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                <text>Guéranger, David</text>
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                <text>L'article examine le long processus de production de la loi ATR de 1992 depuis les travaux préparatoires de l'administration jusqu'aux débats parlementaires. Ceci lui permet de mettre à jour le rôle des associations d'élus locaux, en particulier des élites urbaines.</text>
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                <text>Structuration des pouvoirs locaux et réforme de l'intercommunalité</text>
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                <text>Frère, Séverine</text>
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                <text>Adoptant une approche historique, cet article présente les interactions entre la construction intercommunale et la dynamique des transports publics dans l'arrondissement de Valenciennes. À la veille de l'adoption de la loi ATR (1992), l'espace de gestion des transports urbains, presque équivalent à celui de l'arrondissement, apparaît comme le référentiel fonctionnel pour la planification et les projets d'aménagement. Ensuite, la fragmentation intercommunale très importante provoquée par la création de nombreuses communautés de communes (1992-1993) contribue à maintenir le cloisonnement des transports publics et constitue une difficulté supplémentaire pour le développement d'un projet de tramway à l'échelle de l'agglomération. Enfin, la dernière partie de l'article illustre les effets controversés de l'exacerbation des leaderships politiques dans la recherche de la cohérence spatiale et intersectorielle préconisée par la loi Chevènement.</text>
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                <text>Structuration intercommunale et rôle des politiques de transports publics dans le Valenciennois</text>
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                <text>Aguiléra, Anne</text>
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                <text>Mignot, Dominique</text>
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                <text>Les évolutions rapides de la mobilité urbaine des personnes et surtout la croissance du trafic automobile posent des problèmes aigus, qui rendent stratégique la connaissance des déterminants des pratiques de mobilité. A côté des paramètres socio-démographiques et économiques relativement bien connus que sont le sexe, l'age ou encore le revenu, les caractéristiques des déplacements dépendent aussi de l'organisation des localisations intra-urbaines des résidences et des activités économiques. Un allongement des distances et la place croissante de la voiture s'expliquent en grande partie, semble-t-il, par l'émergence de nouvelles configurations spatiales plus étalées, voire multipolaires. Un des moyens d'aborder la question du lien entre les formes urbaines et la mobilité est de comparer des agglomérations très différentes en termes de répartition des localisations et de déterminer dans quelle mesure ces différences influent sur les déplacements. Les résultats que nous présentons sont issus d'un travail de recherche en cours qui vise à comparer les aires urbaines de Marseille-Aix-en-Provence, Lyon, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Dijon et Saint-Etienne. Seuls les déplacements domicile-travail ont été pris en compte. Les premiers résultats suggèrent qu'il existe des écarts significatifs entre les aires urbaines encore fortement centrées et les autres plus intensément soumises à l'étalement urbain. Les différences que nous avons pu mettre en évidence dans le cadre des trajets domicile-travail concernent la géographie des flux, l'utilisation des différents modes de transport et surtout la dissociation entre les lieux d'habitat et les lieux d'emploi, laquelle est moins prononcé dans les aires urbaines où le centre a conservé un rôle majeur. Localisation intra-urbaine; Mobilité domicile-travail; Centralité; Périphérisation</text>
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                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00542236</text>
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                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/54/22/36/PDF/2003_dest_aguilera_structures_des_localisations_intraurbaines_et_mobilite_domicile_travail.pdf</text>
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                <text>Structure des localisations intra urbaines et mobilité domicile -travail</text>
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                <text>Drevelle, Matthieu</text>
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                <text>Les dynamiques de périurbanisation, à l'œuvre depuis les années 1970, ont engendré un éclatement de la ville qui provoque de nombreux flux entre les couronnes périurbaines et les villes-centres. Toutefois, la déconcentration des emplois complique ce schéma avec l'émergence de pôles secondaires dans les banlieues et les couronnes. Cette nouvelle organisation de la ville pose la question de l'organisation spatiale des navettes domicile-travail dans les espaces multipolarisés. À partir de l'exemple de Montpellier, cet article explore la méthode du blockmodeling pour comprendre et représenter le fonctionnement des territoires sous influence urbaine. http://mappemonde.mgm.fr/num35/articles/art12304.html</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/76/10/54/PDF/Drevelle_Mappemonde107.pdf</text>
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                <text>Blockmodeling</text>
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                <text>Structure des navettes domicile-travail et polarités secondaires autour de Montpellier</text>
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                <text>157-168</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Nicolas Brouard</text>
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                <text>1986</text>
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                <text>Population structure and dynamics: the later-life pyramid. 

