese and indeed &amp;quot;morally excellent&amp;quot; response to the dangers posed by urban admixture and anomie. Daotai Intendment Wu XU's description of the city under his jurisdiction indicates a possible drawback to the &amp;quot;moral excellence&amp;quot; of native-place sentiment, suggesting that, when individuals from different native-place groups mixed together on a city street, they felt no common identity as Chinese. The chapters which follow address these themes&amp;mdash;the prominence of native-place sentiment and organization in Chinese cities and the influence of such ideas and social formations on city life, social order and urban and national identity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study is based on Shanghai and covers nearly a century, from the opening of the city to foreign trade in 1843 to the establishment of Guomindang dominance in the Nanjing decade (1927-37). Throughout this period immigrant groups from other areas of China dominated Shanghai's rapidly expanding urban population, which more than quadrupled in the nineteenth century. Shanghai's population in 1800 was between one-quarter and one-third million. By 1910 it was 1.3 million. It doubled again by 1927, to 2.6 million. Throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, immigrants comprised at least 75 percent of the total figure. Some of these immigrants came to Shanghai to explore economic opportunities; others came in waves to flee war and famine in their native place.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Combining forces to meet the imperatives of their new urban surroundings, these immigrants formed native-place associations, huiguan and tongxianghui. Such associations and the sentiments which engendered them were formative elements of Shanghai's urban environment throughout the late Qing and early Republican periods. Social, economic and political organization along lines of regional identity shaped the development of the city.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Contents:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
1. Introduction: The moral excellence of loving the group&lt;/div&gt;
2. Foreign imperialism, immigration and disoder: Opium War aftermath and the Small Sword uprisong of 1853&lt;/div&gt;
3. Community, hierarchy and authority: Elites and non-elites in the making of native-place culture during the late Qing&lt;/div&gt;
4. Expansive practices: Charity, modern enterprise, the city and the state&lt;/div&gt;
5. Native-place associations, foreign authority and early popular nationalism&lt;/div&gt;
6. The native place and the nation: Anti-imperialist and republican revolutionary mobilization&lt;/div&gt;
7. &amp;quot;Modern spirit,&amp;quot; institutional change and the effects of warlord government associations in the early republic&lt;/div&gt;
8. The native place and the state: Nationalism, state building and public maneuvering&lt;/div&gt;
9. Conclusion: Culture, modernity and the sources of national identity&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Bryna Goodman &lt;/b&gt;is Professor and Director of Asian Studies in the Department of History, University of Oregon.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>Du point de vue de la requalification de la ville contemporaine, le sensible peut être considéré comme un opérateur de formes nouvelles d'urbanité et questionne à ce titre les différents modes d'intervention sur la ville. Il s'agit donc de se focaliser sur une logique d'action sur la ville par le sensible. La connaissance fine d'un espace passe par celle de ses ambiances sonores, révélatrices de pratiques individuelles et collectives. Ces ambiances socialisantes (ou a-socialisantes) de l'espace public sont le propre de l'urbanité. Formes spatiales et formes sociales s'y rencontrent. C'est d'ailleurs là que réside l'intérêt de la recherche amorcée : les méthodes développées en faveur de la perception sonore de l'espace public questionnent des dimensions de l'environnement (son, lumière, visibilité, objets saisis au niveau sensoriel et physique), du milieu (interactions, échanges, sociaux) et du paysage (formes saisies au plan esthétique). L'article s'attache à démontrer l'importance de la place de la nature en ville et, plus particulièrement, celle du végétal, comme facteur déterminant dans l'évaluation spatiale mais aussi la perception sonore du lieu à travers trois places grenobloises. De ce fait, la transformation de la connaissance et de la perception sonore des sites expérimentaux choisis émerge conjointement avec l'apparition de nouvelles pratiques et de nouvelles représentations sociales.</text>
