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                <text>Aguilera, Anne</text>
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                <text>Proulhac, Laurent</text>
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                <text>Une hypothèse courante est qu'une organisation polycentrique des localisations intra-métropolitaines favorise une modération des distances individuelles de déplacement et un moindre recours à la voiture. A travers l'analyse de deux pôles de la région Île de France, la ville nouvelle de Marne-la-Vallée et Melun, nous montrons que l'hypothèse d'un effet favorable sur les distances de déplacements est validée, en tout cas pour ce qui concerne les motifs autres que le travail. En termes d'impact sur les modes de transport, la conclusion est plus réservée. Les résidents des pôles ont bien un recours moins important à la voiture que les autres périurbains, mais les trajets des non résidents qui entrent et sortent des pôles, qui sont en pleine croissance, privilégient très majoritairement la voiture.</text>
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                <text>Territoires en mouvement</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>mobilité</text>
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                <text>polycentrism</text>
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                <text>Île de France</text>
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                <text>Le polycentrisme en Île de France: quels impacts sur la mobilité?</text>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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                <text>Aguilera, Anne</text>
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                <text>Les besoins en termes de proximité sont souvent mis en avant pour expliquer la formation d'espaces urbains multipolaires. En particulier une hypothèse forte est faite sur le fait que les actifs vont chercher à se localiser à proximité de leur pôle d'emploi. Ce papier vise à tester cette hypothèse dans l'aire urbaine de Paris. Les résultats confirment qu'une partie des actifs est localisée dans ou à proximité de son pôle d'emploi, mais soulignent une tendance forte à l'éloignement entre 1975 et 1999.</text>
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                <text>Cahiers scientifiques du transport</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>proximité</text>
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                <text>distance domicile-travail</text>
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                <text>La proximité à l'emploi dans la ville polycentrique</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Aguilera, Anne</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2005</text>
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                <text>It has frequently been suggested in the literature that a polycentric distribution of employment and people shortens commuting distances because people locate within or close to their employment subcenter (co-location hypothesis). Having studied the three biggest French metropolitan areas over the last decade we have established that co-location affects only a minority of inhabitants, of whom there are fewer in 1999 than there were nine years earlier. Indeed, the majority of people living in a subcenter work outside their subcenter of residence. This situation was even more marked in 1999 than it was in 1990. In addition to this, the majority of jobs located in subcenters are held by non-residents who are generally living further and further from their place of work.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00489791</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="507821">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/48/97/91/PDF/UrbanStudies_AGUILERA_revised.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="507822">
                <text>ENG</text>
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                <text>Urban Studies</text>
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                <text>ISSN:0042-0980</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="507825">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>commuting</text>
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                <text>polycentrism</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>GROWTH IN COMMUTING DISTANCES IN FRENCH POLYCENTRIC METROPOLITAN AREAS: PARIS, LYON AND MARSEILLE</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Grenoble, Chambéry</text>
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                <text>Aguiléra, Anne</text>
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                <text>Mignot, Dominique</text>
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                <text>Ce papier présente les principaux résultats d'un programme de recherche visant à comparer l'impact de formes urbaines polycentriques spécifiques sur les caractéristiques des migrations alternantes (entre le lieu de domicile et le lieu de travail). A cet effet trois aires urbaines (au sens de l'INSEE) ont été comparées : celle de Lyon, qui présente une configuration des localisations encore largement monocentrique en dépit de la présence de plusieurs pôles d'emploi, celle de Marseille-Aix, qui est principalement duocentrique (Marseille et Aix en Provence formant deux centralités structurantes), et enfin l'aire urbaine de Lille qui présente quatre centralités de taille relativement équivalente : Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing et depuis quelques années Villeneuve-d'Ascq. Notre objectif était de déterminer l'influence de ces trois formes urbaines sur les migrations domicile-travail des actifs résidant et travaillant dans chacune d'entre elles.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00175792</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/17/57/92/PDF/ASRDLF_07_aguilera_mignot.pdf</text>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="529901">
