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                <text>Alonso, in a seminal paper written in 1971 develops the following argument: urban benefits increase with city size in a less than proportional way. Urban costs increase with city size in a more than proportional way. There comes a point where urban costs are greater than urban benefits: this point defines an optimal size. Beyond that point, cities are too big.  This view completely omits a key factor: urban management. Urban benefits and urban costs are not merely a function of city size. The...</text>
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                <text>Prud'homme, Rémy</text>
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                <text>Pryen, Stéphanie</text>
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  Les institutions policières, sociales, juridiques, conduisent à rendre publique la vie privée des femmes qu'on dit « publiques ». La société conforte ce brouillage des frontières public / privé, en considérant l'échange sexuel vénal comme la vente de l'individualité la plus intime, de l'essence de la femme, de son âme. À partir des regards portés sur la prostituée de rue, nous montrerons comment cette dernière redéfinit ce qui relève de l'intimité. Nous nous baserons pour cela sur notre recherche (essentiellement qualitative), effectuée dans les années quatre-vingt-dix, à partir des trottoirs de la ville de Lille.
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                <text>http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=ETHN_021_0011</text>
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                <text>Ethnologie française, , 1, 2002-03-01, pp.11-18</text>
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                <text>Prostitution de rue : le privé des femmes publiques</text>
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                <text>Comment un parking par la question des ambiances peut entretenir des continuités avec l'espace urbain ? Comment les ambiances structurent fondamentalement le fonctionnement de ce type de projet ? Comment les différents sens sont mis à contribution pour passer du statut d'automobiliste à celui de piéton urbain ? Comment la signalétique liée au repérage dans l'espace peut éviter l'écueil du dispositif autonome et être un élément d'ambiance constituant du projet ? Comment le parcours architectural peut être gradué et caractérisé en accord avec les parcours des usagers ? Concevoir et réaliser un parking enterré en centre urbain pose la question de l'élaboration du projet par les ambiances. Une ambiance qui fait sens, c'est avant tout une perception mentale qui imprègne le projet dans son contexte. C'est ce que je nomme la rémanence contextuelle.</text>
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                <text>Creating an atmosphere|Faire une ambiance</text>
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                <text>Remanence contextuelle : architecture et ambiances ; Parking cathedrale / Nantes</text>
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                <text>La multinationale Starbucks s'est montrée pionnière aux Etats-Unis, avec le déploiement de l'accès Wi-Fi. Autoproclamée entreprise éthique, elle offre un espace non-fumeur, des boissons non alcoolisées et un accès Internet payant et sécurisé, dans les lieux « branchés » des grandes métropoles.Après avoir resitué le modèle économique de l’entreprise dans le contexte global des nouvelles formes de mobilités et du développement de leurs enjeux marchands, les auteurs présentent les premiers résultats d’une enquête (avril 2006) sur les usagers des Starbucks à Pékin. Les pratiques sociales observées révèlent des besoins d’accès à des services distants et un fort désir d’interaction sociale de proximité. Ces nouveaux territoires de la mobilité, espaces mi-publics mi-privés, tiendraient autant des SOHO que des lieux de rencontre. </text>
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                <text>Nouvelles mobilités et pratiques sociales : les Starbucks à Pékin</text>
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                <text>Depuis la fin des années 1990, les complexes résidentiels sécurisés focalisent l'attention d’une communauté scientifique interdisciplinaire. S’interrogeant sur leur émergence au cours de ces deux dernières décennies, la majorité des publications l’explique par la peur du crime, en recrudescence, associée à une polarisation socio-économique élargie et à la privatisation des biens publics qui se poursuit. En adoptant un point de vue constructiviste et critique, principalement en ce qui concerne les idées de la nouvelle géographie culturelle, j’affirme que, dans le contexte de Miami, ces généralisations doivent être mises en doute, d’autant plus qu’elles sont très répandues au sein des espaces périurbains. </text>
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                <text>Unlocking Miami’s suburban gated communities: a semiotic and iconographic approach</text>
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                <text>La ville de Tozeur dans le Sud-Ouest tunisien accueille depuis  une quarantaine d'années un mouvement massif de sédentarisation de nomades  Awlâd Sîdî Abîd, notamment du groupe des Rkârka qui sont à l'origine de la  création de quartiers périphériques situés derrière l'un des cimetières de la  ville. Cette « invasion », comme le perçoivent certains Jéridis (habitants de  la région du Jérid), ne manque pas d'affecter la petite ville saharienne qui  connaît des changements importants dans sa composition sociale et dans son  organisation territoriale. A l'insertion des Rkârka dans la ville répond la  stigmatisation dont ils sont l'objet.</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Création réglementaire provisoire destinée à héberger une population pauvre ne disposant pas des moyens de se maintenir dans leur quartier d'origine, la cité de Dûwîqa est devenue une réalité résidentielle et sociale plus durable. Grâce à une vie sociale intense et intégrative, les habitants sont désormais enracinés dans une communauté de quartier. Ce dernier est, en effet, un lieu majeur de socialisation et de prescription normative. &lt;br /&gt;Toutefois, loin de refléter un enfermement, cette inscription territoriale s'articule avec des mobilités quotidiennes importantes en direction des autres lieux de la ville. De l'ancrage dans l'espace de résidence aux « passages » vers les autres lieux de la ville, une double dimension de l'expérience urbaine des habitants de Dûwîqa est ainsi décrite.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003943</text>
