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                  <text>Urbanisation et sociétés urbaines</text>
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                <text>SENEGAL</text>
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                <text>Collin, J.J.</text>
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                <text>Salem, Gérard</text>
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                <text>1989</text>
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                <text>Dans les banlieues des grandes cités des pays en développement, où l'urbanisation est spontanée, l'habitat autoconstruit et la croissance rapide, les résidents face à l'insuffisance des réseaux, se reportent vers des modes autonomes d'alimentation en eau et d'élimination des déchets. Ces pratiques, particulièrement inadaptées aux fortes densités de population, conduisent, notamment sous climat aride et en terrain vulnérable à une intense pollution par nitrates des eaux souterraines. Cette situation a été étudiée à Pikine, ville satellite de Dakar (700.000 habitants). Des teneurs en No3 de plusieurs centaines de mg/1 ont été observées sur de nombreux puits. Grâce à une étude démographique fine, appuyée sur des méthodes cartographiques, le dénombrement de la population a permis le calcul du flux de No3. Ce flux associé au bilan de l'eau de la zone permet d'établir sommairement la loi qui gouverne les teneurs de l'élément polluant. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010014590</text>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010014590</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="362275">
                <text>Collin J.J., Salem Gérard. Pollutions des eaux souterraines par les nitrates dans les banlieues non assainies des pays en développement : le cas de Pikine (Sénégal) = Nitrate groundwater pollution in developing countries suburbs without sanitation : the case of Pikine (Sénégal). In :   Symposium international sur des solutions intégrées pour des problèmes de pollution de l'eau. Orléans : BRGM, 1989, 89/27, 11 p. multigr. (Note technique SGN/3E). SISSIPA.Symposium International sur des Solutions Intégrées pour des Problèmes de Pollution de l'Eau, Lisbonne (PRT), 1989/06/19-23</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>BRGM</text>
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                <text>URBANISATION</text>
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                <text>HABITAT SPONTANE</text>
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                <text>ALIMENTATION EN EAU</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="362282">
                <text>QUALITE DE L'EAU</text>
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                <text>POLLUTION</text>
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                <text>EAU SOUTERRAINE</text>
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                <text>NITRATE</text>
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                <text>MILIEU URBAIN</text>
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                <text>GESTION DE L'EAU</text>
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                <text>Pollutions des eaux souterraines par les nitrates dans les banlieues non assainies des pays en développement : le cas de Pikine (Sénégal) = Nitrate groundwater pollution in developing countries suburbs without sanitation : the case of Pikine (Sénégal)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="362289">
                <text>Symposium international sur des solutions intégrées pour des problèmes de pollution de l'eau</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                <text>text</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
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                  <text>PERSEE</text>
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    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="375264">
                <text>139-140</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="375265">
                <text>C. Wihtol de Wenden</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1983</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="375267">
                <text>Wihtol de Wenden C. Symposium international sur le rôle de la femme dans les mouvements migratoires. Cagliari, 7-9 sept. 1982. (Organisé au sein de la Commission de la Géographie de la population). . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1983-2. L'immigration étrangère en Europe occidentale. pp. 139-140.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_1983_num_1_2_921</text>
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                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.1983.921</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="375270">
                <text>fre</text>
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                <text>PERSEE</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="375272">
                <text>Symposium international sur le rôle de la femme dans les mouvements migratoires. Cagliari, 7-9 sept. 1982. (Organisé au sein de la Commission de la Géographie de la population). </text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="513543">
                <text>Guigo, Maryse</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="513544">
                <text>Voiron-Canicio, Christine</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="513545">
                <text>Graillot, Didier</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="513546">
                <text>Olivier, Florence</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="513547">
                <text>2002</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="513548">