                <text>ASRDLF. Les dynamiques territoriales : débats et enjeux entre les différentes approches disciplinaires - XLIIIè colloque de l'ASRDLF, 11, 12 et 13 juillet 2007, Grenoble/Chambéry, France</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="529902">
                <text>ASRDLF. Les dynamiques territoriales : débats et enjeux entre les différentes approches disciplinaires - XLIIIè colloque de l'ASRDLF, 11, 12 et 13 juillet 2007, Grenoble/Chambéry, France</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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                <text>Polycentrisme</text>
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                <text>migrations alternantes</text>
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                <text>villes durables</text>
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                <text>Formes urbaines et migrations alternantes. Les enseignements d'une comparaison des aires urbaines de Lille, Lyon et Marseille</text>
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                <text>La croissance de la mobilité se focalise principalement sur deux types d'espaces que sont les grands corridors européens et les métropoles, pour la plupart noeuds de ces corridors. La mobilité constitue ainsi un enjeu essentiel pour le devenir même des métropoles et plus généralement des grandes villes. Dans ce contexte, la compréhension des interaction entre la forme des localisations (population et activités), l'organisation des réseaux de transport et les comportements de déplacement suscite à juste titre un intérêt jamais démenti depuis deux décennies. (extrait de l'introduction).</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00068411</text>
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                <text>Cahiers scientifiques du transport (Les)</text>
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                <text>Cahiers scientifiques du transport (Les)</text>
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                <text>Cahiers scientifiques du transport (Les)</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Métropolisation</text>
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                <text>mobilité</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Métropolisation, formes urbaines et mobilité. Présentation du dossier</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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                  <text>Histoire urbaine</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>revue publiée par Société française d'histoire urbaine</text>
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                <text>29</text>
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                <text>Agusta-Boularot, Sandrine</text>
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  Dès la fin de l'époque archaïque, les villes du monde grec disposèrent de fontaines 
monumentales, qui étaient le plus souvent alimentées par une source située à 
proximité. Ces aménagements étaient encore en service à la fin de l'époque hellé-nistique. Pour répondre aux besoins en eau de la population de l'Vrbs, la respublica choisit un autre mode d'alimentation, les aqueducs, dont le premier apparaît 
à Rome dès la fin du IVe s. av. J.-C. De telles installations, coûteuses et techniquement complexes, ne se répandirent dans les villes d'Italie qu'à partir de la fin du 
IIe s. et s'accompagnèrent de la mise en place de simples bassins-fontaines (lacus). 
Ces aménagements hydrauliques furent financés par les collectivités publiques 
jusqu'à la fin de la République, l'avènement de l'Empire marquant l'apparition 
d'un véritable « évergétisme de l'eau» en Italie.
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                <text>Histoire urbaine, n 22, 2, 2008-06-01, pp.11-26</text>
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                <text>Dans cette étude, nous estimons l'influence de certaines caractéristiques sur les prix des logements avec la méthode des prix hédoniques. Nous utilisons tout d'abord une approche classique, basée sur un modèle de régression paramétrique avec autocorrélation spatiale. Cette approche présente deux inconvénients : la forme fonctionnelle du modèle et la matrice de poids sont fixées a priori. Nous présentons une approche semi-paramétrique qui permet de pallier ces limites.</text>
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Benoît Goetz&#13;
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Aurélien Davrius&#13;
Jacques-François Blondel et l’embellissement des villes&#13;
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Directeur de la production : Christophe Porlier&#13;
Interview et réalisation : Pascal Grzywacz&#13;
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Encodage-diffusion web : Jean-Claude Troncard</text>
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                <text>Our era is often described as a moment of globalization and urbanization. The two words, often used interchangeably, describe movements and concentration of populations in 'new' places often Diasporas described as centers of 'development'. At both global and local levels, the new places of development promise opportunities for progress and self realization for both national and global citizens. This paper explores the ambiguous status of urban areas as centers for progress and realization of cosmopolitan citizenship in 21st Century Africa. The discussion is based on cases from Nairobi, Kenya and Harare, Zimbabwe where post-colonial governments are under pressure to adhere to 'master plans' and elevate Nairobi and Harare to Western Capitalist models of metropolitan. The debate on slums/shacks is revisited, not just as multiple modernities, but as instrumental spaces of disrupting the nationalist project and globalization narratives. Any future work in urban centres cannot ignore the forms of modernities being developed and practiced by a category that is now commonly known as the 'urban poor'.</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194193">
                <text>1975</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194194">