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                <text>Enregistrements vidéo de la journée d’étude organisée à l’Institut des Sciences de l’Homme (ISH, Lyon) le 15 novembre 2013.&#13;
&#13;
Cette journée est consacrée à la nature en ville comme valeur - nouvelle ? - de l'espace urbain. Dans un contexte de densification des centre-villes, le végétal et l'élément aquatique sont bien souvent présentés comme un moyen de faire accepter la densité urbaine. Mais c'est également un élément d'aménité qui a une longue histoire, et qui peut engendrer de discrètes inégalités environnementales. Objet urbanistique, il implique de nouvelles pratiques sociales et récréatives.&#13;
&#13;
La journée fait intervenir des chercheurs confirmés et des doctorants, des historiens et des géographes, dans un souci de confronter les approches sur un thème de plus en plus présent dans les politiques publiques et les projets urbanistiques.&#13;
&#13;
Séance organisée par : Stéphane Frioux (LARHRA/Université Lyon 2, maître de conférences en histoire contemporaine), Jean Rieucau (EVS/Université Lyon 2, professeur d'aménagement et d'urbanisme), Anthony Simon (EVS/Université Lyon 2, maître de conférences en géographie), Dominique Valérian (CIHAM/Université Lyon 2, professeur d'histoire médiévale).&#13;
&#13;
Intervenants : Stéphane Frioux, Jean Rieucau, Julien Loiseau, Anthony Simon, Emeline Comby, Emilie-Anne Pépy, Charles‑François Mathis et Etienne Grésillon</text>
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Janvier 2009

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Wildproject

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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Extraits de l'introduction :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
La ville, en tant que foyer de rassemblement d'humains, est le ph&amp;eacute;nom&amp;egrave;ne le plus caract&amp;eacute;ristique de la prolif&amp;eacute;ration d'une esp&amp;egrave;ce qui, si on la consid&amp;egrave;re d'un strict point de vue &amp;eacute;cologique, peut &amp;ecirc;tre consid&amp;eacute;r&amp;eacute;e comme &amp;quot;invasive&amp;quot;. La ville nous parle imm&amp;eacute;diatement, dans sa r&amp;eacute;alit&amp;eacute; physique, de notre succ&amp;egrave;s probl&amp;eacute;matique...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Du ghetto de Varsovie en flammes, d'o&amp;ugrave; Frans Kracjberg a fui, jusqu'&amp;agrave; Tripoli vue par le photographe Geoffroy Mathieu, en passant par les &amp;quot;chats libres&amp;quot; sur lesquels la g&amp;eacute;ographe et sociologue Nathalie Blanc s'est pench&amp;eacute;e, ou encore les for&amp;ecirc;ts urbaines d'Isabelle Guillauic : bienvenue en ville.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Lorsque vous cliquez sur &amp;quot;sommaire du num&amp;eacute;ro 3&amp;quot;, la page qui s'affiche contient les sommaires&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt; de l'ensemble des num&amp;eacute;ros, en commen&amp;ccedil;ant par le plus r&amp;eacute;cent. Il vous faut alors descendre plus bas dans la page pour acc&amp;eacute;der au num&amp;eacute;ro 3.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sommaire :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Introduction &amp;quot;L'esp&amp;egrave;ce urbaine&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
L'&amp;ecirc;tre humain est un noeud parmi d'autres noeuds&lt;br /&gt;
Entretien sur l&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;cologie urbaine avec Nathalie Blanc, g&amp;eacute;ographe, sociologue&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Place is the new wilderness&lt;br /&gt;
Entretien avec Andrew Light, philosophe&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Des trognes &amp;agrave; Almaty : gen&amp;egrave;se de la for&amp;ecirc;t urbaine&lt;br /&gt;
Entretien avec Isabelle Guillauic, architecte&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Les trognes de Mansion : l'arbre contemporain&lt;br /&gt;
Article d&amp;rsquo;Isabelle Guillauic&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Du rififi dans la ripisylve&lt;br /&gt;
Article d'Olivier Sigaut, chercheur en sciences politiques&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
En finir avec la perspective&lt;br /&gt;
