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                <text>ORLEANS</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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                <text>Hardy, Sébastien</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2004</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Les territoires urbains de la capitale nicaraguayenne connaissent des endommagements variés&lt;br /&gt;et récurrents. On en constate toutefois peu sur les territoires urbains construits par les habitants aisés.&lt;br /&gt;Grâce à leurs choix socio-économiques, culturels, institutionnels, ils s'en protègent, mais les répercutent&lt;br /&gt;sur les territoires moins fortunés, dévoilant la capacité territorialisante des risques. Mais si les risques&lt;br /&gt;constituent des éléments de la territorialisation de la capitale, ils limitent paradoxalement la désolidarisation&lt;br /&gt;de la ville et apparaissent même parfois comme des éléments de contre-fragmentation.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00148140</text>
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                <text>IRD: PAR00002974</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532147">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/81/40/PDF/HARDY-IRD.pdf</text>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Espaces tropicaux et risques. Du local au global</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532150">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532151">
                <text>morcellement urbain</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532152">
                <text>fragmentation urbaine</text>
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                <text>endommagements</text>
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                <text>gestion des risques</text>
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                <text>vulnérabilité&lt;br /&gt;différentielle</text>
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                <text>Managua</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532157">
                <text>Nicaragua</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532158">
                <text>Les risques dits «naturels», élément de&lt;br /&gt;territorialisation de la capitale nicaraguayenne ?</text>
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          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>conference proceeding</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Bigando, Eva</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532161">
                <text>2006-12-04</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532162">
                <text>Cette thèse s'intéresse au rôle du paysage ordinaire dans les manières d'habiter et, plus particulièrement, à la sensibilité des habitants au paysage de leurs lieux de vie dans les espaces périphériques de l'agglomération bordelaise. La spécificité de cette approche réside dans l'intérêt porté au rapport singulier, à la fois social et sensible, de l'être-habitant à son espace de vie à travers ses expériences paysagères banales qui participent de la construction de son territoire quotidien. L'analyse est menée à partir de discours d'habitants, recueillis grâce à une démarche d'enquête et pouvant s'appuyer sur un support photographique directement produit par les personnes interrogées. Pour comprendre cette sensibilité paysagère habitante, il est tout d'abord nécessaire de considérer la manière dont se tisse, dans la quotidienneté, une véritable relation paysagère entre l'être-habitant et ses lieux de vie. Relevant davantage d'une manière de vivre que d'un acte d'intellectualisation, ce vécu paysager semble plus machinal que proprement réfléchi. Est alors envisagée la manière dont il peut émerger à la conscience du sujet en tant que réalité vécue. La modification brutale, de type événementiel, de la physionomie des lieux de vie est susceptible d'initier un tel procès de conscientisation par le (re-)éveil d'affections paysagères demeurées en puissance. Ainsi, certaines dynamiques de changements affectant l'espace géographique auraient cette capacité. Ce peuvent être la réalisation de l'autoroute A89 dans la basse vallée de l'Isle, la tempête de 1999 qui a détruit le massif forestier en Médoc et la dynamique d'urbanisation qui caractérise ces deux espaces.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532163">
                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00148440</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532164">
                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/84/40/PDF/TheseEVA_web.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532166">
                <text>Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532167">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532168">
                <text>paysage ordinaire</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532169">
                <text>sensibilité</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532170">
                <text>habitant</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532171">
                <text>enquête</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532172">
                <text>lieu de vie</text>
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                <text>périurbain</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532174">
                <text>quotidien</text>
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                <text>&lt;br /&gt;événement</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532176">
                <text>tempête</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532177">
                <text>autoroute</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532178">
                <text>urbanisation</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532179">
                <text>La sensibilité au paysage ordinaire des habitants de la grande périphérie bordelaise (communes du Médoc et de la basse vallée de l'Isle)</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532180">
                <text>PhD thesis</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532181">
                <text>L'Hostis, Alain</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532182">
                <text>Baptiste, Hervé</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532183">
                <text>2006-10-02</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532184">
                <text>The objective of this contribution is to establish a method linking the performance of the regional rail transport network and two principles of territorial organisation around a central pole (monocentric option) or in a city network (polycentric option), applied to the Région Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France. The first step here is to define a set of urban centres, on which the spatial organisation principles are applied. The analysis of the quality of transport service is established from an indicator expressing the possibility to accomplish daily trips between two cities with a ‘fast train at the right moment' from home and back. The method allows us to analyse the answer of the transport system to expressed or potential demand, but it is also used to analyse the spatial organisation of the system and to link it to spatial planning objectives. From this point of view, the organisation of the Région Nord-Pas-de-Calais appears more to exhibit a monocentric pattern around Lille than to lend significant support to the polycentric idea. The promotion of such a polycentric organisation will then only be possible through a voluntarist regional planning policy.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532185">
                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00145683</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532186">
                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/56/83/PDF/refereed20.pdf</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>ENG</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532188">
                <text>European Journal of Spatial Development</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532189">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532190">
