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                <text>Les grands axes de circulation du duché de Savoie ont toujours fait l'objet de soins attentifs de la part des ducs de Savoie, "portiers des Alpes" et motivés par des nécessités économiques et militaires. Après avoir confié la surveillance et l'entretien des routes aux châtelains et officiers locaux au Moyen Âge, ils tentent du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle de mettre en place une administration des ponts et chaussées : commissaires généraux au XVIe siècle, grand voyer et chambre des comptes de Savoie au XVIIe siècle, intendants et Direction des ponts et chemins au XVIIIe siècle. Il conviendra de comparer la situation savoyarde avec celle de voisins tels que la France ou le pays de Vaud sous l'administration bernoise.</text>
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                <text>Echanges et voyages en Savoie, XLe Congrès des sociétés savantes de Savoie (Saint-Jean-de-&lt;br /&gt;Maurienne, 11 et 12 septembre 2004)</text>
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                <text>L'administration des ponts et chaussées en Savoie sous l'Ancien Régime (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles)</text>
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                <text>L'agritourisme est un produit phare du tourisme toscan. Il constitue pour les exploitations situées en périurbain une forme de diversification fréquente et rentable. Il entretient le lien ville-campagne et une agriculture constitutive du patrimoine urbain. Il favorise aussi les rencontres entre ruraux et citadins. Il pourrait donc contribuer à un projet de territoire agri-urbain. Mais les innovations individuelles peinent à se fédérer en un véritable projet de territoire. Après avoir retracé l'essor et la diffusion de l'agritourisme en Toscane, nous dégageons différentes formes d'agritourisme périurbain, et nous nous demandons dans quelle mesure l'agritourisme marginalise l'agriculture existante ou favorise plutôt une forme nouvelle d'agriculture urbaine multifonctionnelle.</text>
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                <text>Les agricultures périurbaines, un enjeu pour la ville : vers des projets de territoire</text>
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                <text>Les agricultures périurbaines, un enjeu pour la ville : vers des projets de territoire</text>
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                <text>agritourisme</text>
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                <text>L'agritourisme périurbain dans les collines de Toscane centrale</text>
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                <text>Les campagnes aixoises et florentines sont prises dans un processus de métropolisation qui entraîne le recul et la restructuration de l'agriculture. Simultanément, elles bénéficient d'une excellente image internationale à laquelle participent les paysages agraires et les produits du terroir, vin et huile d'olive. Ce travail met en évidence les relations entre l'urbanisation, les modalités de gestion et les stratégies de valorisation du foncier agricole périurbain en Provence et en Toscane depuis les années 1950. Il s'appuie sur la comparaison des transformations des espaces agricoles de sept communes proches d'Aix-en-Provence et de Florence. Dans la première partie, la cartographie diachronique et la modélisation des dynamiques spatiales et paysagères montrent la bonne résistance des vignes et des oliveraies et une morphologie périurbaine moins dispersée en Toscane. La deuxième partie compare le contexte réglementaire provençal et toscan ainsi que l'histoire de la prise en compte de l'agriculture dans les documents locaux d'urbanisme. Elle montre comment les acteurs locaux ont géré, limité ou légitimé l'urbanisation du foncier agricole depuis 1950. La forme et le contenu de la planification se révèlent comme un enjeu des rapports public-privé à l'échelle communale. La troisième partie s'intéresse au terroir comme valorisation alternative du foncier agricole et comme moyen pour reconstruire les campagnes méditerranéennes, tant par le renouvellement des liens villes-campagnes que par l'exploitation des appellations d'origine (AOC, DOCG) et du tourisme dans la mondialisation. Malgré le succès de l'agritourisme en Toscane ou la réussite du processus d'ancrage des vins et de l'huile d'olive de Provence et du Chianti, les projets de territoire de type district rural ou agri-urbain peinent à aboutir : pour stabiliser le foncier agricole périurbain, la marge de manoeuvre de l'action publique locale pourrait résider dans l'articulation des stratégies individuelles, des enjeux agricoles et des choix d'urbanisme.</text>
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                <text>Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>relations villes-campagnes</text>
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                <text>Construire les campagnes méditerranéennes. Usages, aménagement et valorisations du foncier agricole périurbain en Provence et en Toscane (1950-2010).</text>
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                <text> Lasserre, Jean-Claude. Directeur de thèse </text>
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                <text>Le nombre croissant d'ensembles résidentiels fermés dans le pays a profondément marqué les esprits brésiliens. Pourtant, avant même que les murs et autres barrières physiques ne se diffusent, de multiples territoires habitants s'étaient déjà affirmés à travers les paysages urbains. Dès la fin du 19ème siècle, une partie des élites paulistes et cariocas s'était installée dans de nouveaux quartiers, exclusivement résidentiels. Progressivement, ces espaces se complexifièrent, notamment par l'introduction de services urbains, d'équipements de loisirs et d'organes de gestion. Cette évolution de l'habiter sur un peu plus d'un siècle fait l'objet de cette contribution.</text>