Entretien avec Alain Richert, paysagiste&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Des espaces de r&amp;eacute;sistances dans la ville m&amp;eacute;diterran&amp;eacute;enne&lt;br /&gt;
Entretien avec Geoffroy Mathieu, photographe&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
De Varsovie au Rio Negro&lt;br /&gt;
Frans Krajcberg photographe&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ratopolis&lt;br /&gt;
Manifeste du blog &amp;quot;Marseille, ville sauvage&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Site Wildmarseille&lt;br /&gt;
En mars 2009, Wildproject s'installe &amp;agrave; Marseille.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>Intitulé Nature urbaine en projets, cet ouvrage a pour ambition de faire connaître le devenir de la nature quand elle se situe en milieu urbain et, inversement, ce qu'il advient de la ville dès lors qu'elle se préoccupe de la nature.&#13;
&#13;
Sa première partie, historique, concerne l'évolution des formes de nature urbaine ou, mieux, la circulation des modèles, des savoirs et des représentations culturelles qui, du XIXe au XXe siècle, ont fondé les projets de nature en ville. L'histoire de ces formes de nature urbaine étant cernée, l'objectif est de comprendre la demande sociale de « nature en ville », d'un point de vue sociologique et économique. La troisième partie explore une voie contiguë à l'héritage historique et à l'actualité sociale de la nature urbaine. Elle interroge la portée de l'écologie dans le champ théorico-pratique du paysagisme et des politiques publiques de paysage. De quels médias scientifiques et esthétiques – cartographiques, par exemple – souhaitent les praticiens et les usagers des villes disposer pour concevoir, de façon participative, une nature urbaine durable ? Telle est la question que la quatrième partie instruit avant d'envisager cette médiation esthétique et scientifique sous l'angle de l'éthique. Pour envisager le devenir des villes aux prises avec la nature, un dernier point traite d'une nouvelle alliance entre nature et ville en partant des matériaux de l'innovation urbaine.&#13;
&#13;
Dans ce livre, ce sont les signes d'une nouvelle alliance entre ville et nature qui sont repérés.</text>
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Septembre 2012

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VertigO

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La nature regroupe une diversit&amp;eacute; de mat&amp;eacute;rialit&amp;eacute;s et de patrimoines naturels (habitats, flore, faune) auxquels est attribu&amp;eacute;e une valeur &amp;eacute;cologique ou biologique reconnue par les &amp;eacute;cologues. Mais cela est aussi une r&amp;eacute;alit&amp;eacute;, trop souvent oubli&amp;eacute;, pour les espaces de nature fa&amp;ccedil;onn&amp;eacute;e, parcs et jardins, la nature plus ordinaire, la nature comme cadre de vie urbaine. La dimension hybride de la nature est associ&amp;eacute;e &amp;agrave; diff&amp;eacute;rentes ontologies et repr&amp;eacute;senta le r&amp;eacute;sultat historique d&amp;rsquo;une construction sociale. Dans ce num&amp;eacute;ro de   &amp;ndash; la revue &amp;eacute;lectronique en sciences de l'environnement aborde la place de la nature dans les m&amp;eacute;tropoles. Comment ces Natures contribuent &amp;agrave; la structuration des M&amp;eacute;tropoles.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sommaire du n&amp;deg;2, vol. 2 de VertigO :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Lotfi Mehdi, Christiane Weber, Francesca Di Pietro et Wissal Selmi - &amp;Eacute;volution de la place du v&amp;eacute;g&amp;eacute;tal dans la ville, de l&amp;rsquo;espace vert &amp;agrave; la trame verte&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Muriel Delabarre et Sol&amp;egrave;ne Marry - Habitabilit&amp;eacute; et nature urbaines : vers un outil d&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;valuation des projets urbains. Exemple de la m&amp;eacute;tropole lyonnaise&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Flaminia Paddeu - L'agriculture urbaine dans les quartiers d&amp;eacute;favoris&amp;eacute;s de la m&amp;eacute;tropole new-yorkaise : la justice alimentaire &amp;agrave; l'&amp;eacute;preuve de la justice sociale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Val&amp;eacute;rie Deldr&amp;egrave;ve et Arlette H&amp;eacute;rat - Des in&amp;eacute;galit&amp;eacute;s garantes de la protection des Calanques ? Un parc national dans l&amp;rsquo;agglom&amp;eacute;ration marseillaise&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Mercredi 14 mai au matin, sur le toit du th&amp;eacute;&amp;acirc;tre du Merlan, entre le centre commercial, la voie rapide et la cit&amp;eacute; de la Busserine, l&amp;rsquo;apiculteur-plasticien Olivier Darn&amp;eacute; a install&amp;eacute; 7 ruches.