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                <text>IRD: fdi:010031134</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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                <text>Autrepart : revue de Sciences Sociales au Sud (Dynamiques résidentielles dans les&lt;br /&gt;villes du Sud)</text>
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                <text>Autrepart : revue de Sciences Sociales au Sud (Dynamiques résidentielles dans les&lt;br /&gt;villes du Sud)</text>
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                <text>Autrepart : revue de Sciences Sociales au Sud (Dynamiques résidentielles dans les&lt;br /&gt;villes du Sud)</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>[SHS:ANTHRO_SE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="505205">
                <text>Le Caire</text>
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                <text>résidence</text>
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                <text>voisinage</text>
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                <text>localité</text>
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                <text>sociabilité</text>
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                <text>proximité</text>
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                <text>mobilité</text>
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                <text>urbanité</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="505213">
                <text>Habiter à Dûwîqa au Caire&lt;br /&gt;Dedans et dehors d'une société de proximité</text>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="507846">
                <text>Puig, Nicolas</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2009</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="507848">
                <text>Alors que la ville, dans certains contextes, perdrait son privilège d'instance médiatrice des dynamiques des appartenances, on passerait du « lieu-monde » qu'elle constituait au « lieu-passage » des logiques commerciales apatrides (A. Tarrius, 2007) , elle continue de concentrer certains des enjeux contemporains les plus prégnants et de représenter en elle-même un défi pour une humanité toujours plus urbanisée. Dans ce cadre, quel lieu, mieux que Beyrouth, peut représenter le difficile apprentissage du « phénomène urbain comme mode de vie », ce modèle citadin idéal et cosmopolite que les réalités contredisent en permanence du fait des relégations de divers ordres produits par la phase actuelle de mondialisation comme de celui de l'irruption de nouveaux essentialismes et leurs corollaires : instauration de frontières, repli sur soi et sa communauté, méfiance vis-à-vis des différences de tout ordre ?</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="507849">
                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00489504</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="507850">
                <text>IRD: fdi:010049925</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="507851">
                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/48/95/04/PDF/ALBA.puig.pdf</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="507852">
                <text>ENG</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="507853">
                <text>Conquérir et reconquérir la ville, l'aménagement urbain comme positionnement des pouvoirs et contre-pouvoirs</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="507854">
                <text>[SHS:ANTHRO_SE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="507855">
                <text>Beyrouth</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="507856">
                <text>appropriation de l'espace</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="507857">
                <text>espaces publics</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="507858">
                <text>communautarisme</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="507859">
                <text>citadinité</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="507860">
                <text>hospitalité</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="507861">
                <text>La négligence des villes</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="507862">
                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="514245">
                <text>Puig, Nicolas</text>
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                <text>2009-04</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="514247">
                <text>La fréquence de la thématique du déclin (de l'amour à la honte) dans les discours des musiciens de mariage au Caire révèle une forte aspiration à la reconnaissance sociale et à la respectabilité. Cela renvoie à leur condition sociale, source d'un malaise partagé au sein de la profession. Soupçonnés de façon récurrente de déviance morale, ils font l'objet d'une mise à distance sociale qui s'ajoute à la spécificité de leur mode de vie. Surtout, les pratiques professionnelles de la musique entraînent des situations d'extranéités par rapport aux mondes urbains dans lesquels les artistes interviennent. Étrangers au quartier, à la famille, au public, ils pénètrent pourtant au cœur de l'intimité des lieux à l'occasion de moments forts de la vie sociale. Cette présence est ambivalente : ils sont, au sein d'un espace approprié et privatisé, source de subjectivation en même temps que facteur de roubles potentiels. C'est là l'apparent paradoxe de leur marginalité : elle est une figure de l'éloignement au cœur de la société citadine. En cela, ils représentent un emblème de la condition citadine.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00081995</text>
