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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010014865-65</text>
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                <text>Dussy D. Tribus urbaines ou squats ? : l'habitat océanien spontané de Nouméa (Nouvelle-Calédonie). In : Bonnemaison Joël (ed.), Cambrézy Luc (ed.), Quinty Bourgeois Laurence (ed.).  Le territoire, lien ou frontière ? : identités, conflits ethniques, enjeux et recompositions territoriales. Paris : ORSTOM, 1997, 6 p. (Colloques et Séminaires). Le Territoire, Lien ou Frontière ? : Identités, Conflits Ethniques, Enjeux et Recompositions Territoriales : Colloque, Paris (FRA), 1995/10/02-04</text>
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                <text>Tribus urbaines ou squats ? : l'habitat océanien spontané de Nouméa (Nouvelle-Calédonie)</text>
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                <text>Le territoire, lien ou frontière ? : identités, conflits ethniques, enjeux et recompositions territoriales</text>
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                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010005705</text>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010005705</text>
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                <text>Agier Michel. Lieux et liens à Bahia. Histoires de Développement, 1996, p. 16-19. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>SOCIOLOGIE URBAINE</text>
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                <text>Lieux et liens à Bahia</text>
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                  <text/>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Eberhard, Jean-Michel</text>
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                <text>L'enquête présentée ici a été conçue pour la production d'une information de terrain en vue d'une étude de la croissance de Mexico par télédétection. La méthode est basée sur des relevés systématiques effectuées le long de transects, dans des zones échantillons. La description des objets urbains comporte des informations sur la nature du bâti et de l'inter-bâti, la taille, les matériaux de "surface". Ces critères permettent la création d'indicateurs "urbanométriques" et une classification des zones. Nous mettons en évidence six grands types de quartiers dont nous caractérisons les paysages grâce à nos indicateurs. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010005797</text>
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                <text>Eberhard Jean-Michel. Typologie de quartiers urbains établie à partir d'une méthode de description systématique des paysages. L'Espace Géographique, 1996, p. 76-87. </text>
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                <text>ENQUETE</text>
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                <text>DONNEES DE TERRAIN</text>
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                <text>MORPHOLOGIE URBAINE</text>
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                <text>DENSITE DU BATI</text>
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                <text>TRANSECT</text>
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                <text>Typologie de quartiers urbains établie à partir d'une méthode de description systématique des paysages</text>
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                <text>Escadafal, Richard (ed.)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="352928">
                <text>Mulders, M.A. (ed.)</text>
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                <text>Thiombiano, L. (ed.)</text>
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                <text>NIGERIA</text>
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                <text>Ojanuga A.G.</text>
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                <text>Ekwoanya, M.A.</text>
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                <text>1996</text>
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                <text>Intensive rural development programmes coupled with state creation have engendered the remarkable transformation of many rural communities into rapidly growing urban centres in Nigeria. Most affected are the small towns which became the capitals of the new states. Makurdi, the capital of Benue State, is one of them. Makurdi and its environs were studied to assess the land use changes that had occurred between 1967 and 1980 for which the photographs were available. The study revealed that the use of remote sensing data with particular regard to soil conditions have been insufficient or non-existent in planning urban development in Makurdi. The sub-urban town had expanded rapidly with much of the development spilling into the Benue River floodplain, which contains the best agricultural soils. The floodplain soils are vital for dry season cropping and hence food production for the town. The conversion of good agricultural land to urban dwellings and other non-agricultural uses is not peculiar to Markudi town as other newly created state capitals are equally affected. Therefore, the situation calls for loca, state and national policies on comprehensive land use planning in developing urban centres so as to protect vital agricultural lands, such as floodplain (or fadama) against other competing uses, especially in the sub-humid and semi-arid regions of Nigeria. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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                <text>MEGAPOLE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353082">
                <text>CRISE ECONOMIQUE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353083">
                <text>SOCIETE URBAINE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353084">
                <text>PAUVRETE</text>
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                <text>VIOLENCE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353086">
                <text>PARTICIPATION POPULAIRE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353087">
                <text>POLITIQUE SOCIALE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353088">
                <text>DECENTRALISATION</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353089">
                <text>COMMERCE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353090">
                <text>AJUSTEMENT STRUCTUREL</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353091">
                <text>ENVIRONNEMENT URBAIN</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353092">
                <text>ECONOMIE URBAINE</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul</text>
              </elementText>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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              </elementText>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010005817</text>
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                <text>Haeringer Philippe. La mégapolisation n'est pas une crise : esquisse de mise au point sémantique et problématique. In : Le Bris Emile (ed.).  Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul. Paris : ORSTOM, 1996, p. 5-23. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353114">
                <text>METROPOLE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353115">
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              <elementText elementTextId="353116">
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                <text>Les mégapoles doivent être considérées dans le mouvement qui les englobe et dont elles ne sont que l'objet le plus spectaculaire. Elles ne peuvent être cernées que si prime leur réalité politique. A l'encontre d'une vision misérabiliste et/ou apocalyptique, l'article prône l'invention d'une nouvelle géographie, d'un nouveau discours urbano-spatial qui n'évacue ni la société ni le politique. Il est clair que tout essai typologique portant sur les mégapoles est sujet à caution. L'auteur préfère fonder le sien sur les comportements socio-culturels et politiques plutôt que sur l'ordonnancement spatial. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010005818</text>
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                <text>Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul</text>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010005819</text>