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apr&amp;egrave;s la Seine Saint-Denis, Beaubourg, le Palais Royal, c&amp;rsquo;est la premi&amp;egrave;re implantation &amp;agrave; Marseille du &amp;ldquo;Miel b&amp;eacute;ton&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Un miel urbain, sans la moindre trace de pollution, et bizarrement beaucoup plus vari&amp;eacute; en fleurs que celui que l&amp;rsquo;on fait dans la campagne agricole.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Les ruches vont rester deux ans sur le toit du Merlan: les analyses polliniques nous diront bient&amp;ocirc;t &amp;agrave; quels nectars urbains les abeilles se sont frott&amp;eacute;es.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Le miel b&amp;eacute;ton marseillais : miel de pays garanti pur g&amp;eacute;ranium de balcon, pur coquelicot de chemin de fer, pur pissenlit de friche urbaine.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Ville sauvage&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Isabelle Bernier</text>
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M&amp;eacute;ridiennes

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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Au d&amp;eacute;but du XVIIIe si&amp;egrave;cle, la r&amp;eacute;publique de Mulhouse est une enclave ind&amp;eacute;pendante en terre alsacienne et fran&amp;ccedil;aise. Le commerce constitue une ressource essentielle pour cette cit&amp;eacute; d&amp;eacute;pourvue de domaine agricole.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Misant avec opportunisme sur l'indiennage, premier ph&amp;eacute;nom&amp;egrave;ne de mode &amp;agrave; atteindre toutes les couches de la soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute;, des n&amp;eacute;gociants mulhousiens vont provoquer, d&amp;egrave;s les ann&amp;eacute;es 1750, l'explosion d'une nouvelle activit&amp;eacute; manufacturi&amp;egrave;re et transformer leur cit&amp;eacute; en v&amp;eacute;ritable p&amp;ocirc;le industriel. Devenus chefs d'entreprise, ils entrent dans l'&amp;egrave;re du capitalisme : &amp;agrave; la fin du si&amp;egrave;cle, les indiennes de Mulhouse se n&amp;eacute;gocient dans toute l'Europe...&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
FRAMESPA&lt;/a&gt;-France m&amp;eacute;ridionale et Espagne : histoire des soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute;s du Moyen Age &amp;agrave; l'&amp;eacute;poque contemporaine.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Philippe Gardey</text>
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Presses Universitaires Paris-Sorbonne

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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Des ann&amp;eacute;es 1780 aux ann&amp;eacute;es 1820, &amp;agrave; Bordeaux, n&amp;eacute;goce et marchandise constituent deux mondes distincts, mais qui entretiennent des relations serr&amp;eacute;es et s&amp;rsquo;interp&amp;eacute;n&amp;egrave;trent assez largement. &lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Malgr&amp;eacute; le pullulement des soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute;s et des micro-entreprises, souvent &amp;eacute;ph&amp;eacute;m&amp;egrave;res, l&amp;rsquo;isolement de l&amp;rsquo;entrepreneur est en permanence compens&amp;eacute; par le soutien des parent&amp;eacute;s et par les solidarit&amp;eacute;s g&amp;eacute;ographiques et religieuses, qui constituent tout autant un filet de s&amp;eacute;curit&amp;eacute; qu&amp;rsquo;une composante essentielle des strat&amp;eacute;gies commerciales. Pour ces milieux, la R&amp;eacute;volution ouvre un temps de malheurs - perte de Saint-Domingue, dirigisme, Terreur et guerre maritime perp&amp;eacute;tuelle -, qui vont restreindre l&amp;rsquo;activit&amp;eacute; portuaire. &lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Mais l&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;poque est en m&amp;ecirc;me temps celle d&amp;rsquo;un formidable renouvellement des acteurs, prouvant le dynamisme extraordinaire d&amp;rsquo;une soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; capable, crise apr&amp;egrave;s