In demography and more generally in statistics, the positive (forward looking) direc- tion of time is privileged: the present behaviour of individuals is determined by previous events. Thus current demographic events may be explained in part by other later events. Here we describe the French population dynamics over the last century with later-life pyramids, that are, pyramids where individuals are classified according to the time left to live. These descriptions show not only the importance of the two world wars, but also for the present period, that of the ageing of the population due to the mortality decline.</text>
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                <text>En démographie, et plus généralement en statistique, le sens positif du temps est pri- vilégié : le comportement actuel d'un individu est conditionné par ses agissements passés. Il est possible de décrire des situations démographiques en fonction de critères de durée où la causabilité est inversée. Le temps est alors compté négativement. Ici, nous décrivons la dynamique de la population française depuis un siècle avec des pyramides des années à vivre, c'est-à- dire où les individus sont classés suivant le délai qui leur reste à vivre. Ces descriptions montrent non seulement l'importance des guerres, mais aussi pour la période présente, l'importance de la baisse de la mortalité dans le vieillissement de la population.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="376137">
                <text>Brouard Nicolas. Structure et dynamique des populations. La pyramide des années à vivre, aspects nationaux et exemples régionaux . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1986-2. Visages de la population de la France - Faces of french population. pp. 157-168.</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>fre</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="376141">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="376142">
                <text>demographic dynamics ; later-life pyramids.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="376143">
                <text>Dynamique démographique ; pyramides des années à vivre.</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="376144">
                <text>Structure et dynamique des populations. La pyramide des années à vivre, aspects nationaux et exemples régionaux </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
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              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644238">
                  <text>Autres serveurs</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644240">
                  <text>Crévilles</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
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        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="191009">
                <text> Grimmeau, Jean-Pierre. Directeur de thèse </text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="191010">
                <text>Wayens, Benjamin</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="191011">
                <text>2006</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="191012">
                <text>Ce travail analyse la localisation du commerce de détail bruxellois sous l'angle des facteurs de localisation différentielle, c'est-à-dire en examinant les caractéristiques des lieux qui ont une influence sur le fonctionnement du commerce, en terme de chiffre d'affaire ou de bénéfice, qui contribuent à la survie d'un commerce et qui engendrent des localisations diverses selon les types de commerces. Pour mettre en évidence ces facteurs, les analyses exploitent le postulat selon lequel la localisation à un moment donné d’un commerce ayant certaines caractéristiques répond à des contraintes, les facteurs de localisation, qui sont prises en compte de manière explicite ou implicite. La géographie du commerce dans la ville à un moment donné en traduit l'influence combinée.  L'analyse mobilise un inventaire détaillé décrivant la localisation du commerce bruxellois en 1997. Une première exploitation, dans une logique déductive, a permis de tester systématiquement l'effet de distinctions spatiales jugées pertinentes sur la structure des fonctions commerciales. Cela a surtout eu pour objet de mettre en évidence, sur une base empirique cohérente (unité de temps, de lieu et de nomenclature), la sensibilité des divers types de commerces aux facteurs de localisation différentielle les plus communément cités (hiérarchie, micro-centralité, spécialisation, standing, population non-résidentes, caractéristiques de l'environnement et du bâtiment). Pour ce faire, on a d'abord cherché à classer les lieux selon leurs propriétés vis-à-vis du facteur de localisation considéré et à discerner si ces différenciations contribuaient à moduler les profils de localisation des différents types de commerces.  Sur base de ce profil de localisation, la réponse des types de commerces aux contraintes imposées par le facteur de localisation et les mécanismes de différenciation qu'il entraîne ont été mis en lumière. Enfin, le classement des types de commerces vis-à-vis de chaque facteur de localisation différentielle a servi à construire de nouveaux indicateurs permettant de décrire les caractéristiques et le fonctionnement de l'espace commercial sur la base d'inventaires commerciaux.  Une seconde démarche, dans une logique inductive, a consisté à explorer l'ensemble des données disponibles dans la SitEx en vue d'en dégager les discriminations les plus marquantes. Cette analyse de la structuration spatiale du commerce à Bruxelles avait pour but la recherche d'affinités spatiales, qui ont ensuite été interprétées en terme de facteur de localisation différentielle. Les résultats ont confirmé qu'il est possible de discerner par des outils géostatistiques classiques les affinités spatiales du commerce dans la ville et que ces affinités peuvent être souvent raccrochées aux facteurs de localisation énumérés par la littérature. Mais surtout, ces analyses multivariées contribuent à l'évaluation de l'importance relative de ces différents facteurs dans la différenciation des paysages commerciaux.  Après avoir examiné l'impact des évolutions récentes (1997-2002, dans les principaux nodules commerçants) sur les résultats engrangés sur base des données exhaustives de 1997, les éléments en faveur d'une approche des facteurs de localisation différentielle par l'analyse des inventaires commerciaux ont été synthétisés, des applications pratiques évoquées et des compléments d'investigation proposés.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="191013">