                <text>Transport network</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532191">
                <text>Regional spatial planning</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532192">
                <text>City network</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532193">
                <text>Monocentrism</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532194">
                <text>Polycentrism</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532195">
                <text>Transport service assessment</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532196">
                <text>Accessibility indicators</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532197">
                <text>A Transport network for a City network: Analysing the quality of the public transport service in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532198">
                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532199">
                <text>France</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532200">
                <text>Bonnel, Patrick</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532201">
                <text>Pochet, Pascal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532202">
                <text>2002</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>In transport analysis, we generally have several correlative explanatory variables when we want to explain the evolution of a factor. Therefore the quantification of the contribution of each variable in the evolution of our study object is often problematic. This problem is well known in modelling even if not always well treated. In this case the evolution of the object cannot always be expressed simply (as a sum or a product) from the evolution of the explanatory variables. To take this question into account, we propose a method to break down and measure the effect of each explanatory variable. We have applied this method to two contexts which focus the thematic network on Society, Behaviour and Private/Public Transport.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first one deals with a retrospective analysis of the evolution of car ownership and car use of both elderly people and younger people. This analysis permits to quantify the contribution of different factors: demographic effect, car ownership effect and behaviour effect and their combination to quantify the evolution of the number of car trips in the population. This analysis has been conducted both in Lyon and Grenoble conurbation in south-east of France from several household surveys conducted between 1970 and 1995.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second one analyses the evolution of the share of public transport among motorised trips in the Lyon conurbation. This analysis allows to quantify the contribution of different factors: urban sprawl effect, car ownership effect, public transport supply effect, private transport supply effect and a residual effect which summarised unobserved variables and their combination to quantify the evolution of public transport share among motorised transport. It explains the apparent paradox of a very important increase in public transport supply in Lyon conurbation but a stability of the share of public transport between 1976 and 1995.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Both analysis suggest interesting features both in term of prospective and urban policy. It appears that very strong socio-demographic trends act to reduce, when not cancel, the effect of important improvement in public transport supply as we can see in many French conurbation. From the quantification of different effects, we can simulate different future from which it appears that only global and comprehensive policy on all mode of transport and parking and on urbanism are able to reduce use of car in sustainable perspective.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532204">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00088217</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532205">
                <text>PUBLICNRS: 521570</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532206">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/08/82/17/PDF/stella_2.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532207">
                <text>ENG</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Stella Focus-Group-Meeting 3. Society, Behaviour and Private/Public Transport, 12th April 2002, Bonn</text>
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                <text>Stella Focus-Group-Meeting 3. Society, Behaviour and Private/Public Transport, 12th April 2002, Bonn</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532210">
                <text>Stella Focus-Group-Meeting 3. Society, Behaviour and Private/Public Transport, 12th April 2002, Bonn</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532211">
                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532212">
                <text>Urban mobility</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532213">
                <text>car ownership</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532214">
                <text>urban sprawl</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532215">
                <text>aging of population</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532216">
                <text>public transport</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532217">
                <text>trends</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532218">
                <text>cohort effect</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532219">
                <text>simulation</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532220">
                <text>Analysis of principal trends of mobility related to location policy, car ownership, supply policy and ageing of population</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532221">
                <text>conference, seminar, workshop communication</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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          </elementContainer>
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    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532222">
                <text>Tesson, Frédéric</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532223">
                <text>2004</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532224">
                <text>S'intéresser au politique en géographie sociale signifie tenter de comprendre le rapport à l'espace d'un groupe très singulier. Principal producteur du territoire et profondément marqué par l'idéologie territoriale, l'élu est aussi parfaitement intégré dans une société qui fonctionnement en réseau. Comment se manifestent ces tensions alors qu'une série de lois vient inciter à la naissance ou à la renaissance de nouveaux territoires ? Peut-on imaginer pour le politique un rapport à l'espace renouvelé et innovant sortant du modèle territorial classique ? L'adaptation de la ville à la mobilité, l'ouverture vers la discontinuité par les réseaux de villes, l'ouverture à la société civile avec les conseils de développement représentent à divers degrés des signes d'un rapport à l'espace différent. Pour autant l'idéologie territoriale est encore prégnante et entraîne souvent l'élu dans des constructions toujours aussi continues, mobilisant des images toujours aussi territoriales.</text>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532225">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00145896</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532226">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/58/96/PDF/Tesson_BAGF_02.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532227">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532228">
                <text>Bulletin de l'Association des Géographes Français</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532229">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532230">
                <text>Géographie sociale</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532231">
                <text>politique</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532232">