                <text>Support system for managers and representatives for flood risk mitigation in Mediterranean urban areas. The objective is to propose a tool for the space management dedicated to decision makers which could detect urban areas subjected to flood risk in order to act on urban public policies in the field of construction, traffic management and types of urban organisation. The method is the modelling of risk spatialisation and evolution</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00410038</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="513550">
                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/41/00/38/PDF/Projet_RIO_n_8.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>Inondation</text>
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                <text>Nice</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="513555">
                <text>Le Paillon</text>
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                <text>spatialisation du risque</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Système d'aide à la décision pour la limitation des risques d'inondation dans les agglomérations urbaines méditerranéennes</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Urbanisation et sociétés urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
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                  <text>IRD</text>
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    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="343932">
                <text>Gondard, Pierre (ed.)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="343933">
                <text>Villamar, M.D. (trad.)</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>QUITO</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="343935">
                <text>EQUATEUR</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="343936">
                <text>D'Ercole, Robert</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="343937">
                <text>2007</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>text/pdf</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="343939">
                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010041270</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="343940">
                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010041270</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="343941">
                <text>D'Ercole Robert. Système d'information et risques dans le district métropolitain de Quito = Sistema de información y riesgos en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. In : Gondard Pierre (ed.), Villamar M.D. (trad.)  IRD : 30 ans en Équateur : actes des séminaires et ateliers scientifiques = IRD : 30 años en Ecuador : actas de los seminarios y talleres científicos. Quito : IRD, 2007, p. 147-156. Séminaires et Ateliers Scientifiques : IRD : 30 ans en Équateur = Seminarios y Talleres Cientificos : IRD : 30 años en Ecuador, Quito (ECU), 2004/10/11-16</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="343942">
                <text>FR</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="343943">
                <text>IRD</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="343944">
                <text>MILIEU URBAIN</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="343945">
                <text>GESTION URBAINE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="343946">
                <text>BASE DE DONNEES</text>
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                <text>GESTION DU RISQUE</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Système d'information et risques dans le district métropolitain de Quito = Sistema de información y riesgos en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito</text>
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                <text>IRD : 30 ans en Équateur : actes des séminaires et ateliers scientifiques = IRD : 30 años en Ecuador : actas de los seminarios y talleres científicos</text>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:40508</text>
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                <text>Couret Dominique. Système d'information géographique, inégalité dans le logement et ségrégation spatiale à Quito (Equateur). Paris : ORSTOM, 1994, 235 p. (Etudes et Thèses). Th. Géogr., Université de Rouen. 1990/09/25. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>VILLE</text>
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                <text>SYSTEME D'INFORMATION GEOGRAPHIQUE</text>
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                <text>LOGEMENT</text>
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                <text>AMENAGEMENT URBAIN</text>
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                <text>SOCIOLOGIE URBAINE</text>
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                <text>SEGREGATION</text>
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                <text>TRAITEMENT DE L'INFORMATION</text>
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                <text>ANALYSE D'IMAGE</text>
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                <text>MUNICIPALITE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="356102">
                <text>ORGANISATION DE L'ESPACE</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Système d'information géographique, inégalité dans le logement et ségrégation spatiale à Quito (Equateur)</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>COTE D'IVOIRE</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Au sein du programme d'observation du changement urbain, intitulé "Environnement urbain et développement local à Abidjan", est envisagé la mise en relation de différents ensembles de données en fonction d'un thématique précise; autrement dit, la construction d'un système d'information. Le système d'observation que l'on recherche à concevoir est celui des dynamiques sociales multiples participant à l'aménagement de la ville. Il appraît que la réalisation d'un tel système implique bien d'autres choses que des choix uniquement techniques ou matériels. Ainsi la structuration des données en un système d'information demande-t-elle une réflexion sur l'ensemble des "éléments" qui, au sein de la ville, font système. Ce sont ces implications scientifiques insoupçonnées dont on traite ici, à partir d'un exemple spécifique : le projet pilote d'assainissement des quartiers sous-équipés d'Abidjan. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>text/pdf</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353900">
