The urbanisation of Kuwait since 1950: Planning, progress and issues
philosophy, religion, sociology, human services, Kuwait, urbanisation
Modern Kuwait's urban development as it emerged during the second half of the twentieth century has been the outcome of a sustained planning effort. The idea of adopting and implementing master plans prepared by planning specialists was introduced early in 1951 - only a few years after Kuwait became an oil producer. The country's first master/development plan was completed later that year. During a period of about three decades, other plans were to follow, generally reflecting in concept and approach the circumstances, influences and conditions which necessitated their creation. Continuous changes in the built environment often progressed faster than the plans had anticipated or provided for. Successive plans gradually adopted a wider scope than the limited location approach of the first plan, and became more regional and national in concept and strategy. This study examines both the urbanisation process itself and the various plans which have guided this process. Certain issues related to public policy, economic and demographic considerations which influence urbanisation and planning will also be examined. The study shows how the various plans have responded to the specific circumstances and changes, how they related to each other, and assessed them as concepts and guidelines. An assessment is also made of the emerging urban environment in Kuwait City's central part, the hub of government and business activities - the old town of the pre-planning years. On balance, the study concludes that the planned environment which has emerged as a result of almost four decades of planning effort, is neither poorly conceived and realised nor ideal. It is, instead, the outcome of a combination of dynamic and often unpredictable forces, public policy considerations and changes, and certain constraints on planning, both in terms of its physical as well as practical aspects. The study, finally, is a documentation of the making of urban Kuwait during its modern era.
Efficacité environnementale des documents locaux d'urbanisme : application aux bruits routiers dans les communes franciliennes et algéroises
bruit, démocratie participative, développement durable, environnement, loi SRU, PADD, planification urbaine, PLU, POS
L'émergence de la notion de développement durable est actuellement un point d'inflexion pour les politiques publiques. Pour renouveler son mode de gouvernance et afin d'introduire le développement durable dans les politiques des villes, les pays du Nord et du Sud ont intégré ce concept dans des textes législatifs majeurs. En France comme en Algérie, nous nous intéressons à l'évolution des mesures urbanistiques de réduction des nuisances urbaines, en particulier, le bruit.
Dubois-Maury, Jocelyne. Directeur de thèse
Le français des cités, d'après le roman "Boumkoeur" de Rachid Djaïdani
Les années quatre-vingt-dix ont témoigné de l'éclosion d'un parler, notamment entre les jeunes, que les linguistes sont convenus d'appeler le français contemporain des cités (FCC). Ce parler fut un phénomène de mode, raison pour laquelle les médias, la musique et la littérature ont eu recours à son lexique, contribuant de la sorte à sa vulgarisation et sa propagation. Si les banlieues étaient le lieu d'origine de cette variété, le FCC les a dépassées et s'il était essentiellement pratiqué par les jeunes des cités, il est devenu commun à tous les adolescents, couches sociales confondues, et même à des adultes. Les fins du FCC varient en fonction des interlocuteurs ; elles peuvent être identitaires, cryptiques ou ludiques. Les usagers de ce parler tentent soit d'affirmer leur appartenance à une couche sociale marginalisée, soit de rendre leurs discours mystiques devant un intrus, soit de suivre l'air du temps. La thèse braque la lumière dans la première partie sur la conjoncture sociale des cités et sur le vécu de leurs habitants. Les banlieues sont, à vrai dire, des lieux de réclusion et des ghettos de frustration. La violence juvénile liée à la cité traduit la désorientation des adolescents. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons essayé de souligner les procédés de formation lexicale qui sont d'ordre sémantique. Ces procédés sont principalement: l'argot, les marques transcodiques et la métaphore. Des termes vieux, anglais ou arabes, des termes où il y a un glissement de sens surgissent et envahissent le FCC. Dans la troisième partie, nous avons tenu à étudier les procédés formels de formation lexicale qui sont le verlan, l'abréviation, la dérivation et la composition. Les usagers du FCC préfèrent renverser l'ordre des syllabes du mot, supprimer une syllabe au début ou à la fin du terme ou utiliser des suffixes et des préfixes notamment populaires. La thèse étudie ce parler à travers un roman de Rachid Djaïdani, Boumkoeur, dont les événements se déroulent dans les banlieues et qui constitue un réquisitoire contre la société.