crise, de reconstituer des effectifs massacr&amp;eacute;s par la concurrence, les faillites, les abandons, le repli vers la rente - quand ne s&amp;rsquo;y ajoute pas l&amp;rsquo;emprisonnement ou la mort. En outre, ces ann&amp;eacute;es sont propices &amp;agrave; la prospection de nouveaux march&amp;eacute;s et aux r&amp;eacute;ussites. Si les vieilles dynasties sont &amp;eacute;branl&amp;eacute;es, les opportunit&amp;eacute;s propulsent tr&amp;egrave;s haut des hommes qui n&amp;rsquo;auraient pas eu leur chance en des temps plus calmes. &lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Dans les ann&amp;eacute;es 1820, les niveaux de fortune, comme les progr&amp;egrave;s de l&amp;rsquo;art de vivre, t&amp;eacute;moignent de la solidit&amp;eacute; d&amp;rsquo;une bourgeoisie marchande, certes moins brillante qu&amp;rsquo;avant la R&amp;eacute;volution, mais qui occupe d&amp;eacute;sormais la premi&amp;egrave;re place devant la noblesse. &lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
N&amp;eacute;gociants et marchands de Bordeaux est la premi&amp;egrave;re v&amp;eacute;ritable &amp;eacute;tude d&amp;rsquo;histoire sociale du monde du n&amp;eacute;goce et du commerce dans la France du XVIIIe et du d&amp;eacute;but du XIXe si&amp;egrave;cle, fond&amp;eacute;e sur des d&amp;eacute;pouillements d&amp;rsquo;archives fiscales, r&amp;eacute;volutionnaires et surtout notariales, dont le croisement informatique avec les almanachs a permis de marier histoire s&amp;eacute;rielle et prosopographie.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Philippe Gardey&lt;/b&gt; est docteur de l&amp;rsquo;universit&amp;eacute; Paris-Sorbonne.  Professeur au lyc&amp;eacute;e Jaufr&amp;eacute; Rudel de Blaye, il est aussi, depuis 2005, charg&amp;eacute; de TD en histoire moderne &amp;agrave; l&amp;rsquo;&lt;a href="http://www.u-bordeaux3.fr" target="_blank"&gt;universit&amp;eacute; Michel de Montaigne-Bordeaux 3&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>The control and appropriation of space has been an important dimension of urban planning in the late 15 years in Beirut. It appears particularly in two large reconstruction projects, both located in the southern suburbs of Beirut, inhabited by a population mostly Shiite Muslim and dominated by Hezbollah, and both elaborated in a context of tension between the Lebanese government majority and the Party of God. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the civil war, in the beginning of the 1990s, a huge governmental urban reconstruction project of Planning and Development of Beirut's South Western Suburbs, named Elyssar, was elaborated during a three years negotiation between Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri and the Shiite parties Amal and Hezbollah. The project's decisions, whether uncontested or resulting from compromises, depended on both the actors' strategies and their perceptions of the city. This paper shows how political and strategic dimensions were used during its elaboration. It brings to the light the important spatial and political consequences that the official agreement on Elyssar has had until now, even though the core of the project has never been implemented. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The forms and practices of spatial negotiation identified in Elyssar lighten the recent project of reconstruction of Haret Hreik, named Waad. Set up after the July 2006 war, this project aims to reconstruct a large majority of apartments buildings destroyed during the Israelis raids in Beirut South Eastern suburbs. It was elaborated and launched by Hezbollah as a private company, independent from the government, and started to be implemented, meanwhile the government planned the reconstruction of infrastructures and gave compensations to the owners for their destroyed apartments, with the support of international donors. Despite different projects and political contexts, some intersections between these two projects illuminate the current period. It brings out the changes and continuities of actors' perceptions and strategies of control and appropriation of space, looking again into the role of urban planning in stirring up or appeasing political tensions and, in exchange, into the use of confrontation in projects implementation.</text>
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                <text>, voisinage, quartier défavorisé, quartier dégradé, pauvreté, centre-ville, logement, citadin, environnement urbain, urbanité, États-Unis, United States, Newburger Harriet B., Birch Eugenie L., Wachter Susan M.</text>