                <text>http://theses.ulb.ac.be/ETD-db/collection/available/ULBetd-07312006-124720/</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="191014">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/133</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="191016">
                <text>Fr</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Université Libre de Bruxelles</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="191018">
                <text>commerce de détail, analyse spatiale, Bruxelles, facteur de localisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="191019">
                <text>Géographie</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="191020">
                <text>Structure et dynamique du commerce de détail bruxellois</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="191021">
                <text>Thèse</text>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
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    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519679">
                <text>Stoica, Alina</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519680">
                <text>Prieur, Christophe</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519681">
                <text>2009-02-06</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519682">
                <text>We present here a method for analyzing the neighborhoods of all the vertices in a large graph. We ﬁrst give an algorithm for characterizing a simple undirected graph that relies on enumeration of small induced subgraphs. We make a step further in this direction by identifying not only subgraphs but also the positions occupied by the diﬀerent vertices of the graph. We are thus able to compute the roles played by the vertices of the graph, roles found according to a new deﬁnition that we introduce. We apply this method to the neighborhood of each vertex in a 2.7M vertices, 6M edges mobile phone graph. We analyze how the contacts of each person are connected to each other and the positions they occupy in the neighborhood network. Then we compare their quantity of communication (duration and frequency) to their positions, ﬁnding that the two are not independent. We ﬁnally interpret and explain the results using social studies on phone communications.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519683">
                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00359464</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519684">
                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/35/94/64/PDF/stpr.pdf</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519685">
                <text>ENG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519686">
                <text>[INFO:INFO_DS] Computer Science/Data Structures and Algorithms</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519687">
                <text>[INFO:INFO_DB] Computer Science/Databases</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519688">
                <text>[INFO:INFO_NI] Computer Science/Networking and Telecommunication</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519689">
                <text>[SHS:STAT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519690">
                <text>social networks</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>roles</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>patterns</text>
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                <text>complex networks</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519694">
                <text>personal networks</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519695">
                <text>graph-mining</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519696">
                <text>data-mining</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519697">
                <text>Structure of neighborhoods in a large social network</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Revue d’Économie Régionale &amp; Urbaine</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>revue publiée par Armand Colin</text>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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            </element>
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    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="422256">
                <text>14</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="422257">
                <text>Carrier, Mario </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="422258">
                <text> THÉRIAULT, Marius </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="422259">
                <text> VÉRONNEAU, Éric</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="422260">
                <text>2012</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=RERU_122_0215</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="422262">
                <text>fre</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="422263">
                <text>Cairn</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="422264">
                <text>Revue d'Économie Régionale &amp; Urbaine, avril, 2, 2012-04-01, pp.215-244</text>
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                <text>Réseau</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="422266">
                <text> innovation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="422267">
                <text> encastrement</text>