                <text>territoire</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532233">
                <text>réseau</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532234">
                <text>innovation</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532235">
                <text>Emergences territoriales et nouveau rapport du politique à l'espace</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532236">
                <text>article in non peer-reviewed journal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="33240" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="43">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532237">
                <text>Istanbul</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532238">
                <text>Turkey</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532239">
                <text>Lafi, Nora</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532240">
                <text>2007</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532241">
                <text>The object of the present paper is to try and insert into discussions about the rich bibliography on the Ottoman municipal institutions some nuances, pertaining both to recent reflections on the circulation of reform models and to new researches on the historical roots of the ottoman urban old regime. The aim is then to reconsider the interpretation of the Ottoman urban reforms of the second half of Nineteenth century in this new interpretative scheme, which takes into account with a different perspective both the heritage of previous forms of urban governance and the meaning of the circulation of reformative models. The intent is also, once the general frame has been submitted to an effort of complexity, to confront some other arguments on modernity in an Ottoman context. If modernisation came in a different way that it has often been assessed, what does it mean for the content of the concept of modernity? This is why I will also try in this paper to discuss the limits of the Ottoman urban modernity and their causes.&lt;br /&gt;The present research relies on various case studies, taken in the Arab Provinces of the Ottoman Empire, from the Maghreb to the Middle-East, but does in no way pretend to cover the whole geographical field. The intent is rather to use case studies often taken on the margins of the Empire to discuss some commonly accepted assertions about the functioning of the Empire as a whole and about its relationship to administrative modernity. The aim is to try and go further the “importation” paradigm which often sums up the process of modernisation of the Ottoman bureaucratic apparel. The stake is, from a study of the evolution of the forms of urban government, to discuss and challenge the excessive importance of a vision of an only imported modernity into what is often implicitly or explicitly considered as the empty space of pre-reform urban government. Through a study of what I call the urban Ottoman old regime (the use of this term being based upon a comparative method with Western European historiographies –not the importation of a content, but the use of a concept), my intent is to try and propose some revisions into the interpretation of the reforms themselves. The purpose is also to discuss the thesis presenting municipalities as essentially extraneous to the urban Ottoman situation before the reforms. There were in my opinion forms of urban government shaping a system of old regime urban government, based upon the prerogatives of the merchants and their assemblies, sometimes some forms of urban nobility, and the administrative role of guilds in the urban order. These forms served as a base for reforms which cannot thus be read as extraneous anymore to the previously existing urban society and have to be interpreted differently. But this assertion is not intended to close debates. Instead, I conceive it as a methodological proposal, and as a way to bring new elements into debates about the relationship between Ottoman societies and modernity. It is also a way to shift discussion towards other fields. If modernity came as a reform of an old regime (and not as a mere creation), many questions do remain about the factors that sometimes blocked its implementation: communal caesurae, colonial influence, nationalisms.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532242">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00146210</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532243">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/62/10/PDF/LafiEminonuOttomanReforms.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532244">
                <text>ENG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532245">
                <text>First Eminönü International Symposium</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532246">
                <text>First Eminönü International Symposium</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532247">
                <text>[SHS:HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532248">
                <text>Ottoman empire</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532249">
                <text>Turkey</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532250">
                <text>Municipal</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532251">
                <text>reform</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532252">
                <text>tanzimat</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532253">
                <text>urban</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532254">
                <text>Istanbul</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532255">
                <text>city</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532256">
                <text>town</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532257">
                <text>Tripoli</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532258">
                <text>modernisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532259">
                <text>Europe</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532260">
                <text>models</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532261">
                <text>influence</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532262">
                <text>circulation of knowledge</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532263">
                <text>administration</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532264">
                <text>local government</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532265">
                <text>The Ottoman Municipal Reforms between Old Regime and Modernity: Towards a New Interpretative Paradigm</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532266">
                <text>conference proceeding</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="33241" public="1" featured="0">
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      <elementSetContainer>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532267">
                <text>Tesson, Frédéric</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532268">
                <text>2002</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532269">