Soliman El-Hakim, Elweya. Directeur de thèse
Ahmed Abdel Aziz, Mona. Directeur de thèse
L'alphabétisation en milieu urbain au Mali : offre de formation et besoins des populations
alphabétisation, Bamako, Mali, analphabétisme, éducation des adultes, offre de formation, analyse des besoins
En France, la loi SRU incarne, par les Plans Locaux d'Urbanisme (PLU) et des Plans d'Aménagement et de Développement Durable (PADD), les principes de l'approche transversale des problématiques urbaines et le renforcement de la concertation avec les populations locales. En Algérie, loi nÂ° 01-20 relative à l'aménagement et au développement durable du territoire n'a pas amené à des changements profonds sur les POS, mais elle leur a apporté certaines modifications pour leur permettre de suivre le sens du développement durable et la démocratie participative.
Université des Sciences et Technologies - USTL Lille I
La nature sauvage et champêtre dans les villes : origine et construction de la gestion différenciée des espaces verts publics et urbains.: Le cas de la ville de Montpellier
gestion différenciée, nature urbaine, espace vert public, service territorial
A partir des années 90, de nombreux professionnels du paysagisme ont participé en France et en Europe à la naturalisation de l'espace vert public dans la ville; ce mouvement a été qualifié parfois de "retour au naturel". Animés par le souci d'appliquer des méthodes plus respectueuses de l'environnement et soucieux d'offrir aux citadins une variété d'espaces de nature allant du jardin sophistiqué à l'espace d'aspect sauvage, les ingénieurs des services d'espaces verts des agglomérations ont expérimenté la "gestion différenciée" de leur patrimoine vert. Parallèlement à cette nouvelle approche essentiellement technique, l'évolution de l'idée de nature urbaine revendiquée par les gestionnaires des services espaces verts a entraîné la création de nouveaux projets de parcs publics alternatifs, dont les images et les usages sont à fortes références champêtre et sauvage. En l'absence de recherche antérieure sur la signification culturelle de la gestion différenciée, cette étude porte autant sur l'origine que sur la construction matérielle et symbolique de ce nouveau type de nature. L'hypothèse que nous voulons vérifier est que la mise en oeuvre de la gestion différenciée, avatar philosophique et esthétique du wild garden anglosaxon du XIXe siècle imprégné des valeurs contemporaines durables, a contribué à la construction de nouveaux territoires urbains publics aux références champêtres et sauvages. Ceux-ci ont été dessinés et gérés par les ingénieurs des services d'espaces verts de nombreuses villes dans la dernière décennie selon de nouveaux modèles de parcs intégrant des intentions écologiques et esthétiques.
Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - ENGREF
A comprehensive approach to the study of the housing sector in Iraq with special reference to needs, standards, inputs, density and costs as factors in the analysis of housing problems in Baghdad
housing, urban growth, urban density, urban planning, housing policy
Iraq has a stock of buildings, particularly dwellings, many of which are neither physically fit nor capable of meeting the economic and social needs of today. Many people, particularly in the cities, live in overcrowded and insanitary conditions. Many dwellings are badly located and mixed with derelict land. Population is expected to grow and even without any rise in standards, this would greatly increase the need for building and works of all kinds. At the macro level the main cause of the housing problem must be attributed to the process of migration and urbanization, which have contributed to the creation of slums and squatter settlements. At the policy level, the existing machinery of planning is scarcely adequate. Housing has conventionally received only scant attention in national development plans and this central neglect is mirrored by a similar failure at the municipal level. At the micro level, with which this study has primarily been concerned, it must be emphasised that housing is not simply an economic commodity but has deep social and political as well as environmental implications. The increasing gap between incomes and housing costs has to be contained and this can only be done by operating on a number of fronts simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to examine the housing sector in Iraq with special reference to the city of Baghdad-from the point of view that housing is not only a shelter which provides protection from the elements but a synthesis in which social, economic, physical and political forces interact. The study also develops an argument that housing density is not simply another planning index to be used with others in the formulation of town plans but a crucial variable which once fixed will have far reaching effects not only to the inhabitants of the housing areas but also to the social, economic and physical environment of the urban structure as a whole. The study adopts two related approaches. The first approach is a general survey of the causes and effects of housing problems and the interrelationships of housing aspects. Then, having identified particular topics of concern, the study examines some of these, such as housing needs, standards, housing inputs, i. e. land, finance building materials, labour and the construction industry, housing densities and costs relationships, in some detail. The study stresses the need to establish principles and processes of comprehensive analysis stems from the importance of housing as a community problem area, since housing is a major land use and its form reflects and influences, in a critical way, the pattern of urban experience and activity. Throughout, the aim has not been to produce a model or concrete figures so much as to analyse present trends and suggest some likely future developments in the hope that, with modification and. improvement, this study could act as a basis for further detailed study of the housing sector and assist in the formulation of long - term housing programme.
