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&#13;
Un vade-mecum à l’usage des étudiants, en même temps qu’une synthèse claire et éclairante sur la pratique actuelle de l’architecture.&#13;
&#13;
Préface de François Chaslin&#13;
&#13;
Robert Prost, ingénieur et architecte, est professeur honoraire à L’École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Paris-Malaquais. Son expérience professionnelle s’articule sur trois axes: enseignant, chercheur, chargé de mission / consultant. Son activité professionnelle s’est déployée en France, en Grande- Bretagne, au Canada et aux USA. Il est l’auteur de nombreux ouvrages, d’articles et de rapports sur l’architecture, le processus de conception, les pratiques de projet, l’éducation et la recherche, la planification et les sciences de l’action.</text>
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Un exemple de vandalisme municipal sous la monarchie de Juillet 
La destruction de l'ancien Hôtel-Dieu d'Orléans, qui s'élevait aux abords de la 
cathédrale Sainte Croix, s'impose comme l'une des plus éclatantes démonstrations 
du vandalisme sous la monarchie de Juillet. Décidée par le conseil municipal, 
encouragée par le Conseil général du Loiret, elle avait été souhaitée dès la fin du 
règne de Louis XV, pour des raisons cumulées d'hygiène publique et d'aménagement urbain. Ce projet heurta de front la jeune Commission des monuments 
historiques, instituée en 1837 pour coordonner une politique nationale de protection monumentale. Elle convainquit son ministre de tutelle de l'interdire dans un 
premier temps, puis d'en limiter la portée. L'affaire s'envenima progressivement 
jusqu'au conflit ouvert entre élus locaux, prêts à la démission collective, et le 
pouvoir d'Etat, qui préféra céder, de guerre lasse et par souci de conciliation. 
Tout fut rasé, jusqu'à la belle salle Saint-Lazare élevée dans la seconde décennie 
du XVIe siècle. L'événement, stigmatisé par les pionniers de la défense du patrimoine que furent Mérimée et Montalembert, illustre le difficile cheminement dans 
l'opinion de l'idée de protection monumentale.
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                <text>L'agglomération urbaine de Lima et Callao (9 millions d'habitants) se prépare à un séisme de grande magnitude susceptible de provoquer une crise majeure. Face à cette crise à venir, quelles connaissances peut-on produire sur la vulnérabilité du territoire urbain ? Cette recherche propose de poser les jalons d'une géographie de la gestion de crise à partir de la question de l'accessibilité aux soins à Lima et Callao. C'est une géographie urbaine à la croisée des problématiques du risque, de la crise et de la santé d'urgence, qui aborde frontalement les dimensions spatiales et territoriales de la gestion des situations de crise. La problématique de recherche s'appuie sur un panorama de grandes crises urbaines et propose une analyse critique des paradigmes de gestion des risques et des crises. Innovante, cette approche géographique impose de saisir conjointement la complexité des situations de crises et la vulnérabilité des grandes agglomérations urbaines. Partant de l'idée que la gestion de crise consiste à mettre en relation des ressources utiles au moment de l'évènement et des espaces vulnérables à secourir en priorité, une base de données géoréférencées des ressources de santé d'urgence à Lima a été construite et utilisée pour analyser les dimensions spatiales et territoriales de la gestion de crise. Différentes vulnérabilités sont mises en évidence : celles des hôpitaux majeurs, celles du dispositif de soins, et celles de la population à travers l'accessibilité aux soins en situation de crise. Elles contribuent toutes à la compréhension de la vulnérabilité du territoire. Ainsi, cette recherche propose de faire de la gestion de crise un véritable objet de recherche de la géographie, capable d'éclairer les questions urbaines au-delà de la problématique des risques et des crises. Elle propose de décrypter la vulnérabilité à partir d'une lecture conjointe des dimensions spatiales et territoriales de la gestion de crise au moment de l'événement et des processus de construction de la ville sur le temps long. Cette géographie de la crise dépasse le clivage entre prévention des risques et préparation à la gestion de crise en s'inscrivant dans un continuum risque / crise, et réintroduit le territoire et le politique au cœur de la problématique des risques et des crises en milieu urbain.</text>
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                <text>Combes, Didier</text>
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                <text>Interactions among social, faunistic, and floristic groups define new ecologies and cultural dynamics in nightscapes. Our inquiry is concerned with the interdependence between biophysical and semantic processes informed by the artificial lighting of urban public gardens and parks. The issues arising from such processes pertain to life sciences, technology, history, or anthropology. We have applied our research to two particular cases which had integrated lighting in their initial design: the parks of La Villette in Paris and Gerland in Lyon. We present three different protocols of nightscape ambiance analysis: physical-sensitive, quantitative-qualitative, and phyto-physiological. Our purpose is to further engage with other disciplines and extend our approach to historical gardens.</text>
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                <text>Ambiances in action. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Ambiances / Ambiances en acte(s). Actes du 2nd Congrès International sur les Ambiances</text>
