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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Ravalet, Emmanuel</text>
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                <text>Bueno-Cevada, Enrique</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2007-03-02</text>
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                <text>En proie à des taux de croissance urbaine importants, la plupart des grandes villes des pays du Sud continuent à s'accroître (spatialement et en nombre d'habitants). Les conséquences sociales sont souvent graves et les pouvoirs locaux manquent de temps et de moyens pour penser et aménager les espaces urbains, en perpétuelle mutation. Lorsque les distances à effectuer s'accroissent, l'accessibilité des populations est questionnée, surtout dans des contextes où l'équipement individuel est relativement faible. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nous considèrerons dans cette étude le mode de transport comme une interface entre le citadin et l'espace urbain. Il est donc intéressant d'évoquer le rapport différent entretenu par chacun des modes de transport avec la ville. G. Amar développe le concept d'« adhérence urbaine des déplacements », supposant une interaction spécifique avec les lieux et les activités de la ville. La marche à pied renvoie à des déplacements lents et des échanges divers avec l'environnement de l'individu. Quant à la voiture, elle sous-entend peu de contacts avec l'extérieur de l'habitacle et nécessite espace et fluidité. Dans des situations fortement contraintes (physiquement et économiquement), les transports collectifs permettent de parcourir d'assez grandes distances et coûtent peu cher. Les citadins n'y ont cependant pas tous accès. Malgré leur prix souvent assez bas, tous ne peuvent payer la course et les véhicules de transports collectifs (taxis, bus ou mini-bus dans notre étude) ne vont pas partout, privilégiant dans un souci permanent de rentabilisation de leur « entreprise » certaines lignes et certains espaces (selon la praticabilité des réseaux, l'éloignement du centre, le nombre de clients potentiels, etc...). Leur « adhérence urbaine » varie selon les zones de la ville considérées.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deux aires urbaines ont retenu notre attention : Niamey au Niger et Puebla au Mexique (respectivement 700 000 et 1 900 000 habitants ). Dans la capitale nigérienne, l'équipement motorisé est embryonnaire et la majorité des déplacements se font à pied. Les taxis collectifs y font office de T.C. et parcourent la ville à petits prix. La ville s'articule fortement autour du centre et de ses 3 marchés (grand marché, petit marché et marché Katako). Dans la métropole mexicaine, les transports collectifs occupent une place centrale dans la vie quotidienne des citadins. Comme dans la plupart des villes latino-américaines, les bus et les mini-bus quadrillent l'espace et représentent près de 40 % des déplacements quotidiens. Comme dans le cas de Niamey, le centre est très attractif et concentre une part importante des activités de la ville. Ces organisations urbaines fortement dépendantes du centre de l'agglomération posent évidemment de nombreuses questions pour les populations périphériques défavorisés, souvent mal ou pas équipés. Composés d'un grand nombre d'acteurs privés (individus ou entreprises), ces deux systèmes de transports collectifs ne sont pas planifiés à l'échelle de la métropole. En abordant la ville mexicaine (plus étendue et caractérisée par une part modale très forte des transports collectifs), nous affinons notre compréhension du cas niaméen en pointant ses spécificités, les tendances fortes (communes aux deux villes) et ses perspectives dans l'hypothèse d'une poursuite du « laisser-faire » dans la planification des transports collectifs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Les systèmes de transports collectifs des deux villes considérées supposent des fonctionnements spécifiques des espaces urbains les uns avec les autres, en l'occurrence très en faveur du centre-ville. En sélectionnant dans les deux villes quelques quartiers socialement et géographiquement contrastés, nous tenterons de faire le point sur les populations profitant ou non du système de transports collectifs. Nous verrons que les populations fortement contraintes les utilisent de manière très variable, et ce pour des raisons complexes liées à l'histoire des villes d'une part et aux caractéristiques socio-économiques et démographiques de leurs populations d'autre part.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00134580</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/45/80/PDF/SITRASS.pdf</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533609">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>Transport</text>
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                <text>ville</text>
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                <text>accessibilité</text>
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                <text>mobilité</text>
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                <text>Afrique</text>
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                <text>Niamey</text>
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                <text>Puebla</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>La non-planification des transports collectifs urbains et ses conséquences en termes d'usages : Les cas de Niamey(Niger) et de Puebla (Mexique)</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Ravalet, Emmanuel</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2007-03-02</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Grâce aux activités qui s'y déroulent, certains territoires attirent des citadins de plusieurs quartiers de l'agglomération. Ces lieux, autour desquels la ville s'articule, ne sont pas nécessairement utilisés par les mêmes citadins, pour les mêmes raisons, de la même manière et aux mêmes moments. Nous considèrerons donc dans cette étude l'attractivité relative des territoires urbains, relative car dépendante des individus considérés.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="533623">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00134585</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="533624">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/45/85/PDF/ASRDLF.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="533626">