                <text>Iraq has a stock of buildings, particularly dwellings, many of which are neither physically fit nor capable of meeting the economic and social needs of today. Many people, particularly in the cities, live in overcrowded and insanitary conditions. Many dwellings are badly located and mixed with derelict land. Population is expected to grow and even without any rise in standards, this would greatly increase the need for building and works of all kinds. At the macro level the main cause of the housing problem must be attributed to the process of migration and urbanization, which have contributed to the creation of slums and squatter settlements. At the policy level, the existing machinery of planning is scarcely adequate. Housing has conventionally received only scant attention in national development plans and this central neglect is mirrored by a similar failure at the municipal level. At the micro level, with which this study has primarily been concerned, it must be emphasised that housing is not simply an economic commodity but has deep social and political as well as environmental implications. The increasing gap between incomes and housing costs has to be contained and this can only be done by operating on a number of fronts simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to examine the housing sector in Iraq with special reference to the city of Baghdad-from the point of view that housing is not only a shelter which provides protection from the elements but a synthesis in which social, economic, physical and political forces interact. The study also develops an argument that housing density is not simply another planning index to be used with others in the formulation of town plans but a crucial variable which once fixed will have far reaching effects not only to the inhabitants of the housing areas but also to the social, economic and physical environment of the urban structure as a whole. The study adopts two related approaches. The first approach is a general survey of the causes and effects of housing problems and the interrelationships of housing aspects. Then, having identified particular topics of concern, the study examines some of these, such as housing needs, standards, housing inputs, i. e. land, finance building materials, labour and the construction industry, housing densities and costs relationships, in some detail. The study stresses the need to establish principles and processes of comprehensive analysis stems from the importance of housing as a community problem area, since housing is a major land use and its form reflects and influences, in a critical way, the pattern of urban experience and activity. Throughout, the aim has not been to produce a model or concrete figures so much as to analyse present trends and suggest some likely future developments in the hope that, with modification and. improvement, this study could act as a basis for further detailed study of the housing sector and assist in the formulation of long - term housing programme. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194195">
                <text>http://etheses.nottingham.ac.uk/1505/</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="194196">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/871</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="194197">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/archive/files/f0741444ebb03cec59e40cbdc88b84e9.jpg</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194198">
                <text>en</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194199">
                <text>University of Nottingham</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194200">
                <text>housing, urban growth, urban density, urban planning, housing policy</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194201">
                <text>A comprehensive approach to the study of the housing sector in Iraq with special reference to needs, standards, inputs, density and costs as factors in the analysis of housing problems in Baghdad</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194202">
                <text>Thesis</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="11883" public="1" featured="0">
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      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644238">
                  <text>Autres serveurs</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644239">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644240">
                  <text>Crévilles</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194179">
                <text>Grime, Keith. Supervisor</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194180">
                <text>Al-Buainain, Fadl A. A. Al-Rashid</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194181">
                <text>1999</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194182">
                <text>The state of Qatar provides an interesting illustration of a nation that has recently witnessed spectacular urban development worthy of investigation. Indeed, during the past three decades huge oil revenues have enabled the country to embark on unprecedented national development. The main thrust of this research study is urbanisation and urban development in Qatar and the impact this phenomenon has had on the urban growth of its capital city, Doha. This study sets out to examine a set of issues caused by the urbanisation process within the framework of urban growth and land use development. The present study examines urbanisation and its impact on the city development in the Arab Gulf states (GCC) in general and in Qatar in particular. The main objective of the study has been to trace the influence these changes have had on the general growth of the city and the land uses particularly the residential and commercial land development with particular emphasis on the political and socio-economic factors which form the main thrust of this research. In addition, the examination of the emerging urbanisation phenomenon has aimed to establish the necessary background before dealing with the topic at the scale of the capital city. Following these objectives, the study has adopted a combined approach, which can be described as historical and