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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;From the introduction : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; During the nineteenth century, a concerted effort was made to transform the Ottoman capital of Istanbul into a Western-style capital, paralleling the general struggle to salvage the Ottoman Empire by reforming its traditional institutions. This book examines the transformations in the urban form of the Ottoman capital in the seventy-year period from 1838 to 1908... Like many non-Western cities of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Istanbul was exposed to powerful cultural and physical impositions coming from Europe. Nevertheless, its response to these external influences was unique, being shaped by a complex heritage and a noncolonial status. I hope to clarify the events and ideas that surrounded the foundation of the Westernization process, which, by giving a new orientation to the development of Istanbul's physical form, planted seeds for an evolution that continues to the present day.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Zeynep &amp;Ccedil;elik &lt;/b&gt;is a distinguished Professor in the School of Architecture at New Jersey Institute of Technology.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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Zeynep &amp;Ccedil;elik

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                <text>&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
During its long history as the French colonial city par excellence, Algiers was the site of recurrent conflicts between colonizer and colonized. Through architecture and urban forms confrontations were crystallized, cultural identities were defined, and social engineering programs were shaped and challenged. In this pathbreaking book, Zeynep &amp;Ccedil;elik reads the city of Algiers as the site of social, political, and cultural conflicts during the 132 years of French occupation and argues that architecture and urban forms are integral components of the colonial discourse. Algiers' city planning, based on what &amp;Ccedil;elik calls &amp;quot;the trial-and-error&amp;quot; model of French colonial urbanism, included the fragmentation of the casbah, ambitious Beaux Arts schemes to create European forms of housing, master plans inspired by high modernism, and comprehensive regional plans. Eventually a dramatic housing shortage led all planning efforts to be centered on the construction of large-scale residential enclaves. French architects based their designs for domestic space on the concept of the &amp;quot;traditional house,&amp;quot; itself an interdisciplinary colonial concept intertwined with the discourse on Algerian women. Housing also offered the French colonizers a powerful presence in a country where periodic resistance to the occupation eventually culminated in a seven-year war of liberation and an end to French rule. Extensively illustrated with photographs, maps, and housing plans, &amp;Ccedil;elik's book presents a fascinating example of colonial urban planning. Algiers comes alive as a city that reflected all the conflicts of colonialism while embracing innovation.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Zeynep &amp;Ccedil;elik &lt;/b&gt;is a distinguished Professor in the School of Architecture at New Jersey Institute of Technology.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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