                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="533627">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="533628">
                <text>mobilité</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="533629">
                <text>accessibilité</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="533630">
                <text>attractivité</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533631">
                <text>urbain</text>
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                <text>Niamey</text>
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                <text>Puebla</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="533634">
                <text>Mobilité quotidienne et attractivité relative des territoires urbains à Niamey (Niger) et Puebla (Mexique)</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>preprint</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644247">
                  <text>Urbanisation et sociétés urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text/>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>IRD</text>
                </elementText>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Ravault, François (ed.)</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>POLYNESIE FRANCAISE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363811">
                <text>TAHITI</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363812">
                <text>PAPEETE</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Ravault, François</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1987</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:30332</text>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:30332</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363818">
                <text>Ravault François. La formation de la ville coloniale. In : Ravault François (ed.).  Encyclopédie de la Polynésie. Vol. 9. Vivre en Polynésie 2. Papeete : C. Gleizal ; Multipress, 1987, p. 73-75. </text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FR</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>C. Gleizal</text>
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                <text>Multipress</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>HISTOIRE URBAINE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="363823">
                <text>HISTOIRE COLONIALE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363824">
                <text>AGGLOMERATION URBAINE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="363825">
                <text>URBANISME</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363826">
                <text>POLITIQUE URBAINE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="363827">
                <text>DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363828">
                <text>CROISSANCE URBAINE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363829">
                <text>GESTION URBAINE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363830">
                <text>ECONOMIE DE TRAITE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363831">
                <text>IMMIGRATION</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363832">
                <text>COLONIE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363833">
                <text>INTEGRATION SOCIALE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363834">
                <text>COMMERCE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="363835">
                <text>ARTISANAT</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>La formation de la ville coloniale</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="363837">
                <text>Encyclopédie de la Polynésie. Vol. 9. Vivre en Polynésie 2</text>
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          </element>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>text</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Urbanisation et sociétés urbaines</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text/>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; The city is widely regarded as the most characteristic expression of the social, cultural and economic formations of the Roman Empire. This was especially true in the Latin-speaking West, where urbanism was much less deeply ingrained than in the Greek-speaking East but where networks of cities grew up during the centuries following conquest and occupation. This up-to-date and well-illustrated synthesis provides students and specialists with an overview of the development of the city in Italy, Gaul, Britain, Germany, Spain and North Africa, whether their interests lie in ancient history, Roman archaeology or the wider history of urbanism. It accounts not only for the city's geographical and temporal spread and its associated monuments (such as amphitheatres and baths), but also for its importance to the rulers of the Empire as well as the provincials and locals.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Ray Laurence &lt;/b&gt;is Head of the Classical and Archaeological Studies Section of the School of European Culture and Languages, the University of Kent.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Simon Esmonde Cleary &lt;/b&gt;is a Reader in Roman Archaeology, Head of Archaeology and Deputy Director of the Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity at the University of Birmingham.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Gareth Sears &lt;/b&gt;is a Lecturer in Ancient History in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Birmingham.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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  La ville de Djibouti est confrontée depuis sa création à un déficit structurel de production d'eau par rapport aux besoins de sa population. Face à cette situation, l'Office National des Eaux de Djibouti a mis en place une stratégie de gestion de la pénurie qui se traduit par un certain nombre d'inégalités. Inégalité d'alimentation entre les espaces centraux de la ville, considérés comme prioritaires, et les périphéries urbaines qui reçoivent moins d'eau. Inégalité d'accès à l'eau entre les usagers solvables qui peuvent se raccorder au réseau et ceux qui ont recours au secteur informel pour leur alimentation. Inégalité enfin entre les consommateurs approvisionnés gratuitement en raison de leur statut socio-politique ou socio-ethnique et les autres qui paient leur consommation. 