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                <text>Rodriguez A., Winchester L. Déterritorialisation, dématérialisation, décentralisation et résurgence de l'urbain en Amérique latine. In : Le Bris Emile (ed.).  Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul. Paris : ORSTOM, 1996, p. 57-73. </text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353153">
                <text>ECONOMIE INTERNATIONALE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353154">
                <text>PAUVRETE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353155">
                <text>DECENTRALISATION</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353156">
                <text>MARCHE DU TRAVAIL</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353157">
                <text>MILIEU URBAIN</text>
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                <text>ENTRAIDE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353159">
                <text>ONG</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353160">
                <text>SOCIETE URBAINE</text>
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                <text>CHANGEMENT SOCIAL</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353162">
                <text>MONDIALISATION</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353163">
                <text>ECONOMIE URBAINE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353164">
                <text>AJUSTEMENT STRUCTUREL</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Déterritorialisation, dématérialisation, décentralisation et résurgence de l'urbain en Amérique latine</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353166">
                <text>Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353167">
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      <elementSetContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644247">
                  <text>Urbanisation et sociétés urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644248">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
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              <elementTextContainer>
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    <elementSetContainer>
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          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
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                <text>Le Bris, Emile (ed.)</text>
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                <text>NIGER</text>
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                <text>ALGERIE</text>
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                <text>LIBYE</text>
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                <text>AFRIQUE DU NORD</text>
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                <text>AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST</text>
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                <text>1996</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353177">
                <text>La description des réseaux de commerce entre le Niger et les pays voisins met en évidence la forte inscription urbaine de ces réseaux. Trois types de maillages urbains sont repérés : maillage en filets de part et d'autre de la frontière entre Niger et Nigéria, maillage en toile d'araignée à partir du commerce des matériaux de construction organisé depuis Niamey, maillage en chapelet ou en chaîne à partir du négoce frauduleux des cigarettes. Parmi les facteurs d'explication de ces maillages, l'auteur retient les conditions naturelles, les distances, l'intensité et l'ancienneté des flux économiques, l'existence de communautés marchandes fortement structurées. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353178">
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353179">
                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010005823</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353180">
                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010005823</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353181">
                <text>Grégoire Emmanuel. Réseaux de commerce et maillages urbains. In : Le Bris Emile (ed.).  Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul. Paris : ORSTOM, 1996, p. 147-165. </text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353182">
                <text>FR</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353183">
                <text>ORSTOM</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353184">
                <text>COMMERCE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353185">
                <text>CIRCUIT DE DISTRIBUTION</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353186">
                <text>VILLE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353187">
                <text>ISLAM</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353188">
                <text>CONTREBANDE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353189">
                <text>MARCHE DES CHANGES</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353190">
                <text>MATERIAU DE CONSTRUCTION</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353191">
                <text>COMMERCE FRONTALIER</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353192">
                <text>RESEAU MARCHAND</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353193">
                <text>FRANC CFA</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353194">
                <text>NAIRA</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353195">
                <text>CIGARETTE</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353196">
                <text>Réseaux de commerce et maillages urbains</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353197">
                <text>Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353198">
                <text>text</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644247">
                  <text>Urbanisation et sociétés urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text/>
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    <elementSetContainer>
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          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353199">
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          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>COTE D'IVOIRE</text>
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                <text>ABIDJAN</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353202">
                <text>Couret, Dominique</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353203">
                <text>1996</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353204">
                <text>La démarche proposée pour cerner le concept d'environnement urbain procède d'un aller et retour constant entre le "territoire urbain" d'un acteur et les territoires des autres composant la ville. En partant de l'exemple d'Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire), l'auteur expérimente cette démarche tout en brossant un panorama des nouvelles approches de l'environnement urbain. Elle montre à quel point la définition universelle de l'environnement urbain est problèmatique, tant il est vrai que l'identité citadine se trouve au fondement de la configuration matérielle de la ville. Il s'agit de dépasser les objets urbains sectorisés (habitat, foncier, services...) pour synthétiser autrement les composants urbains, traiter différemment les échelles d'espace et de temps. Le but est bien de passer de l'espace urbain aménagé à l'aménagement urbain socialement discuté seul suceptible de déboucher sur une réelle appropriation d'un patrimoine commun. Il s'agit donc d'une véritable "utopie démocratique" où le citadin-citoyen n'est plus seulement un consommateur. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353205">
                <text>text/pdf</text>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353206">
                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010005825</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353207">
                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010005825</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353208">