empirical. The historical setting provides the changing nature of urbanisation in the Gulf States (GCC) and Qatar by establishing the evolution of this phenomenon until the present time. This is clearly done through defining the evolutionary periods reflecting the urban development stages, which included two distinctive phases : the traditional (pre-oil period) and modern/contemporary periods. The empirical/analytical part focuses especially on the city of Doha with respect to its recent urban development, socio-economic characteristics and the changing land use patterns of which the residential and commercial development represents one of the most rapidly growing and changing land use types that took place in a relatively short period (1970-1997). Clearly, the empirical research begins by investigating the socio-economic and physical features of the city. The analysis points out the enormous scale of development that occurred in the city benefiting largely from massive urban development plans engendered by the remarkable growth of the country's oil economy. Subsequently, the research separately examines additional dimensions pertinent to the residential and commercial land development. The findings show to what extent the growth of the city has influenced the emerging patterns of land use that were drastically changed. Also, the findings always reveal the existence of a strong correlation between the overall economic performance of the country and the changing residential and commercial uses. Indeed, the economic and social transformations of Qatar have resulted in new emerging patterns that were utterly unknown before the advent of oil. The thesis presents this research topic in three main parts. The first consists of two chapters, which introduce the methodology and approaches adopted by the study and the theoretical aspects relevant to urbanisation, urban development and urban internal structure along with definitions and concepts as well as previous studies done for Qatar. The second part includes three chapters, which deal with urbanisation in the GCC and Qatar. Chapter three provides an historical perspective of urbanisation and urban development pertaining to the Arab Gulf States. Chapter four presents an in-depth analysis of urbanisation and urban development in Qatar. This is followed by another chapter, which exclusively deals with the overall characteristics of population in Qatar. Part three of the thesis is entirely concerned with the city of Doha. It is divided into five chapters. Chapter six is concerned with the evolution and development of Doha; its changing demographic aspects and the factors affecting the population structure of the city are examined in chapter seven. The remaining three chapters of this part (8,9 &amp; 10) deal with the city's land use development in general and with the residential and the commercial land development in particular. For this purpose, chapter eight investigates the overall characteristics relevant to land use in the city. The central aim is to establish an objective understanding of the evolution of land uses, the major factors influencing their development and the present distribution patterns over the 1980-1997 period. The latter analytical stage involves examining the emerging patterns of the residential land development in an attempt to explore the changing patterns and the housing characteristics. In the third analytical phase, the analysis proceeds to consider the changing patterns of the commercial development within the city. A final summary of the findings, conclusion of the study and suggestions for future research are provided in chapter eleven.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194183">
                <text>http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/2263</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="194184">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/872</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="194185">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/archive/files/8a43f0ce1abc7e302aa1afe046e4f190.jpg</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194186">
                <text>en</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194187">
                <text>University of Salford </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194188">
                <text>urban growth, urbanisation, urban development, land, land use</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194189">
                <text>Urbanisation in Qatar : A study of the residential and commercial land development in Doha city, 1970-1997</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194190">
                <text>Thesis</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="11882" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="29">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644238">
                  <text>Autres serveurs</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644239">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644240">
                  <text>Crévilles</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194167">
                <text>Anderson, Stanford. Advisor</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194168">
                <text>Al-Hathloul, Saleh Ali</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194169">
                <text>1981</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194170">
                <text>Issues within the context of the present cannot be isolated from their spatial or temporal context. Neither the past (tradition) nor the future (modern technology) can provide solutions to the problems of the present. Their value lies in the fact that they represent "resources" which broaden our choices and inform us as to how similar issues were or could be dealt with in different times and places. However, a society's past and the way that society conceives of its past provides modes of continuity which give the present its authenticity. If we are to deal with the issues of the present and hope for an authentic future, the authority of the past or tradition cannot be blindly accepted though its authenticity and relevance to the present must be recognized.