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                <text>La politique gouvernementale de décentralisation, le déclin des vieilles régions industrielles, la crise et les politiques de redéploiement des entreprises ont produit une nouvelle géographie industrielle de la France. Les caractéristiques des bassins d'emploi sont devenues le facteur majeur des stratégies de localisation, en particulier l'intérêt pour les bassins d'emploi ruraux. Les villes industrielles ne sont pas toujours sans attrait mais souvent la reconversion des vieux bassins industriels est difficile, entraîne une déqualification de la main-d'œuvre ou remplace une main-d'œuvre masculine par une main-d'œuvre féminine non qualifiée. Dans le Nord et en Lorraine, le déclin industriel frappe à l'échelle régionale. Il ne faut pas perdre de vue que toute opération de (re)localisation industrielle modifie les dimensions et caractéristiques des bassins d'emploi.</text>
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Governmental decentralization policy, old industrial areas decline, crisis and entrepreneurial new location policies have led to a new industrial geography of France. Employment basins characteristics are now the main factor regarding location strategies, mainly an interest for rural ones. Old industrial towns are sometimes quite attractive, but more often reconversion is difficult in old industrial areas, or it leads to manpower dequalification, or yet to substitution of male manpower by a young unqualified female. In North and Lorraine, industrial decline affects the whole region. One must bear in mind that every industrial (re)location modifies employment basins dimensions and characteristics. </text>
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                <text>Guglielmo Raymond. Localisations industrielles et bassins d'emploi. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1985-2. Chômage, non-emploi, sous-emploi. pp. 375-394.</text>
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                <text>Localisations industrielles et bassins d'emploi</text>
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                <text>Recent work in the Casablanca area considerably modified earlier interpretations of its prolific Palaeolithic record. New results reported in this paper stress the absence of traces of a very early human occupation. The main part of the rich Acheulean sequence at casablanca dates from the second part of the Middle Pleistocene, though palaeomagnetic data suggests that the earliest traces of human activities date from before the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary (Thomas-1 quarry, level L). Throughout the Acheulean sequence the same lithic raw materials were used, which allows comparison of technological characteristics of the various assemblages.</text>
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                <text>The earliest occupation of Europe, W. ROEBROEKS &amp; T. VAN KOFSCHOTEN eds.</text>
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                <text>The earliest occupation of Europe, W. ROEBROEKS &amp; T. VAN KOFSCHOTEN eds.</text>
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                <text>The earliest occupation of Europe, W. ROEBROEKS &amp; T. VAN KOFSCHOTEN eds.</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory</text>
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                <text>[SDU:STU:ST] Sciences of the Universe/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy</text>
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                <text>[SDU:STU:PG] Sciences of the Universe/Earth Sciences/Paleontology</text>
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                <text>Morocco</text>
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                <text>Casablanca</text>
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                <text>Acheulean sequence</text>
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                <text>quarzites</text>
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                <text>biostratigraphy</text>
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                <text>The earliest occupation of Atlantic Morocco: the Casablanca evidence</text>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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                <text>Paris</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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                <text>Raynal, Jean-Paul</text>
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                <text>Sbihi Alaoui, Fatima-Zohra</text>
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                <text>Magoga, Lionel</text>
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                <text>Mohib, Abderrahim</text>
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                <text>Zouak, Mehdi</text>
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                <text>The mio-plio-pleistocene sequence at Casablanca covers the last six millions years. The age estimates for different phases of this sequence have been established by various methods : lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, absolute dating (OSL, ESR), palaeomagnetism and aminochronology. Mio-pliocene environments are characterized at extremely rich palaeontological sites (Lissasfa, Ahl-Al-Oughlam) but these have not yet yielded hominids remains.&lt;br /&gt;The oldest lithic assemblages are found in Late Lower Pleistocene deposits, circa 1 Ma, in unit L of Thomas Quarry 1, and consist of Acheulian artefacts made from quartzite and flint. The first human remains discovered in this area were found in younger Middle Pleistocene deposits and cover an important period of human evolution between Homo erectus and modern Homo. They are associated with Acheulian artefacts and rich faunas in caves (Littorines Cave at Sidi Abderrahmane, caves at Thomas Quarries 1 and 3). The variability of Acheulian assemblages is well documented following recent excavations in various sites around the well known locality of Sidi Abderrahmane (Ours Cave, Cap Chatelier, Unit L and Hominid Cave at Thomas Quarry 1, Rhinoceros Cave at Oulad Hamida Quarry 1, Sidi Abderrahmane Extension and Sidi Al Khadir open-air sites). The Casablanca sequence thus offers useful data for comparison with those from other African areas where hominids appeared and developed and should be considered in the debate on the earliest occupation of Europe.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00004042</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/03/23/46/PDF/Quaternaire_2002_JPR_al.pdf</text>