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                <text>Extérieur nuit. Pour une anthropologie biophysique et culturelle du paysage nocturne des parcs urbains</text>
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                <text>Lille</text>
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                <text>Following a process initiated in Europe more than two centuries ago, coasts have been attracting tourists, second home owners and permanent inhabitants for being nice places to live in. Among factors explaining this increase of population, landscape aesthetics and coastal sceneries haven't been studied deeply while they count among the emerging concerns for a better management of coastal zones. Particularly, knowing more about sea visibility can be of upmost importance. Indeed, sea is a key component of coastal landscape and identifying coastal areas submitted to sea viewing can help in determining areas being more “coastal” than others. Secondly, precisely because they are submitted to sea viewing, some areas are subject to possible developments. Very much coveted, they suffer from strong competition for land ownership, as living in a place enjoying sea view is much appreciated. Thus, mapping sea visibility from the coast can be a “tool” to highlight sensitive areas where landscape management, within the frame of integrated coastal zone management, is necessary. This paper deals with our partnership with a coastal town on the French Riviera aimed at investigating how sea visibility mapping can be integrated into land planning. This work is worth being known as it shows a successful practice in terms of ICZM and it demonstrates the use which can be made of sea visibility maps.</text>
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                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/52/19/05/PDF/SRobert_Littoral2008.pdf</text>
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                <text>Le littoral : subir, dire, agir</text>
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                <text>Le littoral : subir, dire, agir</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>GIZC</text>
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                <text>urbanisme</text>
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                <text>visibilité de la mer</text>
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                <text>Côte d'Azur</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Contribution à une gestion intégrée de la zone côtière : l'exemple de la prise en compte de la vue sur mer dans l'urbanisme de Vallauris (Côte d'Azur, France)</text>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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                <text>Robert, Samuel</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Cette thèse s'intéresse aux interactions urbanisation – paysage pour comprendre et anticiper les dynamiques du territoire en zone littorale. Depuis plusieurs décennies, les côtes européennes et méditerranéennes sont gagnées par l'artificialisation produite par l'économie résidentielle et touristique. La question du rôle du paysage dans les causes de cette urbanisation, mais aussi dans sa possible régulation, se pose donc avec intérêt. Dans ce contexte, l'étude de la vue sur la mer, quintessence du paysage littoral, apparaît essentielle. L'hypothèse de son influence sur l'urbanisation et, simultanément, celle de l'intérêt d'une connaissance géographique de la visibilité de la mer pour aider à la gestion de l'espace côtier est donc formulée. Pour démontrer l'effet de la vue sur mer sur l'urbanisation du littoral, la thèse propose une méthode de cartographie des espaces soumis à la vue sur mer et s'appuie sur l'étude de la relation spatiale entre visibilité de la mer et occupation du sol. La démonstration est réalisée sur deux territoires littoraux méditerranéens, dont le développement territorial doit beaucoup aux données du paysage : la Côte d'Azur, en France, et la Riviera du Ponant, en Italie. La démarche est menée à deux échelles et à plusieurs niveaux d'analyse de l'espace géographique, avec les outils et les méthodes de traitement de l'information à référence spatiale (le SIG est au cœur du dispositif). Une fois validée, elle est mise à profit pour étayer l'idée que la connaissance de la vue sur mer peut être instaurée en outil urbanistique. Ceci consiste en une expérimentation menée en partenariat avec une commune côtière des Alpes-Maritimes.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00442279</text>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/44/22/79/PDF/These_SRobert.pdf</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>littoral</text>
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                <text>urbanisation</text>
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                <text>paysage</text>
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                <text>analyse de visibilité</text>
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                <text>SIG</text>
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                <text>Côte d'Azur</text>
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                <text>Riviera du Ponant</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>La vue sur mer et l'urbanisation du littoral. Approche géographique et cartographique sur la Côte d'Azur et la Riviera du Ponant</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>PhD thesis</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="480499">