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                <text> analyse spatiale</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="422269">
                <text>Embeddedness</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="422270">
                <text> innovation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="422271">
                <text> network</text>
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                <text> spatial analysis</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Structure socio-spatiale des réseaux d'innovation en secteur manufacturier traditionnel d'une ville moyenne </text>
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                <text>Il y a aujourd'hui peu de connexions entre les analyses économiques des structures urbaines d'une part, et les travaux en économie des transports et de l'environnement d'autre part. Cependant, bien qu'en apparence disjoints, ces domaines entretiennent des liens substantiels qui sont la conséquence du fait que nos économies sont aujourd'hui presque totalement urbanisées et que, de ce fait, leur fonctionnement économique se traduit directement dans les structures économiques et sociales de leurs villes. En conséquence, l'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier les liens entre les fondamentaux économiques urbains (demande d'espace des ménages, nature et importance des coûts objectifs et perçus des différents modes de transport), les structures urbaines et l'impact écologique de la ville, en débouchant sur une analyse du rôle des aménageurs publics et des politiques urbaines qu'ils mettent en place. Les politiques urbaines déclenchent des mécanismes complexes qui provoquent des effets diffërents à court terme et à long terme. Les effets à court terme passent par un changement des conditions et des coûts de chaque mode de transport. Les habitants vont réagir par une modification des comportements de déplacement, ce qui implique des impacts sur les niveaux de congestion et de pollution. Mais ces effets peuvent être plus profonds qu'une simple modification de l'intensité d'usage des transports urbains. A long terme, les modifications des coûts de déplacement et de l'attractivité de la ville conduisent à de nouvelles décisions de localisation, ce qui peut affecter fortement la structure de la ville. En retour, la modification de la structure socio-spatiale de la ville détermine de nouvelles conditions de déplacement et de qualité environnementale. Ainsi, la structure sociale de la ville non seulement influence les conditions et la structure de déplacements et la qualité environnementale, mais elle peut être également le résultat à long terme de ces deux facteurs. Dans ce contexte, la décision du planificateur ne doit pas être limitee à une perspective de court terme, parce que ces choix peuvent transformer radicalement la structure entière de la ville et des effets inattendus peuvent apparaitre.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Le territoire de la Cité de Luteva (Lodève) fait ici l'objet d'une approche commune de géographes et d'archéologues qui, à partir du corpus des données de terrain sur l'habitat antique, essayent de décrire les structures du peuplement en matière d'accessibilités, de centralités et d'interactions spatiales.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/05/77/87/PDF/Luteva_Leveau.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Territoires et paysages de l'Age du fer au Moyen Age. Mélanges offerts à Philippe Leveau</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="517539">
                <text>Territoires et paysages de l'Age du fer au Moyen Age. Mélanges offerts à Philippe Leveau</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="517540">
                <text>Territoires et paysages de l'Age du fer au Moyen Age. Mélanges offerts à Philippe Leveau</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="517542">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="517543">
                <text>Analyse spatiale</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="517544">
                <text>Gaule Narbonnaise</text>
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                <text>Lodève</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="517546">
                <text>Luteva</text>
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                <text>système de villes</text>
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                <text>territoire</text>
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                <text>ville</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="517550">
                <text>Structures spatiales du peuplement antique de la cité de Luteva</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Kaddouri, Lahouari</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2004-12-16</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>La régionalisation est autant un processus spatial qu'un processus territorial. Elle est spatiale parce qu'elle se réalise sur des structures spatiales héritées tout en les mettant en oeuvre. Nous avons voulu mettre en perspective dans le processus ou les volontés de régionalisation, le système formé des notions de territoires, de villes et de réseaux.&lt;br /&gt;Aussi, nous proposons de définir des territoires autour de réseaux de villes qui donnent à penser les régionalisations souhaitables ou souhaitées à partir des propriétés des territoires et de leur organisation par la représentation des interactions spatiales entre les villes. Sont alors créés des réseaux de villes autour desquels la régionalisation des territoires serait possible.&lt;br /&gt;Les mises en réseaux de villes se basent sur le corpus conceptuel et théorique du fonctionnement et des propriétés des systèmes de villes, et tiennent compte des caractéristiques du système de villes étudié à travers les critères de la taille des villes et de leur localisation. Ces seuls critères déterminent les espacements entre les villes et leur position dans la hiérarchie de niveaux dans le système, ce qui intègre et révèle les structures spatiales sous-jacentes ou locales.