                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010009714</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010009714</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353902">
                <text>Couret Dominique. Système d'informations urbaines ou système de penser la ville ? : réflexions autour d'un projet de mise en perspective de l'information pour l'observation du changement urbain à Abidjan. In : Minvielle Jean-Paul (ed.).  Systèmes d'information et questions de developpement. Cahiers des Sciences Humaines, 1996, 32 (4), p. 787-802. </text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="353904">
                <text>AMENAGEMENT URBAIN</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353905">
                <text>CHANGEMENT SOCIAL</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353906">
                <text>ENQUETE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353907">
                <text>METHODOLOGIE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353908">
                <text>SYSTEME D'INFORMATION</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353909">
                <text>DEVELOPPEMENT LOCAL</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353910">
                <text>ENVIRONNEMENT URBAIN</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Système d'informations urbaines ou système de penser la ville ? : réflexions autour d'un projet de mise en perspective de l'information pour l'observation du changement urbain à Abidjan</text>
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                <text>Systèmes d'information et questions de developpement</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Les Cahiers d’EMAM</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644313">
                  <text>Les Cahiers d'EMAM sont une revue interdisciplinaire qui se propose de contribuer à la restitution des savoirs sur le monde arabe et la Méditerranée, dans leurs interférences avec le reste du monde, autour des questions urbaines et des processus de constructions/reconfigurations territoriales dans leurs dimensions sociales, économiques et politiques en encourageant les idées nouvelles et les démarches comparatives.</text>
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      <description>A resource containing textual data.  Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Système d’acteurs en action dans l’aménagement de Mrazga (Nabeul)</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Acteurs de l'urbanisme</text>
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                <text>Aménagement urbain</text>
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                <text>Hammamet (région de)</text>
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                <text>Logement</text>
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                <text>Introduction L’opération de Mrazga constitue un exemple d’urbanisme de projet mené par l’Agence foncière d’habitation (l’AFH) dans la zone de Mrazga, située entre les deux villes touristiques de Nabeul et de Hammamet, à environ 60 kilomètres de Tunis [l’Agence foncière d’habitation est un opérateur public tunisien qui a été créé par la loi 73-21 du 14 avril 1973, pour « acquérir, aménager et céder les terrains situés dans les zones destinées à la construction à usage d’habitation » (article 1...</text>
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                <text>Dridi, Nassim</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="597903">
                <text>Équipe Monde arabe Méditerranée|CITERES</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://emam.revues.org/318</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
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            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644248">
                  <text/>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="369286">
                <text>NOUVELLES HEBRIDES</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="369287">
                <text>PORT VILA</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="369288">
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="369289">
                <text>1977</text>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="369290">
                <text>text/pdf</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="369291">
                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:00783</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="369292">
                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:00783</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="369293">
                <text>Bonnemaison Joël. Système de migration et croissance urbaine à Port-Vila et Luganville (Nouvelles-Hébrides). Paris : ORSTOM, 1977, 98 p. (Travaux et Documents de l'ORSTOM ; 60). </text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="369295">
                <text>ORSTOM</text>
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                <text>L'attractivité d'un territoire est de plus en plus évaluée à l'aune de critère environnementaux. L'objet de cet article est de proposer une méthodologie permettant de comparer les émissions de polluants et les consommations énergétiques liés aux déplacements urbains de quatre agglomérations françaises. Le but est notamment de relier de manière quantitative les pratiques de mobilité, différentes entre les agglomérations, aux émissions de CO2 par individus et par km. Quatre Diagnostics Energies Environnements Déplacements (DEED) sont réalisés à partir d'enquêtes décrivant la mobilité de plus de 60 000 individus interrogés sur leurs déplacements de la veille. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent qu'il est nécessaire de prendre en compte simultanément les différences d'émissions entre les agglomérations mais aussi à l'intérieur de celles ci.</text>