                <text>Espace sous-métropolisé, le département de la Dordogne est aujourd'hui traversé par l'A89, autoroute transversale reliant Bordeaux à Clermont-Ferrand. Les processus de recomposition territoriales à l'œuvre dans ce département, directement ou indirectement liés à l'autoroute, mettent en lumière quelques paradoxes intéressants. On voit ici que les représentations de l'impact d'une autoroute sur le développement local agissent de manière singulière. L'éclatement des espaces traversés par l'infrastructure, minés par des luttes politiques intestines liées à l'enjeu perçu comme fort, contraste avec la mobilisation des acteurs locaux des espaces périphériques et le renforcement d'identités locales affirmées à la marge du tracé. L'autoroute est pour nous un révélateur des forces et des faiblesses d'un territoire et nous montre également que la prise de conscience politique mais aussi sociale de la nécessité d'agir dans la cohérence appartient aux acteurs qui ont la lucidité nécessaire pour comprendre l'intérêt de la mobilisation solidaire.&lt;br /&gt;D'un côté la vallée de l'Isle et le pôle périgourdin, montrent comment, sur le tracé, l'enjeu aveugle les acteurs et leur interdit une action cohérente. De l'autre côté, les acteurs du bergeracois, territoire délaissé par l'A89, mettent en place une structuration forte en saisissant les outils réglementaires, mis à leur disposition en 1999, pour agir. Enfin, à une autre échelle, le choix du tracé de l'autoroute, en préservant la Double et ses paysages ruraux, semble révéler à la société civile locale les atouts qu'elle recèle dans le contexte actuel de crise de la modernité.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532270">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00145897</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532271">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/58/97/PDF/TESSON_RGL.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532272">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532273">
                <text>Géocarrefour</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532274">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532275">
                <text>géographie sociale</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532276">
                <text>espace vécu</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532277">
                <text>acteur public</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532278">
                <text>développement local</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532279">
                <text>recompositions spatiales</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532280">
                <text>infrastructure autoroutière</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532281">
                <text>Dordogne</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532282">
                <text>Autoroute et recompositions territoriales : la mise en lumière de quelques paradoxes à travers l'exemple de la Dordogne</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532283">
                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="33242" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="43">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>Rennes</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Tesson, Frédéric</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2004-10-21</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
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                <text>Le territoire est devenu une des notions centrales de la géographie et la géographie sociale l'a érigé en concept, voire en catégorie d'analyse. Des outils très efficaces ont même été forgés pour en mesurer la réalité, pour en dessiner les contours, pour en établir la cohérence voire la cohésion. Pourtant, si on regarde le territoire depuis l'instance politique, il devient un objet construit ou à construire, fabriqué et délimité. Il devient le produit d'une législation qui n'a de cesse d'ajouter de nouvelles échelles englobantes ou englobées (EPCI, PNR, Pays, Europe,...). De fait, le politique est en permanence en train de construire du territoire, à fabriquer des discours, véritables prophéties créatrices, qui visent à persuader les habitants de l'existence même du territoire dans lequel ils vivent... Nous voulons montrer ici que la question de l'adéquation des territoires construits par le politique avec les espaces de la société, que ceux-ci soient « vécus » ou « de vie » pour reprendre des catégories construites par la géographie sociale, est sans doute dépassée. Ce qui importe aujourd'hui c'est d'une part la capacité du discours à engendrer une conscience territoriale susceptible d'autoriser l'action et d'autre part la capacité des acteurs à trouver d'autres figures que celle du territoire pour agir sur l'espace. La géographie sociale, de ces deux points de vue, recèle quelques clés d'analyses intéressantes et quelques vertus pédagogiques indéniables que nous allons essayer mettre en scène à travers quelques exemples choisis en Aquitaine.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00145892</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532290">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/58/92/PDF/Tesson_Rennes04.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532292">
                <text>Quand le politique parle du territoire, c'est pour le fabriquer</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532293">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532294">
                <text>Territoire</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532295">
                <text>acteur public</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532296">
                <text>géographie sociale</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532297">
                <text>Quand le politique parle du territoire, c'est pour le fabriquer</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532298">
                <text>conference, seminar, workshop communication</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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          <elementContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
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      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532299">
                <text>Seni, Nora</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532300">
                <text>1992</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532301">
                <text>Ce titre se réfère à la pénurie de sucre qui sévit à Istanbul pendant la première guerre mondiale. A travers des témoignages des survivants l'article décrit la situation scolaire et la vie quotidienne de la communauté juive d'Istanbul, la seule à ne pas être emportée par le tourbillon du nationalisme. Il insiste sur les langues enseignées et les enjeux de la rivalité entre l' influence française (excercée par les écoles de l'Alliance Israélite Universelle) et allemande (exercée par les écoles de la Hilfsverein der Deutschen Juden)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532302">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00145622</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532303">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/56/22/PDF/raisin_frida.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532304">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532305">
                <text>[SHS:HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532306">
                <text>Istanbul</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532307">
                <text>écoles</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532308">
                <text>première guerre mondiale</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532309">
                <text>communauté juive</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532310">
                <text>Alliance Israelite Universelle</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532311">
                <text>Hilfsverein der Deutschen Juden</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532312">
                <text>Jeunes Turcs</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532313">
                <text>Combien de raisins dans votre thé?</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532314">
                <text>preprint</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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          </elementContainer>
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      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532315">
                <text>Seni, Nora</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532316">
                <text>1994</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532317">
                <text>Called also the Rothschild of the West the Camondos an Ottoman-Jewish family of bankers and phylanthorpists family initiated important urban reforms in 19th century Istanbul. They moved later to Paris and became well known art protectors and art "collectionneurs"</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532318">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00145621</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532319">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/56/21/PDF/ijmes_total.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532320">