&lt;br /&gt;Sont alors définies deux catégories de réseaux de villes :&lt;br /&gt;• les réseaux de villes de proximité et de voisinage, sur des contraintes d'espacement entre les villes ;&lt;br /&gt;• les réseaux de villes hiérarchisés, sur des contraintes de taille des villes et de principes d'emboîtement de structures hiérarchiques (type administratif, à la hiérarchie stricte, ou type principe de marché, à la hiérarchie non stricte).&lt;br /&gt;La formalisation et les représentations des mises en réseaux de villes sont réalisées par la théorie des graphes qui permet une modélisation aisée des organisations hiérarchiques, en particulier des emboîtements de niveaux, par un de ses sous-ensembles, les arbres.&lt;br /&gt;La mise en place de ces méthodes et l'évaluation des performances des régionalisations qu'elles engendrent se fait sur deux exemples à problématiques et échelles différentes. La première application montre une approche spatiale en archéologie pour aider à dégager les principales structures d'un système de peuplement d'un territoire autour de la Cité antique de Luteva (Lodève, Hérault, France) durant la période du Haut-Empire (Ier siècle ap. J.-C. - IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.). La seconde application consiste à définir un arc méditerranéen théorique à partir du système de villes européennes sans maillage administratif.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00137931</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="515612">
                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/79/31/PDF/these_kaddouri.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="515614">
                <text>Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="515615">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="515616">
                <text>Systèmes de villes</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="515617">
                <text>Régionalisation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="515618">
                <text>Structures spatiales</text>
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                <text>Interaction spatiale</text>
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                <text>Réseaux de villes</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="515621">
                <text>Théorie des graphes</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="515622">
                <text>Archéologie Spatiale</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="515623">
                <text>SIG</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="515624">
                <text>Structures spatiales et mises en réseaux de villes pour la régionalisation des territoires</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>PhD thesis</text>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519977">
                <text>Cattan, Nadine</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519978">
                <text>2007</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This paper underline the need for a more critical approach to classic understanding of the European spatial integration that give to much importance to the concepts of hierarchy and areas of influence. The study shows that the the student mobility between the cities is polycentric and balanced i.e. that no city or pair of city dominates the network of exchanges. In a European context where 61% of migrating students are female, this work highlights moreover the fact that migratory behaviour of females go further to questioning the neo-classic models of spatial mobility than do those of male students.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519980">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00250687</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519981">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/25/06/87/PDF/LR-mobilite-europe.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>ENG</text>
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                <text>Cities and networks in Europe. A critical approach of polycentrism</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519984">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519985">
                <text>Mobility</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="519986">
                <text>Gender</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="519987">
                <text>Cities</text>
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                <text>Networks</text>
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                <text>Europe</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="519991">
                <text>Students mobility, gender and polycentrism in Europe</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
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                  <text>Espaces et sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>revue publiée par ERES</text>
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          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="430167">
                <text>97</text>
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                <text>Sauvage 	, André</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1994</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=ESP_1994_73_0137</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>fre</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="430172">
                <text>Cairn</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Espaces et sociétés, n73, 1, 1994-03-01, pp.117-136</text>
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                <text>Styles d'habiter et types d'habitants</text>