Urbanisation in Qatar : A study of the residential and commercial land development in Doha city, 1970-1997
urban growth, urbanisation, urban development, land, land use
The state of Qatar provides an interesting illustration of a nation that has recently witnessed spectacular urban development worthy of investigation. Indeed, during the past three decades huge oil revenues have enabled the country to embark on unprecedented national development. The main thrust of this research study is urbanisation and urban development in Qatar and the impact this phenomenon has had on the urban growth of its capital city, Doha. This study sets out to examine a set of issues caused by the urbanisation process within the framework of urban growth and land use development. The present study examines urbanisation and its impact on the city development in the Arab Gulf states (GCC) in general and in Qatar in particular. The main objective of the study has been to trace the influence these changes have had on the general growth of the city and the land uses particularly the residential and commercial land development with particular emphasis on the political and socio-economic factors which form the main thrust of this research. In addition, the examination of the emerging urbanisation phenomenon has aimed to establish the necessary background before dealing with the topic at the scale of the capital city. Following these objectives, the study has adopted a combined approach, which can be described as historical and empirical. The historical setting provides the changing nature of urbanisation in the Gulf States (GCC) and Qatar by establishing the evolution of this phenomenon until the present time. This is clearly done through defining the evolutionary periods reflecting the urban development stages, which included two distinctive phases : the traditional (pre-oil period) and modern/contemporary periods. The empirical/analytical part focuses especially on the city of Doha with respect to its recent urban development, socio-economic characteristics and the changing land use patterns of which the residential and commercial development represents one of the most rapidly growing and changing land use types that took place in a relatively short period (1970-1997). Clearly, the empirical research begins by investigating the socio-economic and physical features of the city. The analysis points out the enormous scale of development that occurred in the city benefiting largely from massive urban development plans engendered by the remarkable growth of the country's oil economy. Subsequently, the research separately examines additional dimensions pertinent to the residential and commercial land development. The findings show to what extent the growth of the city has influenced the emerging patterns of land use that were drastically changed. Also, the findings always reveal the existence of a strong correlation between the overall economic performance of the country and the changing residential and commercial uses. Indeed, the economic and social transformations of Qatar have resulted in new emerging patterns that were utterly unknown before the advent of oil. The thesis presents this research topic in three main parts. The first consists of two chapters, which introduce the methodology and approaches adopted by the study and the theoretical aspects relevant to urbanisation, urban development and urban internal structure along with definitions and concepts as well as previous studies done for Qatar. The second part includes three chapters, which deal with urbanisation in the GCC and Qatar. Chapter three provides an historical perspective of urbanisation and urban development pertaining to the Arab Gulf States. Chapter four presents an in-depth analysis of urbanisation and urban development in Qatar. This is followed by another chapter, which exclusively deals with the overall characteristics of population in Qatar. Part three of the thesis is entirely concerned with the city of Doha. It is divided into five chapters. Chapter six is concerned with the evolution and development of Doha; its changing demographic aspects and the factors affecting the population structure of the city are examined in chapter seven. The remaining three chapters of this part (8,9 & 10) deal with the city's land use development in general and with the residential and the commercial land development in particular. For this purpose, chapter eight investigates the overall characteristics relevant to land use in the city. The central aim is to establish an objective understanding of the evolution of land uses, the major factors influencing their development and the present distribution patterns over the 1980-1997 period. The latter analytical stage involves examining the emerging patterns of the residential land development in an attempt to explore the changing patterns and the housing characteristics. In the third analytical phase, the analysis proceeds to consider the changing patterns of the commercial development within the city. A final summary of the findings, conclusion of the study and suggestions for future research are provided in chapter eleven.