                <text>ENG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532321">
                <text>International Journal of Middle East Studies</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532322">
                <text>ISSN:0020-7438</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532323">
                <text>[SHS:HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532324">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532325">
                <text>[SHS:ANTHRO_SE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532326">
                <text>[SHS:MUSEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Cultural heritage and museology</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532327">
                <text>istanbul</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532328">
                <text>unban reforms</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532329">
                <text>19th century</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532330">
                <text>philanthorpy</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532331">
                <text>banking</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532332">
                <text>Ottoman Jews</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532333">
                <text>art collections</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532334">
                <text>paris</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532335">
                <text>museum</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532336">
                <text>The Camondos and their imprint on 19th century Istanbul</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532337">
                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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      <elementSetContainer>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532338">
                <text>Paris</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532339">
                <text>France</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532340">
                <text>Tesson, Frédéric</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532341">
                <text>2002</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532342">
                <text>Les acteurs publics, qu'ils soient élus ou représentants de l'Etat, sont marqués par la culture territoriale. Cette culture, héritée du jacobinisme, les conduit à un rapport à un espace exclusivement continu, marqué par la prééminence de la frontière, la gestion, l'administration et les règles qui en découlent.&lt;br /&gt;Or, aujourd'hui, la société qu'ils représentent (individus, chefs d'entreprises) est dans un rapport à l'espace beaucoup plus complexe où la proximité spatiale n'est plus l'unique moteur du lien social, où la mobilité s'est considérablement accrue et où le fonctionnement qui prime est plus réticulaire que territorial. &lt;br /&gt;Dans ce contexte faut-il continuer à penser, comme le disait E. Pisani dans les années 50, que le salut vient de la création d'une administration de mission à côté d'une administration de gestion, dont il dénonçait déjà la lourdeur ? Ou, dans la mouvance du fonctionnement de la société, n'est-il pas préférable d'intégrer dans la compétence du gestionnaire ce fonctionnement en réseau ?&lt;br /&gt;Le rôle des préfets dans cet accompagnement est primordial. En effet, "l'Etat animateur", selon le constat ou le vœu (!) émis par J. Donzelot, passe par une prise en main de cette animation, dans le champ local, par des préfets et sous préfets préparés à ce rôle. Prendre conscience que si le territoire et sa gestion sont incontournables, l'organisation en réseau est impérative car elle accompagne la société.&lt;br /&gt;Les réseaux de villes font partie des expériences qui ont montré que les acteurs publics pouvaient eux aussi s'ouvrir à ce fonctionnement et accompagner le mouvement de la société tout en continuant à jouer leur rôle de gestionnaires. Les expériences issues de cette politique ont montré que les collectivités locales, incitées et accompagnées par l'Etat par l'intermédiaire de la DATAR et du préfet, pouvaient prendre en main l'animation du développement local.&lt;br /&gt;De façon générale, le préfet et à travers lui l'Etat, n'est-il pas l'acteur le mieux placé pour jouer le rôle du "passeur de frontières", pour peu que le message envoyé par l'Etat soit clair ?</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532343">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00010549</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532344">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/06/71/55/PDF/TessonPrefet.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532345">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532346">
                <text>Préfet et développement local</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532347">
                <text>Préfet et développement local</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532348">
                <text>Préfet et développement local</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532349">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532350">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532351">
                <text>Réseau de villes</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532352">
                <text>aménagement</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532353">
                <text>réseau</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532354">
                <text>territoire</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532355">
                <text>élu</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532356">
                <text>préfet</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>De la nécessité pour l'acteur public d'entrer dans la "culture réseau" : élus et préfets dans les réseaux de villes</text>
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                <text>Heilmann, Eric</text>
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                <text>Si les collectivités publiques investissent massivement dans les équipements de vidéosurveillance, les propriétaires privés (particuliers, chefs d'entreprise, commerçants, etc.) ne sont pas en reste. L'Etat est-il capable de réguler le marché de la techno-sécurité ?</text>
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                <text>[SHS:INFO:SOCI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences/Sociology of information and communication</text>
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                <text>vidéosurveillance</text>
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                <text>Le marché de la vidéosurveillance. Du maintien de l'ordre public à la gestion des (dés)ordres privés</text>
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                <text>Paris</text>
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                <text>Bonnafous, Alain</text>
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                <text>Dans les discours et dans les esprits, la voiture et les transports publics entretiennent des relations compliquées. Elles s'inscrivent dans une distribution de rôle où il y a les bons et les méchants, et alimentent ainsi une pièce toujours animée dont le scénario présente des scènes récurrentes comme la bataille pour l'usage de la voirie, la compétition entre les modes de transport sur le marché des déplacements ou les arbitrages dans les investissements publics. Comme dans tout bon théâtre, les acteurs vivent des contradictions redoutables : les citoyens qui se déplacent sont, pour plus de deux tiers, selon un sondage européen, favorables au développement des transports publics mais ne les choisissent que pour moins d'un quart de leurs déplacements ; les élus s'engagent à respecter cette préférence affichée par l'électeur mais ne peuvent pas oublier qu'il est d'abord un automobiliste et un contribuable ; ainsi les villes tentent d'échapper aux difficultés de la congestion comme à celle du financement. Elles doivent manœuvrer entre ces deux crises en jouant avec les cinq commandes du système de transport urbain : les lois de financement, la tarification, la réglementation, l'évaluation des investissements et leur programmation.</text>