                <text>Couret Dominique. Entre environnement urbain et développement local à Abidjan, pour une nouvelle mise en perspective de la ville du sud. In : Le Bris Emile (ed.).  Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul. Paris : ORSTOM, 1996, p. 201-225. </text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353209">
                <text>FR</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353210">
                <text>ORSTOM</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353211">
                <text>VILLE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353212">
                <text>ENVIRONNEMENT</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353213">
                <text>ECOSYSTEME</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353214">
                <text>TERRITOIRE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353215">
                <text>IDENTITE SOCIALE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353216">
                <text>DEMOCRATIE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353217">
                <text>CONCEPT</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353218">
                <text>ENVIRONNEMENT URBAIN</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353219">
                <text>Entre environnement urbain et développement local à Abidjan, pour une nouvelle mise en perspective de la ville du sud</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353220">
                <text>Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353221">
                <text>text</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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                <text>Au lieu de considérer la pauvreté comme une entrée vers la compréhension de la ville, l'anthropologie de la "culture de pauvreté" (O. Lewis) s'est cantonnée dans une approche monographique décontextualisée. Le résultat fut un procédé, encore répandu, d'identification externe et de "naturalisation" de l'identité des plus démunis. Après les diverses déconstructions dont le modèle culturaliste du "pauvre" a été l'objet, la question du sens des situations de pauvreté reste posée. A partir d'un cas brésilien, on suggère la prise en compte des différentes échelles de relations et d'interprétation où se crée le sens des situations de pauvreté. On s'attache en particulier aux espaces "médians", ceux des groupes, institutions et "milieux" intermédiaires (associations, églises, syndicats, groupes culturels, etc...). Facilement accessibles, leurs rhétoriques identitaires développent des interprétations, des rites et des valeurs morales en même temps que des liens sociaux. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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                <text>Agier Michel. Pauvreté, culture et exclusion : la question du sens en anthropologie urbaine. In : Le Bris Emile (ed.).  Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul. Paris : ORSTOM, 1996, p. 227-243. </text>
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                <text>RESEAU SOCIAL</text>
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                <text>CHEF DE MENAGE</text>
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                <text>Pauvreté, culture et exclusion : la question du sens en anthropologie urbaine</text>
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                <text>Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                <text>GHANA</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Les petites villes semblent peu concernées par la violence urbaine, phénomène essentiellement métropolitain. Pourtant, si des mécanismes évidents de contrôle social y limitent la délinquance juvénile, il règne dans les chefs-lieux locaux une violence politique latente, et dans les périodes de crise, de brutales explosions peuvent y survenir. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010005827</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353256">
                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010005827</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353257">
                <text>Giraut F. La violence politique dans les petites villes d'Afrique de l'Ouest (Togo, Ghana, Niger). In : Le Bris Emile (ed.).  Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul. Paris : ORSTOM, 1996, p. 245-258. </text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353258">
                <text>FR</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>ORSTOM</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>CENTRE URBAIN SECONDAIRE</text>
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                <text>POUVOIR LOCAL</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353262">
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                <text>CONTROLE SOCIAL</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353267">
                <text>CONSERVATISME</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353268">
                <text>PRIVILEGE</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>La violence politique dans les petites villes d'Afrique de l'Ouest (Togo, Ghana, Niger)</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text/>
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    <elementSetContainer>
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                <text>Le Bris, Emile (ed.)</text>
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                <text>CONGO</text>
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                <text>BRAZZAVILLE</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Dorier Apprill, E.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Les résultats électoraux de 1992 avaient révélé, à Brazzaville d'inquiétants clivages géographiques liés à la logique de regroupement ethno-régional dans les quartiers. En 1993, à la suite d'une contestation électorale, c'est par la sécession des arrondissements du sud, peuplés de Lari, que commencent les violences. La capitale sombre alors dans une véritable guerre urbaine aggravée par l'action de milices armées par les partis, et recrutées parmi la jeunesse désoeuvrée. La milice zulu et la force d'Aubeville, armées par la mouvance présidentielle, contrôlent le centre et certains quartiers périphériques, la milice ninja, armée par le principal parti d'opposition à dominante Lari, contrôle l'arrondissement de Bacongo et la sortie routière de Brazzaville. Les violences à caractère ethnique perpetrées par ces milices et l'intervention brutale de l'armée à Bacongo ont provoqué un gigantesque chassé-croisé de réfugiés entre les quartiers. Cette territorialisation violente de la capitale sous l'emprise de jeunes - en majorité nés et socialisés à Brazzaville - a été commentée comme la résurgence archaïque de tensions ethniques : n'est-ce pas plutôt le visage décomposé d'une modernité urbaine en crise, et privée de ses régulateurs ? (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>text/pdf</text>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010005828</text>
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                <text>Dorier Apprill E., Ziavoula R. Géographie des ethnies, géographie des conflits à Brazzaville. In : Le Bris Emile (ed.).  Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul. Paris : ORSTOM, 1996, p. 259-289. </text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>VIOLENCE</text>
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                <text>ELECTION</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353287">
                <text>SCOLARISATION</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353288">
                <text>PARTI POLITIQUE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353289">
                <text>GROUPE ETHNIQUE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353290">
                <text>JEUNESSE</text>
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                <text>MILIEU URBAIN</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353292">
                <text>CARTE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353293">
                <text>GEOGRAPHIE ELECTORALE</text>
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                <text>CONFLIT ETHNIQUE</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Villes du sud : sur la route d'Istanbul</text>
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                <text>COTE D'IVOIRE</text>
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