Tradition, continuity and change in the physical environment : The Arab-Muslim city
architecture, urban form, built environment, Islamic city, Arab city, urban change
Issues within the context of the present cannot be isolated from their spatial or temporal context. Neither the past (tradition) nor the future (modern technology) can provide solutions to the problems of the present. Their value lies in the fact that they represent "resources" which broaden our choices and inform us as to how similar issues were or could be dealt with in different times and places. However, a society's past and the way that society conceives of its past provides modes of continuity which give the present its authenticity. If we are to deal with the issues of the present and hope for an authentic future, the authority of the past or tradition cannot be blindly accepted though its authenticity and relevance to the present must be recognized. The problem addressed here is that of a present physical environment in the Arab-Muslim city which is totally different from the traditional one. As a result of this difference, a sense of discontinuity and alienation has developed among the inhabitants of these cities. The purpose of this study is to understand how this process came about and how a sense of continuity with the past can be reestablished. To achieve this purpose four main issues are addressed here : (1) the origin and process of formation of the traditional physical environment; (2) the disparity between the traditional and the contemporary environment; (3) the origins of the disparity; and (4) the possible notions which might be suggested by way of reestablishing a sense of continuity between the past and the present. The legal system is used as a means of analysis in this study. This has helped us to see the physical environment within its socio-cultural context, by informing us about the ideological or structural level of the society and by pointing out accepted social norms and conventions and the mechanism of their social effectiveness. The law has helped us to point out the differences between the traditional and the contemporary process. In the traditional city, the process relied on rules of conduct or social conventions which proscribed certain actions on the part of the inhabitants. In the contemporary city, the rules are physical and prescriptive in nature. They prescribe in physical terms not only what is to be done but also how it is to be implemented. Implied within the traditional process is a reciprocal and possibilist relationship between form and use while the contemporary process advocates a determinist approach to the relationship of form and use. Several factors are believed to have worked in favor of the shift from the traditional process to the contemporary one in the Arab-Muslim city. Important among these are: the existence of certain implied ideologies; changes in the scale of development, power and technology; and problems within the field of architecture and urbanism and their relationship to the Arab-Muslim context. Only by being aware of these processes and factors can we conceive of an appropriate approach to reestablish a sense of continuity with the past that stems from the needs of the present and aspirations for the future.
Urban transportation problems in the Muscat area, Sultanate of Oman
public transport, urban networks, urban transport, parking, urban traffic, transport policy
The economy of Oman, was traditional in character before the development of the oil sector which set in motion the present structural transformation. Economic prosperity gave the opportunity to the public to possess their own private means of transport, thus resulting in a rapid increase in the number of vehicles in the country, particularly in the Muscat Area the capital city of the country. Free essential services such as health and education, and no taxes and duties have led to high disposable household income. Therefore, Muscat is witnessing rapid and successive land-use changes, expansion of the urban area and multi-car owning households. In the last two decades the population of Muscat increased considerably. This population growth was accompanied by a substantial expansion of Muscat's boundaries to provide homes, work places and other facilities. The topographical nature of the area limited the flat land available for housing, shops, schools, and other elements of the infrastructure. The resulting competition for space had as one of its consequences that insufficient land was allocated for car parking in the major activity centres, and the result was an acute shortage of parking spaces in these areas. The expansion of the Muscat Area was accompanied by changes in the employment and residential pattern. This resulted in a significant increase in number of vehicles, trips and commuting, and so the need for effective transport services and facilities became greater than ever before. The topographical features made it more difficult to provide sufficient transportation facilities. Development planning neglected the importance of arranging urban activities in such a way that the need for vehicle movements would be greatly reduced. It also resulted in low density population areas with street patterns mostly not designed for public transport services. This study sets out to discuss the problems of urban transportation in the Muscat Area and seeks to answer the following questions: What are the trip characteristics? How far do the natural topographical features inhibit the development of the Muscat road network? How does the existing network serve the needs of the area? How far can it cope with the traffic movement? Will the proposed major roads solve the present problems of traffic congestion and alleviate future ones? What are the main causes for traffic accidents? To what extent are car parking facilities adequate at the major activity centres? What is the role of Oman National Transport Company buses within the public transport system? The Muscat Area faces problems of traffic congestion and accidents, high demand on parking facilities and inadequate public transport. The situation is liable to deteriorate sharply in the next few years, unless effective action is taken. There is a need for a study that can provide immediate practical solutions and propose guidelines for future policy to ensure that the transport system is expanded and improved to cope with the needs arising from future growth. This study identifies factors contributing to the existing traffic problems with the intention of providing useful information which can help traffic planners and decision makers in understanding the nature of the problems, and finding solutions and guidelines for future policy. As far as methodology is concerned, a literature review is supported by fieldwork involving questionnaires and contacts with relevant authorities. Four types of surveys were conducted in order to collect information that can identify some of the factors that are contributory to the present problems. On the basis of the analysis of the data collected, urban transport problems are identified and discussed together with some possible solutions and recommendations.