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                <text>Villes et économie</text>
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                <text>Villes et économie</text>
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                <text>Villes et économie</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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                <text>politique des transports urbains</text>
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                <text>mesures de régulation</text>
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                <text>étalement urbain</text>
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                <text>mobilité urbaine</text>
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                <text>utilisation de l'automobile</text>
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                <text>usage des transports collectifs</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Le choix entre voiture et transport collectif</text>
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                <text>London</text>
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                <text>Bonnel, Patrick</text>
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                <text>In spite of the fact that disaggregate modelling has undergone considerable development in the last twenty years, many studies are still based on aggregate modelling. In France, for example, aggregate models are still in much more common use than disaggregate models, even for modal split. The estimation of aggregate models is still therefore an important issue.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In France, for most studies it is possible to use behavioural data from household surveys, which are conducted every ten years in most French conurbations. These household surveys provide data on the socioeconomic characteristics both of individuals and the households to which they belong and data on modal choice for all the trips made the day before the survey. The sampling rate is generally of 1% of the population, which gives about 50,000 trips for a conurbation of 1 million inhabitants. However, matrices that contain several hundred rows and columns are frequently used. We therefore have to construct several modal matrices that contain more than 10,000 cells (in the case of a small matrix with only 100 rows) with less than 50,000 trips (to take the above example). Obviously, the matrices will contain a large number of empty cells and the precision of almost all the cells will be very low. It is consequently not possible to estimate the model at this level of zoning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The solution which is generally chosen is to aggregate zones. This must comply with two contradictory objectives:&lt;br /&gt;- the number of zones must be as small as possible in order to increase the number of surveyed trips that can be used during estimation and hence the accuracy of the O-D matrices for trips conducted on each mode;&lt;br /&gt;- the zones must be as small as possible in order to produce accurate data for the explanatory variables such as the generalized cost for each of the transport modes considered. When the size of the zone increases, it is more difficult to evaluate the access and regress time for public transport and there are several alternative routes with different travel times between each origin zone and each destination. Therefore more uncertainty is associated with the generalized cost that represents the quality of service available between the two zones. The generally adopted solution is to produce a weighted average of all the generalized costs computed from the most disaggregated matrix. However, there is no guarantee that this weighted mean will be accurate for the origin-destination pair in question.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the best compromise has been made, some of the matrix cells are generally empty or suffer from an insufficient level of precision. To deal with this problem we generally keep only the cells for which the data is sufficiently precise by selecting those cells in which the number of surveyed trips exceeds a certain threshold. However, this process involves rejecting part of the data which cannot be used for estimation purposes. When a fairly large number of zones is used, the origin destination pairs which are selected for the estimation of the model mainly involve trips that are performed in the centre of the conurbation or radial trips between the centre and the suburbs. These origin-destination pairs are also those for which public transport's share is generally the highest. The result is to reduce the variance of the data and therefore the quality of the estimation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To cope with this problem we propose a different aggregation process which makes it possible to retain all the trips and use a more disaggregate zoning system. The principle of the method is very simple. We shall apply the method to the model most commonly used for modal split, which is the logit model. When there are only two modes of transport, the share of each mode is obtained directly from the difference in the utility between the two modes with the logit function. We can therefore aggregate the origin-destination pairs for which the difference between the utility of the two modes is very small in order to obtain enough surveyed trips to ensure sufficient data accuracy. This process is justified by the fact that generally the data used to calculate the utility of each mode is as accurate or even more accurate at a more disaggregate level of zoning. The problem with this method is that the utility function coefficients have to be estimated at the same time as the logit model. An iterative process is therefore necessary. The steps of the method are summarised below:&lt;br /&gt;- selection of initialization values for the utility function coefficients for the two transport modes in order to intitialize the iteration process. These values can, for example, be obtained from a previous study or calibration performed according to the classical method described in Section 1.2;&lt;br /&gt;- the utility for each mode is computed on the basis of the above coefficients, followed by the difference in the utility for each O-D pair in the smallest scale zoning system for which explanatory variables with an adequate level of accuracy are available (therefore with very limited zonal aggregation or even none at all);&lt;br /&gt;- the O-D pairs are classified on the basis of increasing utility difference;&lt;br /&gt;- the O-D pairs are then aggregated. This is done on the basis of closeness of utility difference. The method involves taking the O-D link with the smallest utility difference then combining it with the next O-D pair (in order of increasing utility difference). This process is continued until the number of surveyed trips in the grouping is greater than a threshold value that is decided on the basis of the level of accuracy that is required for trip flow estimation. When this threshold is reached the construction of the second grouping is commenced, and so on and so forth until each O-D pair has been assigned to a group;&lt;br /&gt;- for each new class of O-D pairs it is necessary to compute the values of the explanatory variables which make up the utility functions for each class. This value is obtained on the basis of the weighted average of the values for each O-D pair in the class;&lt;br /&gt;- a new estimation of the utility function coefficients.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This process is repeated until the values of the utility function coefficients converge. We have tested this method for the Lyon conurbation with data from the most recent household travel survey conducted in 1995/96. We have conducted a variety of tests in order to identify the best application of the method and to test the stability of the results. It would seem that this method always produces better results than the more traditional method that involves zoning aggregation. The paper presents both the methodology and the results obtained from different aggregation methods. In particular, we analyse how the choice of zoning system affects the results of the estimation.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00092335</text>