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University of Pennsylvania Press 

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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Does the place where you lived as a child affect your health as an adult? To what degree does your neighbor's success influence your own potential? The importance of place is increasingly recognized in urban research as an important variable in understanding individual and household outcomes. Place matters in education, physical health, crime, violence, housing, family income, mental health, and discrimination&amp;mdash;issues that determine the quality of life, especially among low-income residents of urban areas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Neighborhood and Life Chances: How Place Matters in Modern America brings together researchers from a range of disciplines to present the findings of studies in the fields of education, health, and housing. The results are intriguing and surprising, particularly the debate over Moving to Opportunity, an experiment conducted by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, designed to test directly the effects of relocating individuals away from areas of concentrated poverty. Its results, while strong in some respects, showed very different outcomes for boys and girls, with girls more likely than boys to experience positive outcomes. Reviews of the literature in education and health, supplemented by new research, demonstrate that the problems associated with residing in a negative environment are indisputable, but also suggest the directions in which solutions may lie.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The essays collected in this volume give readers a clear sense of the magnitude of contemporary challenges in metropolitan America and of the role that place plays in reinforcing them. Although the contributors suggest many practical immediate interventions, they also recognize the vital importance of continued long-term efforts to rectify place-based limitations on lifetime opportunities.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Harriet B. Newburger&lt;/b&gt; is Community Development Research Advisor for the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Eugenie L. Birch&lt;/b&gt; is Lawrence C. Nussdorf Professor of Urban Research and Education and Chair of the Department of City and Regional Planning at the School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Susan M. Wachter&lt;/b&gt; is Richard B. Worley Professor of Financial Management and Professor of Real Estate and Finance at The Wharton School and Professor of City and Regional Planning at the School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>L'évolution des quartiers et les migrations intra-urbaines. 
La mobilité résidentielle peut être considérée comme la cause principale d'évolution des quartiers. L'importance du changement dépend des caractères de la population qui déménage, aussi bien que de celle qui ne déménage pas. Cette mobilité elle-même n'est pas seulement déterminée par les caractéristiques du parc local de logements, mais aussi — surtout dans le cadre strictement réglementé du marché du logement aux Pays-Bas — par les politiques locales, telles que les programmes de rénovation urbaine, l'organisation des réseaux d'équipements, et les systèmes locaux de transport. 
À la fin des années 70, on s'est attaché de plus en plus aux changements dans la structure sociale des quartiers d'avant-guerre, dans les villes hollandaises. Un grand nombre d'études de mobilité ont eu lieu sur le « pourquoi » et le « comment » du départ des familles nombreuses des quartiers anciens, et de l'arrivée dans ces quartiers de ménages d'une ou deux personnes, d'étudiants, etc. Les chercheurs ont pris conscience de plus en plus des lacunes de leurs connaissances sur les effets des mouvements migratoires. 
On cherche à lier ici la migration, la structure du quartier, son évolution, et l'influence des politiques locales. Dans une première partie, une modélisation empirique est proposée, dans laquelle les quartiers sont caractérisés non seulement par des variables concernant le logement et la population, mais également par des variables concernant les politiques. Les résultats concernant particulièrement les quartiers d'avant-guerre sont développés. 