                <text>Robert, Sandrine</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Dès la fin du XIXe siècle, géographes, architectes et archéologues ont fait le constat de la permanence de formes anciennes du paysage dans le parcellaire. Aux principes de transmission traditionnellement invoqués comme le maintien d'une trace matérielle ou le rôle du juridique et de l'adaptation technique, il faut ajouter une logique topologique des formes en plan. Des emprises sont réactivées et se maintiennent, dans un changement incessant des constructions. La dynamique est produite par une interaction entre un potentiel de forme et la société qui les réinvestit tout en les transformant.</text>
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                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/37/10/92/PDF/Et.RurArt.pdf</text>
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                <text>Etudes Rurales</text>
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                <text>ISSN:0014-2182</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory</text>
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                <text>Morphologie</text>
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                <text>archéologie</text>
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                <text>résilience</text>
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                <text>transmission</text>
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                <text>parcellaire</text>
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                <text>réseau routier</text>
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                <text>Val-d'Oise</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Comment les formes se transmettent-elles ?</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="517094">
                <text>Robert, Sandrine</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="517095">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Ce travail montre l'apport de l'étude archéologique des dynamiques des réseaux de voies, d'habitat et du parcellaire pour l'aménagement du territoire. Dans la première partie, nous montrons que la recherche morphologique en architecture, géographie et archéologie a reposé sur des séparations conceptuelles entre passé/présent, local/global, forme/flux. Dans la deuxième partie, nous tentons de les dépasser par des études à la croisée de l'archéologie et de l'aménagement. En archéologie préventive, les choix techniques ont déplacé le point de vue, de l'évaluation du passé à celle d'un présent enrichi par celui-ci. En aménagement, la résilience des réseaux routiers s'appuie sur une construction spatiale intégrant des temporalités anciennes. Dans la synthèse, nous montrons que les approches traditionnelles sur le passé appauvrissent les potentiels des réseaux. L'utilisation d'un SIG apporte alors des moyens pratiques pour associer des formes aux temporalités complexes.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00371063</text>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/37/10/63/PDF/Tome1.pdf</text>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/37/10/63/PDF/Tome_2.pdf</text>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/37/10/63/ANNEX/liste.pdf</text>
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                <text>Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I</text>
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                <text>[SHS:HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences</text>
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                <text>ETAT NUTRITIONNEL</text>
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                <text>Cartographie et « paramètres géostatistiques» 

L'auteur décrit ici les activités de l'Institut Central Statistique d'Italie qui tendent à obtenir les buts suivants : 
a) la publication d'un Atlas statistique incluant à peu près 400 cartogrammes qui représentent la distribution territoriale des phénomènes démographiques, économiques et sociaux, 
b) la préparation d'un volume qui décrit les caractéristiques de ces distributions en employant des « paramètres géostatistiques », 
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                <text>A description is given of activities of the Central Institute of Statistics of Italy directed toward: 
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b) the preparation of a volume summarizing the characteristics of those distributions by means of «geostatistical parameters», 
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                <text>Bachi Roberto. Rational Maps and Parameters of Geographical-Statistical Data . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1989-3. Spécial numéro vingt - Special twentieth issue. pp. 337-348.</text>
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                <text>Geostatistical parameters ; Methodology ; Rational maps.</text>
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                <text>Paramètres géostatistiques ; Méthodologie ; Cartographie statistique.</text>
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                <text>Rational Maps and Parameters of Geographical-Statistical Data </text>
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                <text>Robette, Nicolas</text>