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                <text>Paléorivages de Casablanca. Stratigraphie et Préhistoire ancienne au Maroc atlantique</text>
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                <text>Paléorivages de casablanca. Stratigraphie et Préhistoire ancienne au Maroc atlantique</text>
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                <text>Paléorivages de casablanca. Stratigraphie et Préhistoire ancienne au Maroc atlantique</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ENVIR] Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies</text>
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                <text>Casablanca and the Earliest Occupation of North Atlantic Morocco</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537781">
                <text>Raynal, Jean-Paul</text>
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                <text>Sbihi-Alaoui, Fatima-Zohra</text>
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                <text>The long sequence at Casablanca covers the last 5.5 Ma. The oldest lithic assemblages are found in Late Lower Pleistocene deposits, circa 1 Ma, in unit L of Thomas Quarry 1, and consist of Acheulian artefacts made from quartzite and flint. The first human remains discovered in this area were found in younger Middle Pleistocene deposits and cover an important period of human evolution between Homo erectus and modern Homo. They are associated with Acheulian artefacts and rich faunas in caves (Littorines Cave at Sidi Abderrahmane, caves at Thomas Quarries 1 and 3). The variability of Acheulian assemblages is well documented following recent excavations in various sites around the well known locality of Sidi Abderrahmane (Bears Cave, Cap Chatelier, Unit L and Hominid Cave at Thomas Quarry 1, Rhino Cave at Oulad Hamida Quarry 1, Sidi Abderrahmane Extension and Sidi Al Khadir open-air sites). The Casablanca sequence offers useful data for comparison with those from other African areas where hominids appeared and developed and should be considered in the debate on the earliest occupation of Europe.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/03/48/00/PDF/QI_Durban_manuscrit.pdf</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537791">
                <text>Quaternary International</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537792">
                <text>ISSN:1040-6182</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537793">
                <text>Quaternary International</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537794">
                <text>Quaternary International</text>
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                <text>Open-air sites</text>
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                <text>MAROC, terre d'origines. Ss la direction de Jean-Paul Raynal, Fatima-Zohra Sbihi-Alaoui et Abdeljalil El Hajraoui, préface de Yves Coppens.</text>
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                <text>MAROC, terre d'origines. Ss la direction de Jean-Paul Raynal, Fatima-Zohra Sbihi-Alaoui et Abdeljalil El Hajraoui, préface de Yves Coppens.</text>
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                <text>MAROC, terre d'origines. Ss la direction de Jean-Paul Raynal, Fatima-Zohra Sbihi-Alaoui et Abdeljalil El Hajraoui, préface de Yves Coppens.</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory</text>
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                <text>[SHS:MUSEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Cultural heritage and museology</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537829">
                <text>[SHS:HISPHILSO] Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences</text>
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                <text>Maroc</text>
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                <text>Casablanca</text>
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                <text>préhistoire</text>
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                <text>historique</text>
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                <text>préservation</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Casablanca, patrimoine multiple, conservatoire unique</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Rabat</text>
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                <text>Morocco</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537842">
                <text>Magoga, Lionel</text>
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                <text>Mohib, Abderrahim</text>