The people of Qayrawan : The demographic and social composition of a maghribi city during the first 250 years of its existence, on the basis of medieval arabic chronicles and inscriptions
demography, urban society, urban history
The bases of the present dissertation from the point of view of the sources are historical and biographical. The study of the people of al-Qayrawän, which is largely dependant on the study of the Tabagat, has been carried out with a view to discovering as much as possible about how people lived and earned their livelihood. Against this background the question of the numerical size of the population has, been considered. Work on this dissertation has involved spending inter alia four months in North Africa in 1974. This took me to Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco. Most of that time was - spent in Tunisia, where on the one hand I was looking for the manuscripts relevant to al-Qayrawän, and on the other collecting material towards helping to establish the early mediaeval plan of al-Qayrawän. At the same time I made the facsimiles and, took the photographs for the collection of the monumental inscriptions which constitute part of the material for this work. During my stay in al-Qayrawän and Tunis I tried to meet every scholar connected with the study of al-Qayrawän, although the subject of this work is not one which has so far attracted attention. I visited most of the relevant public and some of the private libraries containing manuscripts. The Head of Jam'iyyat Siyänat Äthdr al-Qayrawän, Mr Ibrahim Shabbuh, was kind enough to show me the stages reached in the several excavations in al-Qayrawän, and the finds that have been unearthed. In Rabat, Morocco I visited both the public library (al-Khizänah al-'Ammah) and the Royal Library (al-Maktabah al-Malakiyyah), which both contain thousands of mediaeval manuscripts. In England I have paid frequent visits to the Oriental Room of the British Library and the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Towards the end of 1976, when my work was nearing a conclusion, I heard of some Ibadite manuscripts preserved in the Isle of Jerbah in Tunisia. I tried to obtain copies of these by different means but all failed. I tried to use the good offices of the Saudi Arabian Cultural Bureau in London to obtain these copies, but in vain, and finally I decided to go to Jerbah myself. After a brief stay in Tunis (February 1977) I continued to Jerbah. The Mashä'ikh of the Ibadites in the Island were very kind and very helpful, but one of the important manuscripts I was seeking had been taken to Libya. I therefore made a further journey to Tripoli in order to photocopy this manuscript, travelling thereafter to al-Qayrawän for a week where I checked several points which I had not covered on my former visit. I have therefore been fortunate in being able to examine most of the primary material relevant to the subject of the present dissertation, although there is naturally always the possibility that some unused manuscript sources still exist in private libraries.
Segregation for aggregation? The pattern and logic of spatial segregation practices of young affluent heads of households in the post-war city of Beirut
residential segregation, urban segregation, social segregation, social mix, urban space, neighbourhood
This thesis describes, conceptualizes and explains the segregated spatiality of everyday life of young affluent heads of households in post-war Beirut, Lebanon. It tracks how young affluent heads of households have come to produce the living spaces of their everyday life in a spatially segregated way that rejects the local and is stretched out over the totality of the city. Its main objectives are to contribute to the literature on spatial segregation by (1) conceptualizing segregation in its residential and non-residential manifestations as actively and passively practiced by a certain profile of affluent individuals and (2) explaining the logic behind this type of segregation from the point of view of affluent individuals that are actively pursuing segregation. This research has utilized an ethnographic research approach that started from observing and understanding the motivations of individuals who are actively pursuing segregation. Based mainly on a qualitative research methodology, this research has utilized ethnographic field notes, qualitative interviews and participant observation with young affluent heads of households. The findings of this qualitative research have been supported by questionnaires that were distributed in five elite childcare nurseries in Beirut in which young affluent heads of households were outcropped. A total of 118 questionnaires were collected. The four core chapters of this thesis discuss the relationship of affluence to the local place around the home, to places of play, to non--places and to places of passage in post war Beirut. They conceptualize the spatiality of affluence in Beirut and propose the concept of the layer as one that captures the pattern of this spatiality and unlocks its logic. This thesis concludes by raising questions related to the changing role of neighbourhoods in Beirut and the changing nature of its urban condition. Indeed, to affluent individuals in Beirut the neighbourhood has become a space with which they avoid getting in contact, while, paradoxically, the city is perceived as a small neighbourly space where everyone knows everyone else.