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                <text>Un large courant de recherche en sciences sociales vise à l'identification de catégories d'analyse intermédiaires, entre individu et population, parmi lesquelles figure la notion d'espace de vie. Cette notion est initialement proposée en géographie, puis des démographes, le plus souvent intéressés par les migrations, s'en emparent : l'individu n'est plus rattaché uniquement à son lieu de résidence mais à l'ensemble des lieux avec lesquels il est en rapport. &lt;br /&gt;La mise en œuvre empirique de la description d'espaces de vie en démographie nécessite deux étapes préalables : délimiter les contours de l'espace de vie étudié, selon les différentes dimensions qui le caractérisent, et trouver les corpus de données spécifiques nécessaires. &lt;br /&gt;Plusieurs types d'espaces de vie sont ainsi explorés et des indicateurs à même de les synthétiser dans une approche quantitative sont proposés. Ces espaces sont tout d'abord définis à un moment donné. Néanmoins, l'espace et le temps se combinent. D'une part, les lieux qui constituent les espaces de vie changent. D'autre part, les espaces de vie évoluent au fil de la trajectoire des individus. La complexité de la succession de ces transformations amène à envisager des trajectoires, de manière globale, qui forment ce que l'on peut appeler l'espace de toute une vie. Leur analyse nécessite de recourir à des méthodes adaptées : des approches novatrices de construction de typologies de trajectoires.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519588">
                <text>Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I</text>
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                <text>[SHS:HISPHILSO] Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences</text>
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                <text>De l'espace de vie à l'espace d'une vie : décrire les espaces de vie individuels</text>
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                  <text>Créée en 1986, Strates. Matériaux pour la recherche en sciences sociales est la revue du Laboratoire dynamiques sociales et recomposition des espaces (Ladyss). Regroupant géographes et sociologues, la revue est aussi ouverte à des chercheurs d’autres disciplines. Strates publie des matériaux, des réflexions sur des travaux en cours, des comparaisons avec des recherches étrangères, des débats, des éléments de méthodes, des travaux de doctorants, des jalons de recherche, des bibliographies commentées, des chronologies, cherchant ainsi à valoriser des moments importants du métier de chercheur non prisés dans l’espace habituel des publications.</text>
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                <text>Robic, Marie-Claire</text>
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                <text>Les explications relevant de l'adaptation d'un savoir rétrospectif et contextuel à l'expertise ne rendent pas complètement compte des ambiguïtés de l'intervention des géographes dans l'élaboration de la politique des métropoles d'équilibre. On montre que leur conversion des années soixante à la métropolisation s'ancre dans une tradition mineure de recherches sur l'articulation des relations spatiales modernes par les grandes villes régionales et d'adhésion à l'idée de politiques territoriales ; mais tout s'est passé comme si les enjeux symboliques du repli post-colonial gommaient ceux d'une concentration urbaine « post-industrielle », à la faveur de la polysémie du terme de métropole, des vertus d'une « polis » retrouvée, et de l'adoption du concept flou de polarisation. </text>
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                <text> Geographers and the « métropoles d'équilibre » policy  How geographers happened to get involved in the setting up of the policy called « Métropoles d'équilibre » is rather difficult to trace. In spite of rétrospective explanations taking into account circumstances and knowledge, their part still seems to keep some ambiguous scientific positions. This paper shows that, during the sixties, the new belief in the necessary development of régional capitals came out of a minor research trend concerning the spatial network weaved by urban régional centres and the cmerging idea of territorial policics. But ail happened as if the symbolic challenges of the post-colonial withdrawal were rubbing out those of the post-industrial urban growth. Moreovcr, the use of the polysemous word of « métropole » was jointly recalling the cherished « polis » and agrceing the rather vague concept of polarization. </text>
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                <text>Métropole/Métropole. Les géographes et les métropoles d'équilibre</text>
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                <text>, politique culturelle, aménagement urbain, identité, littérature, représentations, marxisme, capitalisme, citadin, culture urbaine, Chine, China, Visser Robin</text>
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                <text>Duke University Press  </text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;Denounced as parasitical under Chairman Mao and devalued by the norms of traditional Chinese ethics, the city now functions as a site of individual and collective identity in China. Cities envelop the countryside, not only geographically and demographically, but also in terms of cultural impact. Robin Visser illuminates the cultural dynamics of three decades of radical urban development in China. Interpreting fiction, cinema, visual art, architecture, and urban design, she analyzes how the aesthetics of the urban environment have shaped the emotions and behavior of individuals and cultures, and how individual and collective images of and practices in the city have produced urban aesthetics. In relating the built environment to culture, Visser situates postsocialist Chinese urban aesthetics within local and global economic and intellectual trends.