The problem addressed here is that of a present physical environment in the Arab-Muslim city which is totally different from the traditional one. As a result of this difference, a sense of discontinuity and alienation has developed among the inhabitants of these cities. The purpose of this study is to understand how this process came about and how a sense of continuity with the past can be reestablished. To achieve this purpose four main issues are addressed here : (1) the origin and process of formation of the traditional physical environment; (2) the disparity between the traditional and the contemporary environment; (3) the origins of the disparity; and (4) the possible notions which might be suggested by way of reestablishing a sense of continuity between the past and the present.

The legal system is used as a means of analysis in this study. This has helped us to see the physical environment within its socio-cultural context, by informing us about the ideological or structural level of the society and by pointing out accepted social norms and conventions and the mechanism of their social effectiveness. The law has helped us to point out the differences between the traditional and the contemporary process. In the traditional city, the process relied on rules of conduct or social conventions which proscribed certain actions on the part of the inhabitants. In the contemporary city, the rules are physical and prescriptive in nature. They prescribe in physical terms not only what is to be done but also how it is to be implemented. Implied within the traditional process is a reciprocal and possibilist relationship between form and use while the contemporary process advocates a determinist approach to the relationship of form and use.

Several factors are believed to have worked in favor of the shift from the traditional process to the contemporary one in the Arab-Muslim city. Important among these are: the existence of certain implied ideologies; changes in the scale of development, power and technology; and problems within the field of architecture and urbanism and their relationship to the Arab-Muslim context. Only by being aware of these processes and factors can we conceive of an appropriate approach to reestablish a sense of continuity with the past that stems from the needs of the present and aspirations for the future.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194171">
                <text>http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46401</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="194172">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/873</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="194173">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/archive/files/3ede945234ef4bab305ae5066e3fe394.jpg</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194174">
                <text>en</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194175">
                <text>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194176">
                <text>architecture, urban form, built environment, Islamic city, Arab city, urban change</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194177">
                <text>Tradition, continuity and change in the physical environment : The Arab-Muslim city</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194178">
                <text>Thesis</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="11881" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="29">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644238">
                  <text>Autres serveurs</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644239">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644240">
                  <text>Crévilles</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194155">
                <text>Gleave, B. Supervisor</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194156">
                <text>Al-Rawas, Mohammed Awadh Salim</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194157">
                <text>1993</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194158">
                <text>The economy of Oman, was traditional in character before the development of the oil sector which set in motion the present structural transformation. Economic prosperity gave the opportunity to the public to possess their own private means of transport, thus resulting in a rapid increase in the number of vehicles in the country, particularly in the Muscat Area the capital city of the country. Free essential services such as health and education, and no taxes and duties have led to high disposable household income. Therefore, Muscat is witnessing rapid and successive land-use changes, expansion of the urban area and multi-car owning households. In the last two decades the population of Muscat increased considerably. This population growth was accompanied by a substantial expansion of Muscat's boundaries to provide homes, work places and other facilities. The topographical nature of the area limited the flat land available for housing, shops, schools, and other elements of the infrastructure. The resulting competition for space had as one of its consequences that insufficient land was allocated for car parking in the major activity centres, and the result was an acute shortage of parking spaces in these areas. The expansion of the Muscat Area was accompanied by changes in the employment and residential pattern. This resulted in a significant increase in number of vehicles, trips and commuting, and so the need for effective transport services and facilities became greater than ever before. The topographical features made it more difficult to provide sufficient transportation facilities. Development planning neglected the importance of arranging urban activities in such a way that the need for vehicle movements would be greatly reduced. It also resulted in low density population areas with street patterns mostly not designed for public transport services. This study sets out to discuss the problems of urban transportation in the Muscat Area and seeks to answer the following questions: What are the trip characteristics? How far do the natural topographical features inhibit the development of the Muscat road network? How does the existing network serve the needs of the area? How far can it cope with the traffic movement? Will the proposed major roads solve the present problems of traffic congestion and alleviate future ones? What are the main causes for traffic accidents? To what extent are car parking facilities adequate at the major activity centres? What is the role of Oman National Transport Company buses within the public transport system? The Muscat