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                <text>Les responsables de la gestion des déchets ménagers et les décideurs doivent aujourd'hui tenter de mettre en place un service qui réponde qualitativement aux attentes des usagers et qui respecte les normes législatives et réglementaires. Les évolutions de la gestion des déchets entraînent inévitablement un besoin en informations. Cet objectif n'est pas évident à atteindre car il implique indubitablement la nécessité pour les collectivités locales d'informations préalables. Quelles sont ces informations ? De quelles natures sont-elles ? D'où proviennent-elles ? Comment les obtenir ?Cette recherche porte sur l'identification des informations indispensables ou simplement pertinentes pour une optimisation des schémas de gestion des déchets ménagers, et sur les moyens à mettre en œuvre pour obtenir ces informations. L'objectif est de présenter des indicateurs de performances à référence spatiale sur ces territoires afin de mieux cerner puis optimiser leur gestion des déchets ménagers.</text>
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                <text>L'aveuglante seconde nature de Paris-Plage</text>
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                <text>The city of Dalian, on the southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula in China's Northeast ('Manchuria'), underwent rapid development during the first half of the twentieth century. Between 1905 and 1945, Dalian and its environs were administered by Japan as part of the Guandong Leased Territories. This study examines Dalian's history during the initial period of Japanese rule, and places it within the broader context of Chinese urbanization. Although Dalian was governed by the Japanese administrators of both the leasehold and the South Manchuria Railway Company (Mantetsu), this study emphasizes that the city was only 'leased' to Japan and that Dalian's Chinese inhabitants played as equally an important role in its history as did the foreign rulers.

One of the major themes of this history of Dalian is the periodization of Japanese imperialism in China, and specifically 'Manchuria.' The traditional view of both Chinese and Western historians, (that the September 18 Incident of 1931 marked the start of Japan's aggression in the Northeast), is challenged since the Guandong leasehold had been under Tokyo's direct control since 1905. Subtle shifts in the severity of Japanese rule occurred during the subsequent four decades, but the origins of Japan's expansion in China clearly began around the turn of the and not in the 1930s. The key to understanding Dalian's history is the concept of 'contractually limited formal imperialism,' or leasehold colonialism. Within a chronological framework that traces the shifts in degrees of formal Japanese control, this work examines the issues of Chinese labour, the rise of Chinese nationalism, and the development of the region's economy.

This dissertation traces Dalian's growth and evolution between 1905 and the 1931 Manchurian Incident utilizing a variety of contemporary sources including documents of the Guandong and Mantetsu administrations, Chinese and Japanese newspapers, American consular reports, and British Foreign Office documents. These primary materials are incorporated within a comprehensive review of recent scholarship by Chinese historians working in the People's Republic. The result is an account of Dalian's history in which the Chinese factor is returned to a story which until now has largely emphasized the Japanese 'side of the coin.' </text>
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                <text>York University</text>
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                <text>Great connections : The creation of a city, Dalian, 1905-1931 : China and Japan on the Liaodong Peninsula</text>
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                  <text>Métropoles se veut le carrefour des travaux scientifiques issus de la plupart des disciplines en sciences sociales qui s’intéressent au fait urbain et métropolitain. Cette revue thématique souhaite présenter à la communauté académique internationale les travaux les plus significatifs et originaux issus soit des disciplines s’intéressant traditionnellement à la ville comme la géographie, la sociologie, la science politique ou l’économie, soit des disciplines qui interrogent le fait urbain depuis moins longtemps comme l’histoire  et le droit. Elle accueille les travaux produits au croisement des disciplines comme ceux de l’urbanisme, de l’aménagement ou du « planning ». Elle publie des articles en français et en anglais.</text>
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                <text>Perulli, Paolo</text>
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                <text>L’article porte sur la question encore non résolue de la gouvernance urbaine et métropolitaine en Italie et la remet en perspective dans le contexte actuel de recentralisation rampante des politiques publiques et des ressources. Pour l’auteur, cet enjeu renvoie au problème plus large des rapports entre le global et le local. Alors que le « global », en tant qu’échelle d’action, jouit désormais d’une indéniable reconnaissance, c’est la méfiance qui domine encore à l’égard du « local », souvent vu comme obstacle au développement dans les approches politiques et économiques dominantes en Italie. Sur cette base, les faiblesses et les forces des politiques régionales et locales italiennes sont esquissées. L’auteur défend l’idée selon laquelle il faudrait concevoir le « local » d’une manière plus universelle. Il convient, par exemple, d’appréhender la ville comme une société complète ouverte à des relations transnationales avec d’autres lieux et d’autres cultures, comme un nœud où se croisent des réseaux globaux. Enfin, l’auteur propose une approche macro-régionale des politiques régionales en Italie qui reprend l’idée d’une approche territorialisée des politiques de cohésion proposée à l’échelle européenne.  </text>