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; In the 1980s, writers, filmmakers, and artists began to probe the contradictions in China&amp;rsquo;s urbanization policies and rhetoric. Powerful neorealist fiction, cinema, documentaries, paintings, photographs, performances, and installations contrasted forms of glitzy urban renewal with the government&amp;rsquo;s inattention to a livable urban infrastructure. Narratives and images depicting the melancholy urban subject came to illustrate ethical quandaries raised by urban life. Visser relates her analysis of this art to major transformations in urban planning under global neoliberalism, to the development of cultural studies in the Chinese academy, and to ways that specific cities, particularly Beijing and Shanghai, figure in the cultural imagination. Despite the environmental and cultural destruction caused by China&amp;rsquo;s neoliberal policies, Visser argues for the emergence of a new urban self-awareness, one that offers creative resolutions for the dilemmas of urbanism through new forms of intellectual engagement in society and nascent forms of civic governance.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Robin Visser&lt;/b&gt; is Associate Professor of Chinese at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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        <name>China</name>
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        <name>Chine</name>
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                <text> Carmona, Michel. Directeur de thèse </text>
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                <text>Robin-Clerc, Michèle</text>
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                <text>Extrait de l'introduction :    Il s’agit d’étudier, dans le contexte des risques majeurs et du développement durable, l’urbanisme et l’architecture de l’agglomération de Pointe-à-Pitre. Cette petite ville de 23 000 âmes, sous-préfecture de la Guadeloupe, située au centre d’un bassin d’habitat de 132 000 personnes, est soumise à plusieurs risques.  Nous avons analysé trois formes urbaines principales : un îlot d’habitat spontané, l’îlot Calvaire aux Abymes, un groupe de 4 îlots du centre ancien de Pointe-à-Pitre et un îlot de la rénovation urbaine, la résidence Les Seuils aux Abymes ; nous avons étudié ces îlots en détail, en les rattachant à notre analyse globale de l’agglomération, afin de voir comment ils peuvent être affectés par les risques majeurs et quelles seraient les améliorations à apporter à leur urbanisme et à leur architecture afin d’en réduire la vulnérabilité.</text>
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                <text>http://www.theses.paris4.sorbonne.fr/these_robin_clerc/paris4/2006/these_robin_clerc/html/index-frames.html</text>
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                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/307</text>
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                <text>Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV</text>
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                <text>Guadeloupe, Point-à-Pitre, risque naturel, développement durable</text>
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                <text>Géographie et aménagement</text>
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                <text>Une analyse architecturale et urbaine de l’agglomération de Pointe-à-Pitre et des Abymes en Guadeloupe du point de vue des risques majeurs et du développement durable</text>
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                <text>Montreal</text>
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                <text>Robin, Julie</text>
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                <text>As an architect and urban planner, the fact of considering each major city as a potential metropolis raises several questions: some cities have a marketing and political issue; the rest require a spatial planning strategy... From which basis should the architect-planner work? Isn't there a danger of contributing to a disembodied, smooth and homogenous vision of a district that bears no resemblance to reality? It seems therefore necessary to consider a cross-functional approach that can place the individual at the heart of each space while questioning the scale of the city. My approach questions the resonance between "body-space" and "individual-society" at multiple scales, ranging from the metropolis to the smallest architectural object: the objective is to understand the dialogues, the borders and the gaps that each space brings into play.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00745530</text>
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                <text>Ambiances in action. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Ambiances / Ambiances en acte(s). Actes du 2nd Congrès International sur les Ambiances</text>
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                <text>Ambiances in action / Ambiances en acte(s) - International Congress on Ambiances, Montreal 2012</text>
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                <text>De la métropole au trottoir - Saisir la ville à travers l'individu, saisir l'espace à travers le corps</text>
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                <text>Un projet de cartographie des types de surface (intégrant la 3D) et de leur albédo sur la ville de Nantes est envisagé en utilisant l’imagerie SPOT. Cette carte devra être insérée dans une base de données urbaine existante pour servir à évaluer les flux de chaleurs sensible et latente, préalable indispensable à la compréhension du micro-climat urbain.</text>
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                <text>L'émigration internationale à Dakar : au coeur des nouveaux trafics mondiaux</text>
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