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                <text>IRD: PAR00002978</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="514250">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/31/52/PDF/PUIG_MARGES.2.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="514251">
                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="514252">
                <text>L'Homme Revue française d'anthropologie</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="514253">
                <text>[SHS:ANTHRO_SE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology</text>
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                <text>musiciens</text>
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                <text>citadinités</text>
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                <text>distance</text>
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                <text>proximité</text>
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                <text>déviance</text>
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                <text>reconnaissance sociale</text>
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                <text>Le Caire (Égypte)</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Amour, honte et prestige au Caire</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="509183">
                <text>Puissant, Anne</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="509184">
                <text>2003-12-15</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509185">
                <text>Depuis le milieu des années 1990, l'INFO-STRATEGIE, c'est-à-dire la stratégie de mise en place de l'Information Géographique, est au cœur des préoccupations des gestionnaires du territoire et des urbanistes. Elle nécessite des données multi-sources, multi-échelles et mises à jour régulièrement à une périodicité adaptée à l'évolution du milieu urbain. Les images d'Observation de la Terre représentent un potentiel important d'acquisition d'IG. Actuellement, le marché connaît une évolution majeure avec la mise en orbite de produits-systèmes Très Haute Résolution (THR) de résolution inférieure à 5 m. Cette évolution technologique débouche sur une abondance de données numériques, sources potentielles d'IG en milieu urbain, modifie les attentes des utilisateurs et transforme leurs applications. Une réflexion en termes de demande (formalisation des besoins) et non plus d'offre est indispensable pour répondre à la multiplication de l'utilisation d'IG à diverses échelles. Par ailleurs, répondre aux besoins des « utilisateurs finaux » (politiques, gestionnaires, techniciens) revient à préciser les ajustements nécessaires à la définition des capacités des nouveaux produits-systèmes. A partir d'une enquête auprès des utilisateurs d'IG, un cahier des charges précisant les besoins en information à grande échelle est établi. Des « niches potentielles d'utilisation » des images métriques sont identifiées. Des tests sont appliqués pour analyser les gains dans l'utilisation de ces nouveaux capteurs. L'un des enjeux de l'augmentation de la résolution spatiale est une nouvelle vision du territoire plus proche de la réalité. Les objets urbains s'individualisent (domaine de l'identification) et sont caractérisés par leurs éléments constitutifs (domaine de l'analyse). Cet apport de détails perturbe les procédures classiques d'extraction automatiques et complexifie l'attribution des objets aux nomenclatures existantes. Le test de plusieurs algorithmes classiques conduit à la formalisation de règles d'identification des objets urbains sur des images THR. Ces règles sont intégrées dans une procédure de classification « orientée-objets ».</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00467474</text>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/46/74/74/PDF/These_APfinal_secure.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="509188">
                <text>FRE</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>Information Géographique</text>
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                <text>Image à Très Haute Résolution</text>
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                <text>milieu urbain</text>
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                <text>méthodes d'extraction</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>INFORMATION GÉOGRAPHIQUE ET IMAGES A TRÈS HAUTE RÉSOLUTION UTILITÉ ET APPLICATIONS EN MILIEU URBAIN</text>
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                <text>Espaces et sociétés, n 143, 3, 2011-01-03, pp.31-45</text>
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                <text>marges urbaines</text>
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                <text> informalité</text>
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                <text> ancrage</text>
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                <text> mobilité spatiale</text>
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                <text> action collective</text>
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                <text> Rosario</text>
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                <text> Montevideo</text>
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                <text>urban outskirts</text>
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                <text> informality</text>