Dans une seconde partie l'étude porte sur les effets d'un changement de la structure de la population sur l'environnement résidentiel dans deux quartiers d'avant-guerre de Rotterdam. Les relations entre les changements de la structure de la population et l'implantation d'équipements publics et commerciaux sont étudiées à l'aide de données statistiques. Une enquête a été menée auprès de 750 habitants des deux quartiers, en distinguant les anciens et les nouveaux habitants, au sujet de leur insertion dans leur quartier. 
Les plans d'urbanisme pourraient tirer profit des modèles empiriques de mobilité résidentielle présentés dans la première partie, qui pourraient servir de base pour des systèmes experts. Les résultats de la seconde partie devraient combler les lacunes qui subsistent dans les connaissances sur les conséquences des migrations sur l'environnement résidentiel, lacunes qui sont ressenties par les responsables politiques comme un obstacle majeur pour tout projet d'aménagement des aires résidentielles d'avant-guerre.</text>
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                <text>In hedonic housing models, the spatial dimension of housing values are traditionally processed by the impact of neighborhood variables and accessibility variables. In this paper we show that spatial effects might remain once neighborhood effects and accessibility have been controlled for. We notably stress on three sides of neighborhood effects: social capital, social status and social externalities and consider the accessibility to the primary economic center as describing the urban spatial trend. Using spatial econometrics specifications of the hedonic equation, we estimate whether spatial effects impact the housing values. Our empirical case concerns the Metropolitan Area (MA) of Paris in France which is divided in 2 636 neighborhood areas. We estimate the housing price distribution from a sample of 21,000 apartments sold in 1999. Our empirical results highlight the lumpy distribution of unit price along the general decreasing spatial trend from the Central Business District once neighborhood effects have been introduced. More precisely, a spatial error model is estimated revealing a positive and significance spatial effects across housing values which extend beyond their neighborhood area. Social capital, social status and social externalities play local role and may positively or negatively impact the housing prices. We showed a positive impact of diversified building patterns but a negative impact of social mixity which is somewhat conflictual but which is in fact in line with many current questions about social segregation and spatial segregation in urban areas.</text>
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                <text>NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECTS IN SPATIAL HOUSING VALUE MODELS. THE CASE OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF PARIS (1999)</text>
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                <text>This paper is aimed to examine how individual unemployment is influenced both by location in a deprived neighborhood and public housing. Our identification strategy is twofold. First, because we estimate a simultaneous probit model of public housing accommodation, type of neighborhood, and unemployment, the formal identification of the model relies on non-linearities. Second, we take advantage of the location of the public housing sector in France, which allows us to use public housing accommodation as a powerful determinant of neighborhood choices. Our results show that public housing does not have any direct effect on unemployment. However, living within the 35% more deprived neighborhoods does increase the unemployment probability significantly. As expected, the effect of neighborhood substantially decreases when dealing with the endogeneity of neighborhood and when using public housing as a determinant of neighborhood choice.</text>
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                <text>This paper is aimed at examining how individual unemployment is influenced both by location in a deprived neighborhood and public housing. Our identification strategy is twofold. First, we estimate a simultaneous probit model of public housing accommodation, type of neighborhood, and unemployment, thus accounting explicitely for correlation of unobservables between the three behaviors. Second, we take advantage of the situation of the public housing sector in France, which allows us to use public housing accommodation as a powerful&lt;br /&gt;determinant of neighborhood choices and to use household's demographic characteristics as exclusion restrictions. Our results show that public housing does not have any direct effect on unemployment. However, living within the 35% more deprived neighborhoods does increase the unemployment probability significantly. As expected, the effect of neighborhood substantially decreases when dealing with the endogeneity of neighborhood and when using public housing as a determinant of neighborhood choice.</text>