La maison urbaine gallo-romaine en Gaule Belgique et dans les Germanies
habitat urbain, architecture romaine, domus, maison, Gaule Belgique, Gaule romaine, Germanies
L’habitat urbain des provinces septentrionales de l’Empire que ce soit la Gaule Belgique et les Germanies est de mieux en mieux perçu depuis une trentaine d’années grâce à la multiplication des fouilles d’archéologie préventive. La masse de données permet désormais de mener une étude sur ces structures d’habitat pour essayer d’en dégager les particularités. Notre travail a donc consisté à appréhender ces maisons selon plusieurs critères. Dans un premier temps, l’intérêt s’est porté sur les matériaux et les techniques de construction mises en oeuvre, ce qui a permis de dégager des évolutions parallèles dans l’ensemble des agglomérations étudiées. Dans un deuxième temps, les différents espaces et fonctions des maisons ont été détaillés. D’un côté, on trouve les pièces caractéristiques des demeures de l’élite et pouvant être considérées comme des indicateurs de statut social, il s’agit des dispositifs d’entrée, des pièces d’apparat et des cours à péristyle. De l’autre, on rencontre des espaces plus spécifiques aux bâtiments abritant les artisans et commerçants, tels que les ateliers ou les échoppes, les caves ou encore les cours. Enfin, on peut mentionner l’existence de pièces chauffées et d’espaces de liaison avec la rue, communs à toutes les catégories de maisons. Dans un dernier temps, il a été possible de dresser une hiérarchisation des habitations rencontrées dans l’objectif de proposer une évolution des plans au cours du Haut-Empire, de mettre en évidence une sectorisation de certains quartiers au sein des villes et enfin de voir si tous les types de maisons se retrouvent au sein de toutes les agglomérations.
Revisiting "slums", revealing responses : Urban upgrading in tenant-dominated inner-city settlements, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
slum, slum upgrading, tenant, inhabitants, urban space, housing, inner city, gentrification, activist network
About eighty percent of Addis Ababa’s settlements are considered “slum”. The study examines the phenomenon of urban upgrading in tenant-dominated non-planned inner-city settlements of the city. It focuses on tenants’ responses and spatial transformations. The phenomenon is investigated through the analysis of case studies located in three localities. The data are primarily collected through qualitative techniques supplemented by a quantitative technique. The investigation is carried out from the perspective in which upgrading is viewed as a process embedded in a dynamic context, rather than a decontextualised static project. Based on the case studies analytical generalizations are made.
Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU
Parks and open space areas management in Saudia Arabia cities
park management, Saudi Arabia, parks, parks and green open space policies
The concept of parks and urban green space areas can be traced back to ancient times. However, modern technology, urban growth and the population explosion have all had effects on the way parks are now designed and managed. As an arid country, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia presents a special challenge to park administrators and maintenance experts, for the Saudi government recognizes the importance of green space to human development. Nonetheless, the lack of irrigation water and the combination, in some cities, of old and new urban planning schemes has made it difficult to implement efficient and pleasant green areas for citizens' enjoyment. The German city of Hannover has been taken as a contrast to the Saudi examples in order to compare German and Saudi organization systems and present possibilities for the improvement of Saudi green space management and maintenance. This thesis concentrates on an analysis of the management system used in Saudi cities regarding parks and open space areas. Its objective is to investigate the situation of parks and open space areas in four selected Saudi cities and the policies and regulations which organize the management of green space areas in Saudi Arabia.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover
Identity politics and city planning: The case of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, territoriality, national identity, commemorations, identity discourse, identity politics, commemorative narratives, city planning, traditional Zionism, place-making, city policy, green Zionism
Jerusalem is the declared capital of Israel, fundamental to Jewish tradition, and a contested city, part of the Israel–Palestine conflict. Departing from an analysis of mainly interviews and policy documents, this study aims to analyze the interplay between the Israeli identity politics of Jerusalem and city planning. The role of the city is related to discursive struggles between traditional, new, and post-Zionism. One conclusion is that the Israeli claim to the city is firmly anchored in a master commemorative narrative stating that Jerusalem is the eternal and indivisible capital of Israel. A second conclusion is that there is a constant interplay between Israeli identity politics, city policy, and planning practice, through specific strategies of territoriality. The goals of the strategies are to create a political, historical and religious, ethnic, economic, and exclusive capital. Planning policies are mainly focused on uniting the city through housing projects in East Jerusalem, rehabilitating historic heritage, ancestry, and landscapes, city center renewal, demographic balance, and economic growth, mainly through tourism and industrial development. An analysis of coping strategies shows that Jerusalem planners relate to identity politics by adopting a self-image of being professional, and by blaming the planning system for opening up to ideational impact. Depending on the issue, a planner adopts a reactive role as a bureaucrat or an expert, or an active role, such mobilizer or an advocate. One conclusion drawn from the “Safdie Plan” process is that traditional Zionism and the dominant collective planning doctrine are being challenged. An alliance of environmental movements, politicians from left and right, and citizens, mobilized a campaign against the plan that was intended to develop the western outskirts of Jerusalem. The rejection of the plan challenged the established political leadership, it opened up for an expansion to the east, and strengthened Green Zionism, but the result is also a challenge to the housing needs of Jerusalem.