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                <text>The paper analyses the unresolved question of urban and metropolitan governance in Italy in the light of current trends towards re-centralization at national level of policies and resources. This is part of a broader global-local issue. While the “global” has received an extraordinary recognition, a mistrust towards the “local” as and obstacle to development continues to be part of the political and economic dominant approaches in Italy. On this base, weaknesses and strengths of Italian regional and local policies are sketched. There is a growing need to conceive the “local” in a more universal way: the city as a complete society open to cross-border relations with other placesand cultures, and a node of wider global city-regions and networks. An approach towards macroregional governance in the framework of European place-based reform of territorial cohesion is finally proposed. </text>
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                <text>central government</text>
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                <text>European policies</text>
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                <text>Return of the State and attempts of centralisation in Italy</text>
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                <text>5</text>
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                <text>Pessanha Neves, Delma</text>
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  L'article analyse les conditions de vie des habitants de rue dans la ville de Rio de Janeiro (Brésil). Il souligne les formes de négociation nécessaires à la vie commune dramatique et à la gestion des intolérances que subissent ces habitants non désirés. Il indique les particularités de l'adaptation et du respect des principes culturels qui, dans la société brésilienne, distinguent les significations spécifiques attribuées respectivement à la rue et à la maison, espaces opposés dans le coude à coude privé et collectif.
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                <text>Espaces et sociétés, n 116-117, 1, 2004-03-01, pp.47-62</text>
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                <text>homelessness</text>
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1. le ralentissement ou la disparition de croissance dans de nombreux grands centres métropolitains, 
2. sa réapparition dans de plus petits centres métropolitains, et 
3. la concentration de la population dans de petites villes non-métropolitaines et autonomes. Jusqu'ici, les recherches aux États-Unis se sont concentrées sur les différents courants migratoires qui entraînent la rurbanisation et ont comparé leur importance respective. Peu d'études ont examiné les migrants dont le comportement engendre ces courants, d'où notre intérêt pour ce thème. 
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1. les types de personnes qui migrent et ce qui les différencie,
2. les conséquences de leurs déplacements quant à l'importance de certaines fonctions établies par la migration (par exemple, reliant les ouvriers à leur lieu de travail), et 
3. le rôle de la distance quant à la structure de leur déplacement. 
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; London Under is a wonderful, atmospheric, imaginative, oozing short study of everything that goes on under London, from original springs and streams and Roman amphitheaters to Victorian sewers, gang hideouts, and modern tube stations. The depths below are hot, warmer than the surface, and this book tunnels down through the geological layers, meeting the creatures, real and fictional, that dwell in darkness&amp;mdash;rats and eels, mon&amp;shy;sters and ghosts. When the Underground&amp;rsquo;s Metropolitan Line was opened in 1864, the guards asked for permission to grow beards to protect themselves against the sulfurous fumes, and named their engines after tyrants&amp;mdash;Czar, Kaiser, Mogul&amp;mdash;and even Pluto, god of the underworld.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; To go under London is to penetrate history, to enter a hidden world. As Ackroyd puts it, &amp;ldquo;The vastness of the space, a second earth, elicits sensations of wonder and of terror. It partakes of myth and dream in equal measure.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Peter Ackroyd &lt;/b&gt;is a biographer, novelist and critic who has written books including &lt;i&gt;London: The Biography &lt;/i&gt;(Nan A. Talese, 2000), Thames: Sacred River (Chatto &amp;amp; Windus, 2007) and &lt;i&gt;Venice: Pure City &lt;/i&gt;(Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2009).&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; Before skyscrapers and streetlights glowed at all hours, American cities fell into inky blackness with each setting of the sun. But over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, new technologies began to light up streets, sidewalks, buildings, and public spaces. Peter C. Baldwin&amp;rsquo;s evocative book depicts the changing experience of the urban night over this period, visiting a host of actors&amp;mdash;scavengers, newsboys, and mashers alike&amp;mdash;in the nocturnal city.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Baldwin examines work, crime, transportation, and leisure as he moves through the gaslight era, exploring the spread of modern police forces and the emergence of late-night entertainment, to the era of electricity, when social campaigns sought to remove women and children from public areas at night. While many people celebrated the transition from darkness to light as the arrival of twenty-four hours of daytime, Baldwin shows that certain social patterns remained, including the danger of street crime and the skewed gender profile of night work. Sweeping us from concert halls and brothels to streetcars and industrial forges, In the Watches of the Night is an illuminating study of a vital era in American urban history.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Peter C. Baldwin &lt;/b&gt;is Associate Professor in the Department of History at the University of Connecticut.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>Sexe et espace à Londres dans les années 1980. 