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                <text>The objective of the dissertation was to give a comparative analysis of neighbourhood dynamics in the inner-city of Budapest, under the post-socialist and at the same time globalised, new market economic circumstances. The urban phenomena that generated the need to take inner-city neighbourhood transformation as central in the study were the increasingly overwhelming change in the texture of the badly dilapidated historical residential area of Budapest and the fact that the renewal shows fairly varied patterns by neighbourhoods belonging to different districts. Renewal varies by being systematic or random; some goes along with extensive demolitions other projects show sensitivity to and the obvious intention of architectural heritage preservation. Nevertheless, whatever the strategy might be they all share one characteristic, which is the substantial population increase of the better-off. Meanwhile, in the same type of area there are still neighbourhoods devoid of interest for the investors. Besides, in spite of the increasing attention of the local authorities expressed in plans and strategies, the limited local resources, and the ownership structure hinder the halt to dilapidation. While the book deals mainly with the type of neighbourhood dynamism, meaning positive change in the quality of neighbourhoods, it also highlights the causes of stagnation and decline in other areas in the four districts discussed. For the analyses of the processes of neighbourhood regeneration such approach was chosen that focuses on the underlying structures, the relationship of actors in the process as well as the wider context and the historical path dependency of the neighbourhoods concerned, all based on the theoretical foundations of critical realism. The specified theoretical research culminated in identifying the problem field itself and in creating a base-model according to the philosophical principles of realism. The empirical research started only after specifying what phenomena, actors and relationships were to be examined closely to be able to see neighbourhood transformation in its complexity in the study areas and to apply the base model to these specific cases. In the research both the contextual part of the book and the case studies focused on spatial analyses of physical and social aspects of the urban environment and associated the quality of neighbourhoods with urban ecological factors and policy measures in the background of the given patterns as underlying structures. The other focus of attention was on the mechanisms - the local government, private sector and the non-profit sector - with a special focus on the first one having still substantial influence on the processes taking place in Budapest and in its districts. For the documentation of the upgrading provesses in the case study areas thematic maps, photos and models are used. The operation of the underlying structure are supported by personal interviews with members of the local authorities as well as civil and market actors. </text>
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                <text>Neighbourhood dynamics in Inner-Budapest - a realist approach</text>
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                  <text>Métropoles se veut le carrefour des travaux scientifiques issus de la plupart des disciplines en sciences sociales qui s’intéressent au fait urbain et métropolitain. Cette revue thématique souhaite présenter à la communauté académique internationale les travaux les plus significatifs et originaux issus soit des disciplines s’intéressant traditionnellement à la ville comme la géographie, la sociologie, la science politique ou l’économie, soit des disciplines qui interrogent le fait urbain depuis moins longtemps comme l’histoire  et le droit. Elle accueille les travaux produits au croisement des disciplines comme ceux de l’urbanisme, de l’aménagement ou du « planning ». Elle publie des articles en français et en anglais.</text>
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                <text>L'objectif de cet article est de montrer que le post-keynésianisme des politiques urbaines britanniques s’apparente à un processus de néolibéralisation. Ce processus a affecté sous différentes formes les gouvernements urbains britanniques, des années 1980 à aujourd'hui. Nous postulons que la recomposition de l’action de l'État central en direction des villes s’est divisée en deux grandes phases de « roll-back » puis de « roll-out ». Nous montrons que ces orientations des politiques post-keynésiennes influent, au niveau urbain, sur la manière de gouverner comme sur le contenu des agendas locaux. Pour ce faire, notre étude s'appuie sur l'histoire récente de deux grandes villes proches, archétypales du compromis keynésiano-fordiste : Sheffield et Manchester. </text>
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                <text>This article aims at showing that post-keynesianism in British urban politics can be described as a neoliberalisation process which influences local government since the early eighties. We consider that the restructuring of the State and of the central/local relationships should be divided in two main sequences (“roll-back”, then “roll-out”). We will observe how these evolutions of the urban politics have been impacting the contents of both urban political agendas and governance. In order to do this, this paper is based on the recent history of two old industrial cities : Manchester and Sheffield.    </text>
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