El turismo urbano y la segmentación motivacional: aplicación econométrica a la ciudad de Barcelona
turismo, situación econòmica, política econòmica, economia, Barcelona
De todos es sabido el auge que ha experimentado la actividad turística en las últimas décadas. La época de la industria ha dado paso a la edad de los servicios, las tecnologías, la información. El hombre tiene cada vez más deseos, y a la vez más medios, de saber. El turismo, actividad con mucho siglos de historia, vive su época de oro. Los cambios del siglo que ahora acaba han transformado al hombre, y con él al turismo, pues no hay que olvidar que la actividad turística no es más que la expresión del individuo fuera de su entorno de vida cotidiano. La presente Tesis emprende la labor y el objetivo de intentar comprender un poco mejor algunos de los aspectos que perfilan el turismo en este cambio de milenio, los cuales probablemente marcarán las pautas para el próximo siglo, centrándose en el análisis de una de las tipologías más importantes y a la vez más olvidadas por parte de la literatura turística: el turismo en las ciudades, o turismo urbano. En todo este entramado van a destacar dos cuestiones básicas: la definición amplia de turismo y la segmentación de la demanda turística bajo dicha definición en las ciudades. Para ello, el objetivo de análisis de esta Tesis lo va a constituir el comportamiento de la demanda, bajo dos manifestaciones concretas: la repetición de las visitas y el gasto en destino. La presente Tesis se divide en cuatro grandes partes: una primera parte, de introducción al estudio, contiene dos epígrafes: una introducción general al tema, y el siguiente, de introducción al turismo urbano, en el que se analizan sus características y especificidades, para facilitar el estudio posterior de la demanda en dicho entorno. La segunda parte, de contenido eminentemente teórico, incluye siete epígrafes: el primero simplemente introduce y limita el tema; el segundo realiza un breve repaso a cuestiones previas fundamentales para los desarrollos posteriores; el tercero versa sobre el análisis macroeconómico de la demanda, poniéndose de nuevo de manifiesto la relevancia de dicha segmentación; el cuarto epígrafe, centrado en el análisis microeconómico de la demanda de turismo, aplicado al caso de las ciudades; en el quinto epígrafe se recoge la ampliación del esquema teórico microeconómico para el análisis de la repetición de las visitas; el epígrafe seis incluye un resumen acerca del estado de la econometría aplicada al turismo; y en el epígrafe séptimo se recogen las principales conclusiones y aportaciones de esta parte. La tercera parte incluye el análisis empírico de las cuestiones previas, repartido en cincoepígrafes: el primero, introduce el análisis del turismo en la ciudad de Barcelona, para evidenciar de este modo la especificidad del turismo urbano señalada de modo teórico, y servir de contexto en el que situar los apartados siguientes; el segundo epígrafe recoge la modelización de la repetición de las visitas en Barcelona, durante 1996; el tercero y el cuarto incorporan el análisis estadístico y econométrico del gasto en destino, de nuevo en la Barcelona de 1996; por último, el quinto epígrafe recoge las principales conclusiones y aportaciones de dicha parte. la cuarta parte, como colofón de la Tesis, presenta a modo de resumen las principales conclusiones obtenidas, las aportaciones realizadas, así como las líneas de futuro en que se propone proseguir el trabajo.