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                <text> rootedness</text>
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                <text> spatial mobility</text>
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                <text>Vers un brouillage de l'ordre spatial aux marges de Rosario et de Montevideo ?</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Cette thèse propose une lecture des villes de Rosario et de Montevideo à partir de leurs marges. Elle se centre sur l'expérience urbaine des habitants des marges qui s'investissent dans des organisations de quartier. Le croisement des trajectoires citadines et citoyennes vient interroger le rôle des mobilisations populaires dans la construction de territoires, d'où émergent d'autres centralités, des espaces de proximité et de partage. Dans le brouillage de l'ordre spatial, se construisent des territoires intermédiaires qui permettent des formes d'ancrage ouvertes sur l'extérieur. En liant intrinsèquement ancrage et mobilité, les politiques publiques montevideanas favorisent un ancrage mobile. À Rosario, l'inscription est circulatoire : elle n'existe que dans et par le mouvement. Les organisations de chômeurs sont contraintes à un va-et-vient permanent entre le quartier et l'ailleurs. À Rosario comme à Montevideo, les organisations de quartier se conforment en partie aux rapports institués entre mobilité et ancrage, tout en les renégociant, les contournant, voire en s'y opposant. Des territoires intermédiaires émergent entre expérientiel et institutionnel : entre-deux, ils servent de lien plus que de transition. S'ils permettent des passages vers les espaces institués et légitimés, ils favorisent avant tout les échanges entre expérientiel et institutionnel.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00614914</text>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/49/14/PDF/These_Charlotte_Pujol.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>marges urbaines</text>
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                <text>informalité</text>
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                <text>ancrage</text>
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                <text>mobilité spatiale</text>
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                <text>quartier</text>
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                <text>citadinité</text>
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                <text>action collective</text>
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                <text>action publique</text>
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                <text>Rosario</text>
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                <text>Montevideo</text>
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                <text>Argentine</text>
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                <text>Uruguay</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>De l'ancrage mobile à l'inscription circulatoire : regards croisés sur les trajectoires citadines et citoyennes aux marges de Rosario (Argentine) et de Montevideo (Uruguay)</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>PhD thesis</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518437">
                <text>Pumain, Denise</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The extension of urban space has been a world wide process during the last fifty years, certainly linked with the rapid diffusion of technologies, especially individual transportation modes, and with globalisation of many economic and cultural standards. A study of the French case could be taken as representative of a medium situation in Europe. The development of urban sprawl has taken in France both common and original features, which could be coined as an intermediary position of the country between Northern and Southern Europe in a kind of spatial diffusion process. This situation leads to apparent contradictions in the strength of urban expansion : France is a country where the main stage of peri-urbanisation occurred rather late, during the 70's and 80's, but the process of urban sprawl has had more impact than in Spain or even Italy for instance.France is known as a country where urbanisation started later than in other European countries and where the average density of population is still much lower than in most of Europe. Such a context and a combination of social spontaneous trends and policies and regulations have been put forward as the possible explanation of the main specific features of French urban sprawl. Several aspects as the functioning of land market, the dramatic increase of individual mobility, housing policies and land regulations also have contributed to the shaping of the urban extensions. The emergence of a new set of laws for urban governance and urban renewal at the end of the 90's attests that urban policies are now oriented towards a clearer consciousness of the physical and social consequences of urban sprawl. Specific regulation means are now available for a better control of the process.This study however challenges the global diffusion theory of urban sprawl. It would be perhaps too simple to consider that this new way of building cities and organising city life mainly consists in the adoption of a physical urban model and of urban ways of life as they were initiated in the United States of America. There are different urban traditions around the world which reacts in quite different manners to the necessity of adapting to such innovations, according to a path dependent trajectory in the evolution of such complex systems. Future urban forms in France and Europe may keep such an original path.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00000479</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/00/04/79/PDF/urban_sprawl.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518442">