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                <text>PUBLICNRS: 499762</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/09/23/35/PDF/aet_2003.pdf</text>
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                <text>AET. European Transport Conference 2003 – ETC 2003, 8 - 10 october 2003, Strasbourg</text>
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                <text>AET. European Transport Conference 2003 – ETC 2003, 8 - 10 october 2003, Strasbourg</text>
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                <text>AET. European Transport Conference 2003 – ETC 2003, 8 - 10 october 2003, Strasbourg</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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                <text>Aggregate modelling</text>
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                <text>choice modal</text>
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                <text>Conurbation (Lyon</text>
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                <text>France)</text>
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                <text>Estimation method</text>
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                <text>Estimation of aggregated modal split mode</text>
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                <text>Massot, Marie-Hélène</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2003</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Durant les vingt dernières années, les politiques de déplacements urbains ont développé les réseaux de routes – autoroutes - radiales ou périphériques, ainsi que de nouveaux services de transports publics (métro, TER, tramway...). Cette amélioration constante des infrastructures de transport est au cœur des politiques puisqu'elle permet de maintenir et plus fréquemment d'augmenter la vitesse des déplacements. Or, aujourd'hui, il est reconnu que cela a contribué à l'étalement urbain de la population et des activités.&lt;br /&gt;Les conditions de mobilité individuelle (vitesse et coûts des déplacements) ont contribué à une réduction de la densité urbaine. Cela se traduit par des changements dans l'usage des modes de déplacements : réduction des parts de marché des déplacements en vélo ou à pied, relative stabilité de la part de marché des déplacements en transports collectifs, et un usage croissant de l'automobile. La voiture domine maintenant l'ensemble des autres modes de déplacements.&lt;br /&gt;Dans un contexte où l'opinion publique est généralement favorable au développement des transports publics et des prises de position politique qui reflète cette opinion, nous avons voulu quantifier la rigidité de l'usage de la voiture en termes de temps, de vitesses et de la localisation géographique des déplacements, par rapport à une politique de réduction drastique de son usage dans les zones denses urbaines et en faveur d'un développement des modes de déplacements « doux », pouvant être compétitifs avec la voiture. Pour cela, nous analysons la rationalité de l'usage de la voiture par rapport à la vitesse de déplacements des modes alternatifs à celle-ci. Est-ce que les automobilistes d'une zone dense urbaine peuvent réaliser leur programme d'activités quotidiennes sans changer la localisation de leurs activités, avec un autre mode de déplacements que la voiture, sans accroître leur budget-temps de déplacements et sans faire diminuer la vitesse de leurs déplacements ?&lt;br /&gt;Nous proposons de quantifier et de qualifier le volume maximum de réduction de la place de la voiture en ville appelé potentiel transférable, tout en respectant les programmes d'activités des individus dans l'espace géographique urbain et dans le temps. Nous explorons par la suite les effets d'une croissance forte de l'offre en transports collectifs sur ce volume maximum de réduction de la place de la voiture en ville. Enfin, nous analysons les effets d'une augmentation du budget temps de déplacements journaliers des individus que l'on peut assimiler à une politique généralisée de baisse de la vitesse de la voiture. Les analyses se basent sur les zones denses des agglomérations parisienne et lyonnaise, à partir des données issues de L'enquête globale transport de la Région Ile-de-France de 1992 et de l'enquête ménages déplacements de l'agglomération lyonnaise de 1995.&lt;br /&gt;La méthode développée pour quantifier et qualifier le « potentiel transférable » est basée sur des itérations répétées d'une procédure de transfert modal des déplacements automobiles vers les modes doux de déplacements (marche à pied, vélo, transports collectifs). Cette procédure de transfert s'appuie sur une série de règles de transfert. Il ne s'agit donc pas d'une approche comportementale, mais d'une approche permettant d'estimer le marché potentiel (maximum) des modes doux sous différents scénarios d'offre de transports collectifs.&lt;br /&gt;La communication présente la méthodologie développée pour déterminer le potentiel de transfert ainsi que les résultats obtenus. Au-delà d'une quantification des transferts, nous développons une analyse spatiale. Cette analyse est effectuée sur l'espace géographique des deux agglomérations parisienne et lyonnaise autour de l'évolution des déplacements et des véhicules*kilomètres transférés de la voiture sur les modes « doux » à l'issue de la simulation d'un scénario.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00096679</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532421">
                <text>PUBLICNRS: 499782</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/09/66/79/PDF/asrdlf_2003.pdf</text>
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                <text>ASRDLF. Concentration et ségrégation : dynamiques et inscriptions territoriales : XXXIXè colloque de l'ASRDLF, 1-3 sept. 2003, Lyon</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532425">
                <text>ASRDLF. Concentration et ségrégation : dynamiques et inscriptions territoriales : XXXIXè colloque de l'ASRDLF, 1-3 sept. 2003, Lyon</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532426">
                <text>ASRDLF. Concentration et ségrégation : dynamiques et inscriptions territoriales : XXXIXè colloque de l'ASRDLF, 1-3 sept. 2003, Lyon</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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                <text>Politique des transports</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532429">
                <text>déplacements urbains</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532430">
                <text>répartition spatiale des flux</text>
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                <text>usage de la voiture</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532432">
                <text>développement des transports collectifs</text>
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                <text>Paris (France)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532434">
                <text>Lyon (France)</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532435">
                <text>Efficacité spatiale des réseaux de transport dans une perspective de réduction drastique de l'usage de la voiture – Applications aux zones denses parisienne et lyonnaise</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>conference proceeding</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532437">
                <text>Chelkoff, Grégoire</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532438">
                <text>1996</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532439">