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                <text>Dans les villes comme dans les territoires apparaissent des propriétés émergentes, issues des différentes formes d'échanges et d'interactions qui se produisent entre les acteurs urbains, à plus ou moins longue distance. Ces propriétés sont caractéristiques de l'organisation des villes en réseaux, en systèmes, à des niveaux meso- ou macro-géographiques, Elles contraignent à leur tour les actions sociales comme le devenir de chaque ville, dans la mesure où elles constituent des règles « spontanées » de l'évolution des villes. Certaines de ces propriétés rapprochent les formes d'organisation des systèmes urbains de celles de systèmes physiques, tellement les régularités observées sont générales et universelles. Peut-on alors imaginer les expliquer par de simples modèles dynamiques, certes non linéaires, dont le fonctionnement serait indépendant du temps et des règles propres à chaque société ? On examine comment la structuration des systèmes urbains a pu être décrite par des modèles de croissance stochastique, ou des modèles géométriques (type fractales), ou bien par des modèles économiques a-temporels. On insiste ensuite sur le fait que ces systèmes sont des objets sociaux qu'il importe de considérer dans leur dimension évolutive, par exemple pour interpréter sur la longue durée l'émergence de leur structure et ses transformations, notamment sous l'effet des modifications technologiques de l'espace-temps sociétal, et jusqu'à quel point il faut prendre en compte les accidents marquants de leur histoire pour en comprendre les particularités de forme. La plus grande complexité des interprétations et des modèles suivant cette deuxième voie semble nécessaire, quand il s'agit de tester des hypothèses sur l'évolution future des villes.</text>
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                <text>Morphogenèse. L'origine des formes</text>
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Karina Landman - The storm that rocks the boat: the systemic impact of gated communities on urban sustainability&lt;br /&gt;
J&amp;ouml;rg Pl&amp;ouml;ger - The emergence of a &amp;ldquo;City of Cages&amp;rdquo; in Lima : neighbourhood appropriation in the context of rising insecurities&lt;br /&gt;
Renaud Le Goix - The impact of gated Communities on property values: evidence of changes in real estate markets -Los Angeles, 1980-2000&lt;br /&gt;
Eric Charmes - Suburban fragmentation versus mobilities : is suburbanism opposed to urbanism ?&lt;br /&gt;
Setha Low - Towards a Theory of Urban Fragmentation: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Fear, Privatization, and the State&lt;/div&gt;
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2005

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Yann Lo&amp;iuml;c Lambert, 
Olivier Gache</text>
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Marseille pr&amp;eacute;tend aujourd'hui au titre de m&amp;eacute;tropole m&amp;eacute;diterran&amp;eacute;enne. On assiste &amp;agrave; un ensemble de mutations &amp;eacute;conomiques et sociales qui ont pour but un changement radical de l'image de Marseille (d'une ville pr&amp;eacute;caire vers une ville qui resplendit sur l'Europe enti&amp;egrave;re).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Au vue des diff&amp;eacute;rentes luttes locales engag&amp;eacute;es depuis le d&amp;eacute;but de ces mutations, en particulier au niveau de l'emploi et du logement, on est en droit de se demander si l'optique de ces changements est de r&amp;eacute;duire la pr&amp;eacute;carit&amp;eacute; des marseillais ou de r&amp;eacute;duire le nombre de marseillais pr&amp;eacute;caires.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
De ce questionnement r&amp;eacute;sulte une r&amp;eacute;flexion sur l'image de la ville, cette ville que l'on cherche &amp;agrave; tous prix &amp;agrave; standardiser aux crit&amp;egrave;res actuels de la modernit&amp;eacute; pour mieux la commercialiser. Marseille est en campagne, tel un homme politique qui voudrait revenir sur le devant de la sc&amp;egrave;ne, elle fait table rase du pass&amp;eacute; et tente d'&amp;eacute;loigner tout ce qui pourrait entacher le modernisme annonc&amp;eacute; de la ville. C'est &amp;agrave; grand renfort de soleil que l'on fait dispara&amp;icirc;tre les petites gens de Paul Carpita, les &amp;quot;laiss&amp;eacute;s pour comptes&amp;quot;.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Ce soleil, transforme, par un bel effet d'optique, l'usine en bureau, le travail en sp&amp;eacute;culation, l'ouvrier en cadre attach&amp;eacute;-case, l'immigr&amp;eacute; maghr&amp;eacute;bin en immigr&amp;eacute; parisien, le m&amp;eacute;tissage en folklore et le port en plage.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>Considerable research has been undertaken in recent years in order to understand the relationship between being overweight or obese and urban design. Almost all researchers focusing on this link work in North America. However this problematic has recently become a research topic in Europe. Thus, one may question the relevance of the current way of thinking and methodology and its transferability from the U.S. to Europe. Recent literature dealing with the issue of the relationship between being overweight or obese and the built environment in urban context is presented in this paper. Theories from this literature have then been compared with evidence from the field, based on a medium-sized town in Germany, a country often described as less suburban. Conclusions reached in North America seem irrelevant to our European case, which shows that U.S. solutions cannot simply be transferred directly. We came up with suggest that one has to understand both morphological and human aspects of citi is to gain a deeper understanding of overweight or obesity by a spatial approach on an inner-urban scale</text>
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