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                <text>The concept of subaltern urbanisation refers to the growth of settlement agglomerations, whether denoted urban by the Census of India or not, that are independent of the metropolis and autonomous in their interactions with other settlements, local and global. Analysing conventional and new data sources "against the grain", this paper claims support for the existence of such economically vital small settlements, contrary to perceptions that India's urbanisation is slow, that its smaller settlements are stagnant and its cities are not productive. It offers a classification scheme for settlements using the axes of spatial proximity to metropolises and degree of administrative recognition, and looks at the potential factors for their transformation long economic, social and political dimensions. Instead of basing policy on illusions of control, understanding how agents make this world helps comprehend ongoing Indian transformations.</text>
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                <text>The suburban way of life is tending towards a rejection of tangible confrontation with otherness so that other people – should they be different – become politically invisible. This is at any rate what the critical literature surmises about the growing desire of suburbanites to live amongst their own and sometimes even behind the safe and reassuring walls of gated communities. However appealing this analysis might be, it seems nonetheless rather partial. Suburban populations are increasingly mobile and their everyday horizon is less and less reduced to the immediate perimeter of the neighbourhood. Indeed, how can one interpret the social specialization of residential areas as a sign of “enclavism” when all the statistics available indicate that mobility has become a constitutive factor of people's way of life and the neighbourhood has all but lost its existential weight?&lt;br /&gt;Based on exploratory work, this paper aims to deconstruct the criticism articulated around the opposition of “suburbanism” and “urbanism” by emphasising the effects of the various forms of mobility and showing that they complement the proliferation of homogeneous neighbourhoods. In order to achieve this goal, the paper analyses the culture of people living at the periphery of two large French cities (Paris and Lyon). The arguments given are based both on the existing literature and on research the author carried out in France (Charmes, 2005).&lt;br /&gt;As a result of the analysis conducted, it becomes apparent that the increase in mobilities and the social homogenisation of neighbourhoods can be linked in other ways than the one suggested by the critical literature. On the one hand, contemporary residential areas are not as neutral and sterile as they appear to be. Relationships between neighbours and interactions with people from the surroundings constitute at least an embryonic experience of otherness. Residential areas can therefore be conceived as “transition spaces” between the protected space of the home and the relatively unknown spaces of the large metropolis. &lt;br /&gt;On the other hand, the paper defends the hypothesis that mobilities tend to reinforce the need for stability and control of one's immediate space. Mobilities have lead city dwellers out of the reassuring cocoon of the neighbourhood in which almost everyone was swathed only a few decades ago. This growing uncertainty of life enhances the need to withdraw to a home “base”. However, this need is temporary and only concerns isolated moments of everyday life. The general tendency remains one of dispersal of spatial practices and individualisation of experience.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00139582</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/95/82/PDF/Charmes2007-cybergeo369.pdf</text>
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                <text>Cybergéo : Revue européenne de géographie</text>
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                <text>psychological security</text>
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                <text>Suburban fragmentation versus mobilities : is suburbanism opposed to urbanism ?</text>
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                <text>Santiago de Chile</text>
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                <text>This paper explores the production of suburban residential developments in the urban region of Paris at the turn of the 1990-2000's, with a special focus on residential enclaves. In France, the influence of the US models (i.e. New Urbanism) on contemporary processes of suburban privatization and enclosure has been widely discussed by the academics and by the media. Comments on this trend often focus on increased social or racial segregation, as a threat against a largely mythic "European urban model" based upon social mixity and inner-city open public and civic spaces. Globalization and global firms would explain the rise of such pattern. This paper analyzes the existence of a global and standardised model of suburban residential developments, and it aims at getting a better understanding of its diffusion process. Using a geodatabase that characterizes all new suburban residential schemes planned in "Ile-de-France" between 2002 and 2007, this research aims at discussing: - the suburban residential programs (morphological characteristics, spatial contexts, leisure facilities, residents' social level, ...). Does a specific type of international suburban residential programs produced by international developers really exist? - the interaction between the actors involved in the suburban residential developments, examining especially the strategies of the international developers (like Kaufman and Broad, Nexity, Bouygues, Bouwfonds International, ...) and their negotiations and partnerships with local and public authorities.</text>
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                <text>5th International Conference of the Research Network "Private Urban Governance &amp; Gated Communities" - Redefinition of Public Space Within the Privatization of Cities</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>Residential enclaves</text>
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                <text>Suburban residential developments: an international model of production?</text>
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