Modélisation de la dynamique de l’étalement urbain : aspects conceptuels et gestionnaires.: Application à Belfort
croissance urbaine, aménagement du territoire, politique urbaine, modèle mathématique
Nous souhaitons également évaluer les avancées de l'action publique dans l'amélioration de la qualité environnementale. Pour saisir cette problématique, nous interrogeons, à travers les indicateurs de développement durable, les changements stratégiques, méthodologiques et culturels de la planification urbaine avec l'exemple de la prise en compte du bruit routier. Pour analyser les freins qui limitent ou qui risquent de limiter l'efficacité environnementale des documents d'urbanisme, nous proposons de rapprocher certains regards disciplinaires (urbanisme, droit et analyse des politiques publiques, environnement).
Processus de décision en matière de transport urbain au Brésil : le cas des trains métropolitains
politique économique, transport ferroviaire, transport en commun, Brésil, processus de décision, projet de transport, train métropolitain
Cette thèse analyse le processus de décision concernant l'implantation de trois projets de transport ferroviaire urbain au Brésil. Ayant le contexte macro-économique des années 70 comme toile de fond, elle met en évidence la décision au sujet des trains métropolitains de Recife, Belo Horizonte et Porto Alegre. On y développe une approche à la fois économique et politique du transport ferroviaire urbain et, en particulier, on y aborde les formes d'articulation entre différents acteurs de la décision. L'analyse est diachronique et tient compte de la portée et des limites de la politique nationale de transports urbains, guidée par un contexte de crise économique. Cette analyse permet de montrer l'étroite relation entre les projets de transports et les prérogatives nationales en matière de politique économique au Brésil.
Análisis locacional de la vivienda social en el Gran Santiago : hacía la identificación de posibles territorios de interés urbano-habitacional periódo 1980-2003
logement social, politique du logement, SIG système d'information géographique, Santiago (Chili)
Se analiza la localización de los conjuntos de vivienda social el interior del Área Metropolitana de Santiago. Se generan procedimientos apoyados en Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) con el fin de determinar posibles zonas que presenten algún nivel de deterioro físico-espacial, identificando territorios que requieran algún tipo de mejoramiento e intervención en materia urbano-habitacional. Por último, se constatan los resultados mediante visita a terreno a diversos conjuntos de vivienda social, así como también se establecen como principales conclusiones los impactos urbanos generados por una política habitacional que durante 25 años a desconocido la localización como factor preponderante para la inclusión social.
Creating sustainable communities in 'NewcastleGateshead'
Community, Sustainability, Sustainable Communities, Newcastle, Gateshead, Urban Policy, Urban Regeneration, Housing Market Renewal
This thesis focuses on one of the most controversial and ambitious urban regeneration policies of recent years – the plan to create sustainable communities via Housing Market Renewal Pathfinders (HMRP). Announced as a ‘step change’ in urban policy to overcome problems of low demand and abandonment experienced most acutely in nine former industrial towns and cities in the north and midlands of England, the Sustainable Communities Plan (SCP) (ODPM, 2003a) involves the demolition and relocation of mainly white, working class inner-urban communities. This thesis focuses on a year long moment in the process of regeneration in one such HMRP in North East England, known as ‘Bridging NewcastleGateshead’ (BNG) and draws from rich, detailed ethnographic case studies of three former industrial communities. Originally, the thesis draws together critical engagements with the concepts of space, governance, community, sustainability and materiality to develop a relational understanding of urban regeneration. Starting with an understanding of ‘spaces of regeneration’ as spaces in the process of becoming this perspective moves beyond normative, prescriptive understandings of spaces as static and contained and subject to the process of spatial regulation from above i.e. power over. Rather than a straightforward process of spatial regulation to transform people and places, the process of regeneration involves uncertainties, negotiations, contestations and emotions between the multiple social, material, economic and environmental networks. The thesis has drawn together urban theories and empirical evidence (including historical and contemporary policy analysis as well as a range of qualitative methods) to illustrate the relational transformation of people and places. Governmentality provides the main conceptual framework. This leads to an in-depth exploration of the rationalities and technologies of urban regeneration from three perspectives in the empirical chapters - governing communities, demolishing communities and transforming communities.