Cet article examine les différenciations selon les sexes de la structure familiale, démographique, et du marché de l'emploi à Londres dans les années 1980. Se fondant principalement sur l'observation de circonscriptions administratives de petite taille, l'analyse relie la segmentation selon les sexes à d'autres caractéristiques de la structure sociale, en particulier de la structure socio-économique et des variations spatiales des statuts familiaux. Les résultats témoignent d'une perpétuation de l'inégalité des sexes sur le marché du travail londonien, par exemple à travers la répartition des salaires et des professions. Ils confirment la notion d'une « féminisation de la pauvreté », les femmes étant surreprésentées parmi les personnes âgées pauvres, les sans-abris, les revenus familiaux les plus modestes.</text>
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                <text>Considers differentiation by gender in household and demographic structure and in labour market opportunities in London in the 1980s. Uses small area wards as the basic level of analysis, and relates gender segmentation to other dimensions of social structure and change, especially socio-economic structure and change, and spatial variations in family status. Finds evidence of continued sexual inequality in London's labour market, for example in pay and occupational distribution. Supports the notion of «feminisation of poverty» as old age poverty, homelessness and low family incomes are disproportionately associated with women.</text>
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                <text>Les banlieues et révolution sociale d'une métropole : le cas de Londres. 

Cette étude utilise une gamme d'indicateurs récents (hors recensement) et ceux du recensement de 1981 pour décrire les structures sociales, démographiques et économiques des banlieues de Londres et souligner les dimensions principales de l'évolution sociale pendant les années 70 et 80. Des comparaisons sont faites avec la restructuration socio-économique du centre-ville. Il est prouvé que, dans une métropole en pleine maturité, ayant peu de possibilités de croissance vers la périphérie par le biais de la planification ou d'autres contraintes, la restructuration sociale et démographique au cours des deux dernières décennies a été plus forte au centre qu'à la périphérie. Cependant, il est bien évident que les banlieues possèdent des caractéristiques très différentes en matière de structures sociales, ethniques et démographiques et il n'y a pas de cassure nette entre un centre-ville uniformément appauvri et une périphérie uniformément riche. </text>
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                <text>This study uses a range of contemporary (non-census) and 1981 Census indicators to delineate a social, demographic and economic structure of London's outer suburbs, and highlight the main dimensions of social change in the 1970s and 1980s. 
Comparisons are drawn with socio- economic restructuring in the inner city. 
The evidence suggests that for a mature metropolis, with restricted opportunities for peripheral growth through planning and other constraints, social and demographic restructuring in the last two decades have been more pronounced in the inner than outer city. However, it is also clear that the outer city has considerable diversity in its social, ethnic and demographic structure and there is no clear split between an uniformly deprived inner city and an uniformly affluent periphery.</text>
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                <text>London. ; Social deprivation ; cluster analysis ; status persistence ; social restructuring ; outer suburbs</text>
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                <text>In this lecture, part of the Case Western Reserve University symposium 'Tipping Points in Urban Change: Modern Perspectives on Agents of Urbanization', Peter G. Rowe discusses shifting mindsets in the recent history Seoul. Much of his lecture focuses around a redevelopment project that took part in Seoul in the mid-2000s.&#13;
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Peter G. Rowe is the Raymond Garbe Professor of Architecture and Urban Design and University Distinguished Service Professor at the Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, where he has taught since 1985.</text>
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