Area faces problems of traffic congestion and accidents, high demand on parking facilities and inadequate public transport. The situation is liable to deteriorate sharply in the next few years, unless effective action is taken. There is a need for a study that can provide immediate practical solutions and propose guidelines for future policy to ensure that the transport system is expanded and improved to cope with the needs arising from future growth. This study identifies factors contributing to the existing traffic problems with the intention of providing useful information which can help traffic planners and decision makers in understanding the nature of the problems, and finding solutions and guidelines for future policy. As far as methodology is concerned, a literature review is supported by fieldwork involving questionnaires and contacts with relevant authorities. Four types of surveys were conducted in order to collect information that can identify some of the factors that are contributory to the present problems. On the basis of the analysis of the data collected, urban transport problems are identified and discussed together with some possible solutions and recommendations.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194159">
                <text>http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/2257</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="194160">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/874</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="194161">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/archive/files/bf4f36af163c91615127a3258e659364.jpg</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194162">
                <text>en</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194163">
                <text>University of Salford </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194164">
                <text>public transport, urban networks, urban transport, parking, urban traffic, transport policy</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Urban transportation problems in the Muscat area, Sultanate of Oman</text>
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          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194166">
                <text>Thesis</text>
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                  <text>Autres serveurs</text>
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                  <text>Crévilles</text>
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          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194434">
                <text>Young, M. J. L. Supervisor</text>
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                <text>al-Zaidan, Abdullah Ali</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>The bases of the present dissertation from the point of view of the sources are historical and biographical. The study of the people of al-Qayrawän, which is largely dependant on the study of the Tabagat, has been carried out with a view to discovering as much as possible about how people lived and earned their livelihood. Against this background the question of the numerical size of the population has, been considered. Work on this dissertation has involved spending inter alia four months in North Africa in 1974. This took me to Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco. Most of that time was - spent in Tunisia, where on the one hand I was looking for the manuscripts relevant to al-Qayrawän, and on the other collecting material towards helping to establish the early mediaeval plan of al-Qayrawän. At the same time I made the facsimiles and, took the photographs for the collection of the monumental inscriptions which constitute part of the material for this work. During my stay in al-Qayrawän and Tunis I tried to meet every scholar connected with the study of al-Qayrawän, although the subject of this work is not one which has so far attracted attention. I visited most of the relevant public and some of the private libraries containing manuscripts. The Head of Jam'iyyat Siyänat Äthdr al-Qayrawän, Mr Ibrahim Shabbuh, was kind enough to show me the stages reached in the several excavations in al-Qayrawän, and the finds that have been unearthed. In Rabat, Morocco I visited both the public library (al-Khizänah al-'Ammah) and the Royal Library (al-Maktabah al-Malakiyyah), which both contain thousands of mediaeval manuscripts. In England I have paid frequent visits to the Oriental Room of the British Library and the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Towards the end of 1976, when my work was nearing a conclusion, I heard of some Ibadite manuscripts preserved in the Isle of Jerbah in Tunisia. I tried to obtain copies of these by different means but all failed. I tried to use the good offices of the Saudi Arabian Cultural Bureau in London to obtain these copies, but in vain, and finally I decided to go to Jerbah myself. After a brief stay in Tunis (February 1977) I continued to Jerbah. The Mashä'ikh of the Ibadites in the Island were very kind and very helpful, but one of the important manuscripts I was seeking had been taken to Libya. I therefore made a further journey to Tripoli in order to photocopy this manuscript, travelling thereafter to al-Qayrawän for a week where I checked several points which I had not covered on my former visit. I have therefore been fortunate in being able to examine most of the primary material relevant to the subject of the present dissertation, although there is naturally always the possibility that some unused manuscript sources still exist in private libraries. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/912/</text>
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                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/1007</text>
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                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/archive/files/a2e6fb5d694932eeab4b6696660ee484.jpg</text>
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                <text>en</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>University of Leeds</text>
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                <text>demography, urban society, urban history</text>
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                <text>The people of Qayrawan : The demographic and social composition of a maghribi city during the first 250 years of its existence, on the basis of medieval arabic chronicles and inscriptions</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194445">
                <text>Thesis</text>
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