                <text>ENG</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>urban sprawl in Europe</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518444">
                <text>Urban Sprawl in Western Europe and the United States.</text>
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                <text>urban sprawl in Europe</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518446">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518447">
                <text>urban sprawl</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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                <text>towns and cities</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Urban Sprawl: is there a French case?</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="518555">
                <text>Pumain, Denise</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2001</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518557">
                <text>A propos d'un exemple particulier d'objet géographique, les systèmes de villes, on interroge les premières tentatives de construction disciplinaire de ces objets complexes, afin de préciser quel rôle y jouent les acteurs et comment leurs interventions y sont représentées. On questionne ensuite des représentations plus récentes, qui formalisent les systèmes de villes en termes d'objets complexes évolutifs, en évaluant les performances et les contraintes des outils de modélisation dynamique et de simulation par les systèmes multi-agents associés à ces représentations. On propose une vue critique du paradigme des théories de l'auto-organisation, qui tout à la fois intègrent le niveau des acteurs et dispensent de leur observation précise, à certaines échelles d'analyse. On évoque enfin des pistes de recherche susceptibles d'articuler à chaque niveau les logiques propres des systèmes et des possibilités de leur inflexion par les acteurs.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00145943</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="518559">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/59/43/PDF/ACTEUR.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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                <text>Revue européenne des Sciences sociales</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>ville</text>
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                <text>Villes, agents et acteurs en géographie</text>
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                <text>This chapter is at first an attempt to identify the sources of complexity in the urban realm. A second step is to present various modelling approaches referring to the new paradigm of complexity, from a review of the literature in urban geography, urban planning and urban economics until 1998.</text>
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                <text>The city and its sciences</text>
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                <text>Les villes ont un rôle spécifique dans l'économie, par les diverses formes d'accumulation qui s'y expriment en rapport avec la centralité, et surtout par les relations qu'elles établissent entre des lieux éloignés, dans une dynamique de complémentarité des ressources et de concurrence pour l'innovation. La mesure de cette valeur ajoutée urbaine à la production des richesses est difficile. On en devine toutefois l'ampleur à travers l'analyse des coûts urbains et des principaux processus de leur financement, que ce numéro spécial de la revue d'économie financière a le mérite d'éclairer très précisément.</text>
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                <text>Villes et systèmes de villes dans l'économie</text>
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                <text>As urban systems are complex systems, their further evolution cannot be merely a linear projection of the most recent trends, nor can it be taken for granted that the future will replicate what happened in the past. Nor can we reliably predict the evolution of European cities by looking at those in North America. We have developed a new theory, at a conceptual level, which can not yet be entirely formalised in a mathematical way but which can be experimented with agent based simulation models. We present here the main principles of the conception of the model and the first results of its experimentation. Our ambition is first to reproduce the evolution of urban systems in different parts of the world, second to use this validated tool for exploring the future evolution of cities under a variety of hypothesis about changes in the local or global context.</text>
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                <text>ECCS'06, Proceedings of the European Conference of Complex systems, University of Oxford,, 25-29 September.</text>
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                <text>European Conference of Complex systems</text>
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                <text>Modelling the future of cities</text>
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                <text>The hierarchical differentiation of urban systems has been noticed for a long time and various explanations have been suggested. Among them: an intentional functional organisation for controlling a territory; the application of a spatial economic equilibrium principle; a “purely” random growth process; the statistical addition of Pareto-like elementary phenomena; self-organisation or co-evolution of competing subsystems, without constraint or under space-time optimisation principle. We review these explanations and related methods of analysis, trying to assess their relevance and exploring the possible similarities between urban dynamics and other types of hierarchical complex systems.</text>
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                <text>urban systems</text>
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