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                <text>Zouak, Mehdi</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2004</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The Mio-Plio-Pleistocene sequence at Casablanca covers the last six millions years. The age estimates for different phases of this sequence have been established by various methods: lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, absolute dating (OSL, ESR), palaeomagnetism and aminochronology. Mio-Pliocene environments are characterized at extremely rich palaeontological sites (Lissasfa, Ahl-Al-Oughlam) but these have not yet yielded hominids remains. The oldest lithic assemblages are found in Late Lower Pleistocene deposits, circa 1 Ma, in unit L of Thomas Quarry 1, and consist of Acheulian artefacts made from quartzite and flint. The first human remains discovered in this area were found in younger Middle Pleistocene deposits and cover an important period of human evolution between Homo erectus and modern Homo. They are associated with Acheulian artefacts and rich faunas in caves (Littorines Cave at Sidi Abderrahmane, caves at Thomas Quarries 1 and 3). The variability and the chronology of the Acheulian sequence is well documented following recent excavations in various sites around the well known locality of Sidi Abderrahmane (Ours Cave, Cap Chatelier, Unit L and Hominid Cave at Thomas Quarry 1, Rhinoceros Cave at Oulad Hamida Quarry 1, Sidi Abderrahmane Extension and Sidi Al Khadir open-air sites). The Casablanca sequence thus offers useful data for comparison with those from other African areas where hominids appeared and developed and should be considered in the debate on the earliest occupation of Europe.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537847">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00004035</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537848">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/03/23/25/PDF/BAM_XX-2.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="537849">
                <text>ENG</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537850">
                <text>Bulletin d'Archéologie marocaine</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537851">
                <text>Bulletin d'Archéologie marocaine</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537852">
                <text>Bulletin d'Archéologie marocaine</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537853">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537854">
                <text>Morocco</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537855">
                <text>Casablanca</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537856">
                <text>geofacts</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537857">
                <text>Acheulian</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537858">
                <text>quartzites</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537859">
                <text>hominids</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="537860">
                <text>The Lower Palaeolithic Sequence of Atlantic Morocco Revisited After Recent Excavations at Casablanca</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537861">
                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Histoire urbaine</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644269">
                  <text>revue publiée par Société française d'histoire urbaine</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>CAIRN</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="447933">
                <text>65</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="447934">
                <text>Raynaud, Dominique</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2009</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>      La crise de la profession d'architecte est souvent expliquée par l'impact desdeux chocs pétroliers sur le secteur du bâtiment. Plusieurs années de croissancecontraignent à modifier ce diagnostic. En dépit des récents records affichés par leBâtiment, les architectes disent toujours exercer une « profession sinistrée », ce quine peut plus être le signe d'une crise économique. Les deux hypothèses concurrentes, crise économique vs. crise de légitimité, sont testées sur la période prospèredes Trente Glorieuses. Tous les signes de la crise actuelle sont déjà présents dansles témoignages d'architectes de ces années-là, qui décrivent les conséquencesnéfastes de la pénétration sur le marché des bureaux d'études et des revendications d'indépendance d'un nombre croissant d'acteurs.    </text>
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                <text>http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=RHU_025_0127</text>
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                <text>fre</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Cairn</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Histoire urbaine, n 25, 2, 2009-10-23, pp.127-145</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="447941">
                <text>La « crise invisible » des architectes dans les Trente Glorieuses</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="508320">
                <text>Raynaud, Dominique</text>
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                <text>2009</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>La crise de la profession d'architecte est souvent expliquée par l'impact des deux chocs pétroliers sur le secteur du bâtiment. Plusieurs années de croissance contraignent à modifier ce diagnostic. En dépit des récents records affichés par le Bâtiment, les architectes disent toujours exercer une « profession sinistrée », ce qui ne peut plus être le signe d'une crise économique. Les deux hypothèses concurrentes, crise économique vs. crise de légitimité, sont testées sur la période prospère des Trente Glorieuses. Tous les signes de la crise actuelle sont déjà présents dans les témoignages d'architectes de ces années-là, qui décrivent les conséquences néfastes de la pénétration sur le marché des bureaux d'études et des revendications d'indépendance d'un nombre croissant d'acteurs.</text>