                <text>C'est en examinant les relations spécifiques qu'ils construisent avec l'environnement sensible que&lt;br /&gt;nous proposons d'aborder les objets construits et plus particulièrement ici les banlieues. En montrant quelques&lt;br /&gt;facettes de l'environnement sonore des banlieues, nous recherchons des pistes de réflexion et d'action à partir&lt;br /&gt;d'un composant important mais souvent ignoré des ambiances urbaines. Nous nous demandons notamment&lt;br /&gt;comment se fabrique le milieu sonore en banlieue, quels modes d'expérience sensible impliquent la périphérie&lt;br /&gt;urbaine et en quoi l'espace public y est mis en question.&lt;br /&gt;La requalification de l'environnement sonore peut suivre plusieurs axes d'action qui concernent à la fois la&lt;br /&gt;dimension sensible et esthétique au paysage sonore et la dimension de contact social inhérente au son.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532440">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00143427</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532441">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/34/27/PDF/1996_GC_ART_ImaginaireSonore.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532443">
                <text>Les cahiers de la recherche architecturale et urbaine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532444">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532445">
                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532446">
                <text>environnement sensible</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532447">
                <text>environnement sonore</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532448">
                <text>ambiance urbaine</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532449">
                <text>espace public</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532450">
                <text>banlieues</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532451">
                <text>Imaginaire sonore et environnement urbain</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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          </element>
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          <elementContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532453">
                <text>Charmes, Eric</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532454">
                <text>2007</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532455">
                <text>The suburban way of life is tending towards a rejection of tangible confrontation with otherness so that other people – should they be different – become politically invisible. This is at any rate what the critical literature surmises about the growing desire of suburbanites to live amongst their own and sometimes even behind the safe and reassuring walls of gated communities. However appealing this analysis might be, it seems nonetheless rather partial. Suburban populations are increasingly mobile and their everyday horizon is less and less reduced to the immediate perimeter of the neighbourhood. Indeed, how can one interpret the social specialization of residential areas as a sign of “enclavism” when all the statistics available indicate that mobility has become a constitutive factor of people's way of life and the neighbourhood has all but lost its existential weight?&lt;br /&gt;Based on exploratory work, this paper aims to deconstruct the criticism articulated around the opposition of “suburbanism” and “urbanism” by emphasising the effects of the various forms of mobility and showing that they complement the proliferation of homogeneous neighbourhoods. In order to achieve this goal, the paper analyses the culture of people living at the periphery of two large French cities (Paris and Lyon). The arguments given are based both on the existing literature and on research the author carried out in France (Charmes, 2005).&lt;br /&gt;As a result of the analysis conducted, it becomes apparent that the increase in mobilities and the social homogenisation of neighbourhoods can be linked in other ways than the one suggested by the critical literature. On the one hand, contemporary residential areas are not as neutral and sterile as they appear to be. Relationships between neighbours and interactions with people from the surroundings constitute at least an embryonic experience of otherness. Residential areas can therefore be conceived as “transition spaces” between the protected space of the home and the relatively unknown spaces of the large metropolis. &lt;br /&gt;On the other hand, the paper defends the hypothesis that mobilities tend to reinforce the need for stability and control of one's immediate space. Mobilities have lead city dwellers out of the reassuring cocoon of the neighbourhood in which almost everyone was swathed only a few decades ago. This growing uncertainty of life enhances the need to withdraw to a home “base”. However, this need is temporary and only concerns isolated moments of everyday life. The general tendency remains one of dispersal of spatial practices and individualisation of experience.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532456">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00139582</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532457">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/95/82/PDF/Charmes2007-cybergeo369.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532458">
                <text>ENG</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532459">
                <text>Cybergéo : Revue européenne de géographie</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532460">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532461">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532462">
                <text>Urban fragmentation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532463">
                <text>suburbs</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532464">
                <text>gated communities</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532465">
                <text>mobility</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532466">
                <text>community</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532467">
                <text>urbanity</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532468">
                <text>urbanism</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532469">
                <text>suburbanism</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532470">
                <text>neighbourly relationships</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532471">
                <text>psychological security</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532472">
                <text>Suburban fragmentation versus mobilities : is suburbanism opposed to urbanism ?</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Thomas, Rachel</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532475">
                <text>2004</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="532476">
                <text>Cet article met la notion d'accessibilité à l'espace public urbain, à l'épreuve des situations de cheminement ordinaires. La thématique du handicap des personnes, qui orienteaujourd'hui encore les débats, est donc dépassée. Il s'agit de montrer en quoi l'accès du&lt;br /&gt;piéton à la ville résulte d'un processus d'ancrage pratique et perceptif. La notion de configuration sensible structure le raisonnement : l'activité configurante du piéton consiste, dans le temps et la dynamique du parcours urbain, à saisir, associer puis s'approprier les&lt;br /&gt;ressources fournies à l'action par l'environnement sensible. À terme, cet acte de configuration procède d'une mise en forme de l'environnement. Il permet au piéton de déchiffrer l'espace, de s'orienter, d'ajuster sa marche et sa conduite en fonction de la présence (ou pas) d'autrui.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532477">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00143380</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="532478">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/33/80/PDF/2004_RT_ART_AccessibilitePietonEspacePublic.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Avant propos du dossier consacré par la revue Flux aux relations entre d'un côté les flux circulatoires supportés par les rues et, d'un autre côté, les territoires que les rues desservent ou traversent.</text>
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