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                <text>Conception</text>
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                <text>La « crise invisible » des architectes dans les Trente Glorieuses</text>
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                <text>Pourquoi les architectes subissent-ils une crise de légitimité durable dans les pays démocratiques, alors que, dans la plupart d'entre eux, le recours à l'architecte est fixé par la loi? On observe que l'organisation du travail de conception et de maîtrise d'oeuvre prend aujourd'hui les traits d'un partenariat concurrentiel à tendance égalitariste. De cela découle la crise de la profession d'architecte, qui tient essentiellement à l'érosion des pouvoirs de l'architecte face aux autres acteurs. Ce fait ne manque pas d'évoquer un paradigme tocquevillien: la passion de l'égalité qui règne dans les sociétés démocratiques tend à abolir les différences de statut. La pertinence du paradigme est évaluée en comparant les effets pervers décrits par les acteurs du bâtiment avec les conséquences de l'égalitarisme prédites par Tocqueville. Enfin, l'article se demande pourquoi le phénomène égalitaire n'a touché les architectes qu'à partir de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle.</text>
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                <text>The Tocqueville Review</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>démocratie</text>
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                <text>légitimité</text>
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                <text>crise</text>
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                <text>profession</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>La profession d'architecte à l'épreuve de l'égalitarisme contemporain</text>
              </elementText>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Raynaud, Dominique</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="516469">
                <text>Les sociologues de l'art expliquent généralement les représentations et valeurs esthétiques par des déterminants traditionnels (elles sont contractées par habitude) ou affectuels (elles naissent dans un rapport émotionnel à l'oeuvre d'art). Une série de quatre expérimentations portant sur la construction des valeurs et représentations architecturales montre que les déterminants rationnels ne doivent pas être sous-estimés dans ce processus. Les valeurs et les représentations esthétiques sont assimilables à des inférences rationnelles dont la production obéit au principe de moindre action de Maupertuis.</text>
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                <text>Arquitetura Revista</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>architecture</text>
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                <text>rationalité</text>
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                <text>La construction des représentations sociales de l'architecture</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Cet article étudie le processus de conception en architecture. Deux cas sont à distinguer lorsqu'on doit expliquer le passage d'un état à un autre du projet architectural: 1) Le changement d'état induit une transformation du modèle morphologique, auquel cas il faut introduire l'opérateur schème pour décrire l'opération de conception (Raynaud 1999); 2) Le changement d'état ne suppose pas une telle transformation et consiste seulement en un ajustement dimensionnel. L'article étudie ce dernier cas sur plusieurs projets (Gio Ponti, Sebastiano Serlio, Villard de Honnecourt) et montre qu'il faut encore recourir à l'opérateur schème pour décrire complètement l'opération de conception. Mais l'architecturologie considérant l'échelle comme un opérateur de conception, la relation entre schème et échelle doit être clarifiée. L'article examine les raisons conduisant à qualifier l'échelle et le schème de co-opérateurs de la conception architecturale.</text>
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                <text>conception architecturale</text>
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                <text>opérations</text>
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                <text>Le schème, opérateur de la conception architecturale, II: Le cas de la conservation du modèle morphologique</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>Paris</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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                <text>1999</text>
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                <text>La notion de “forme urbaine” est employée régulièrement par les urbanistes, architectes, géographes et sociologues urbains. Elle présente un spectre de significations extrêmement large que l'article tente de circonscrire. Après avoir montré que la polysémie de la notion repose à la fois sur le laxisme terminologique de ces disciplines et sur la complexité même de la notion de forme (qui relève de trois familles étymologiques et sémantiques fort prolixes), il est proposé, non pas de régulariser l'usage de cette notion-piège, mais plutôt de préciser celui de concepts alternatifs (type urbain, tissu urbain, composition urbaine, modèle urbain, représentation urbaine, projet urbain, plan urbain) qui peuvent utilement se substituer à celui de forme urbaine.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00006241</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="537419">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/04/93/33/PDF/Forme_urbaine-LSPU.pdf</text>
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                <text>Le schème: opérateur de la conception architecturale</text>
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