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                <text>First paragraph of the chapter:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The crowd is dense, circulating around the exhibits, eddying between the monkey cages and the barriers that protect the patches of lawn. It is the second day of post-Ramadan holidays at the Giza Zoo. Hundreds of picnicking families and romantic couples get up from off lawn that is technically “closed to the public.” Using a thick black hose, a zoo gardener inundates the area with a spray of water. “Move out! Stay outside!” But hardly has he turned his back to pick up some trash, when visitors again cross the border of this little island of green, walking with precaution toward the center of what is now a marsh in the middle of which rises a floral composition of palms and cement. Among the adventurers, two young couples: the boys are carrying cameras, and the two girls wearing head-scarves pick up their long skirts a little in order not to spot them with mud. Together, the two girls pause in front of the palms, but this is only the preliminary to a more studied pose. The competing adolescents are already monopolizing a useful part of the decor (the trunk of a dead tree): “Give me my dark glasses for the photo!” One of the couples decides to pose farther away, where the sunlight of the end of the day pierces some foliage. The boy and the girl lean symmetrically on one of the park's floral lamps; the plants form the backdrop. The girl readjusts her blouse, smooths down her dress, straightens the pleats of her skirt and, finally, immobile, both of them look straight ahead at the camera lens. A little ill at ease, the boy only brightens his expression at the instant of the flash. The girl, gently smiling, seems defiant. Following the flash, the pose is kept a few seconds too long. Then all seem relieved.</text>
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                <text>From the preface by Hazel Shepard (September 1885) : &amp;nbsp; There is a saying, as old as it is true, that he who would be a writer must first of all have something to write something new to tell, or some new or better way of putting forth what is already known. This volume has not been called into existence as something new, but because there was not, so far as could be found, any work devoted entirely to a description of the outward appearance and real position of the GREAT CITIES OF THE MODERN WORLD.  A metropolis represents a focus of power; the chief forces of a country's civilization are centered in its great towns; and it has been believed that in giving a description of the large cities of the chief countries of the world, and bringing them together in a classified volume, there will be presented in a condensed form the leading features, not only of the great cities of the world, as a whole, but also of the civic national life of all the important countries of the globe.  The endeavor has been to prepare a book instructive and interesting to readers of all ages, but especially to place before young people a clear and, in a measure, complete idea of the greatest cities of our time, rated according to size, importance in intellectual, commercial, and manufacturing power, and descriptive of population and architectural appearance.   In all cases the aim has been to make the leading features either of a single city or a national group stand out prominently and leave the strongest impression. To combine all these characteristics into a single volume upon so broad a subject it has been necessary to consult a multitude of authorities; and, although these are far too many for the briefest enumeration, it is but just to acknowledge that valuable aid has been received from the standard encyclopaedias and from nearly all the leading works of reference of both special and general character whose scope comes in any way within that of the Great Cities of the Modern World. &amp;nbsp; NB : This work is available from the Internet Archive in multiple  formats : online, PDF, EPUB, Kindle, Daisy, Full Text, and DjVu. We  recommend the PDF format (68 MB), both for ease of reading and because  it has been scanned using OCR, allowing searches of the full text. &amp;nbsp; </text>
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                <text>, croissance urbaine, démographie, statistique, migration urbaine, urbanisation, histoire urbaine, santé, health, nineteenth century, dix-neuvième siècle, Weber Adna Ferrin</text>
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Adna Ferrin Weber

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&amp;nbsp;1899; 1963

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&amp;nbsp;Cornell University Press

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&amp;nbsp;495</text>
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                <text>Extract from the 'Biographical Note' by Barclay G. Jones :&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
Lewis Mumford is certainly correct in describing The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century as a &amp;quot;classic pioneer work&amp;quot;. It is the first really sound, comprehensive, and complete contribution to urban studies by an American. The only comparable studies at the time were French and German. Not only does Weber make a masterful synthesis of the vast but fragmentary work that preceded him, but he attempts to synthesize opinion on the urban questions he deals with. Furthermore, he brings to the field the dispassionate detachment of the social scientist seeking ways to study the city as an important social phenomenon.
&amp;nbsp;
Contents :
Chapter I - Introduction
Chapter II - The history and statistics of urban growth
Chapter III - Causes of the concentration of population
Chapter IV - Urban growth and internal migration
Chapter V - The structure of city populations
Chapter VI - The natural movement of population in city and in country
Chapter VII - The physical and moral health of city and country
Chapter VIII - General effects of the concentration of population
Chapter IX - Tendencies and remedies
&amp;nbsp;
Adna Ferrin Weber&amp;nbsp;was a fellow at Cornell and Columbia Universities and Chief Statistician for the Public Service Commission of New York, First District.
&amp;nbsp;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Do you ever wonder whether we should be optimistic or pessimistic about the future? If you want more reasons to think things may still turn out for the better, urban futurist and two-time TED speaker Alex Steffen&amp;rsquo;s your man. Steffen uses real-world examples and big-picture research to show us that a brighter, greener future is ours to choose. His most recent work is Carbon Zero, a book describing cities that create prosperity not climate change, accelerating their economies while reducing their climate emissions to zero. The big open secret about sustainability work, he recently told Design Observer magazine, is not how bad things are. It is how good things can get.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Alex Steffen &lt;/b&gt;is a writer, public speaker and strategy consultant on issues of sustainability, social innovation and planetary futurism.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>This thesis explores the relationship between urban restructuring and working-class communities in the context of post-industrial neoliberalism. While working-class communities were the bedrock of classical sociological analysis in the industrial period, it is thought that class no longer provides a meaningful social identity and increasing individualisation is often said to signify that agency is set free from the confines of structure. In this thesis, I attempt to, first, confront these assertions by reasserting the relationship between urban restructuring working-class communities and, second, represent contemporary working-class lives, through an ethnographic case study of gentrification in working-class neighbourhood, Partick in Glasgow. Substantively, in this thesis I take gentrification as a key process of class restructuring which is spatially articulated and is the leading edge of urban policy both in the UK and globally. While gentrification intimates that urban restructuring and working-class communities are inextricably connected, this relationship is not always fully explicated within research; orthodox definitions separate economic and cultural fields and working-class experiences are underrepresented. Thus theoretically, in this thesis, I attempt to attend to these shortcomings by using hegemony as framework. Hegemony refers to a form of rule relevant to how transformations in social relations are managed whilst the capitalist system is maintained overall. This involves a mix of consent and coercion which combine structural and agential processes, highlighting the reciprocal relationship between material and the phenomenological levels. Within this, gentrification is conceived as a political strategy, which not only seeks to create space for the more affluent user; it seeks to, consensually, create the more affluent user which, in the context of neoliberalism, relates to a moral and financial economy. This new sociological perspective on gentrification combines cultural and material understandings, whilst making working-class communities and their everyday lives the centre point of analysis. This focus is imperative since working-class people and places are the principal targets of policy-led gentrification, yet current representations of and conceptual language used to describe working-class lives have waned within mainstream sociology. I examine how working-class residents receive, negotiate and resist gentrification processes to reveal the ‘hidden injuries’ as well as the ‘hidden rewards’ of urban restructuring. This study aims to do this by collecting ‘locational narratives’ of 49 residents of Partick. These accounts revealed that respondents’ rejection of traditional class identity did not signify the end of class, rather, it demonstrated that there was a material rationale underpinning individualisation and their disassociation with class, which relate to neoliberal ideologies that decontextualise class and promote self-determination. Residents’ place-based attachment is revealed to be a crucial class signifier – on both phenomenological and material levels. Elective fixity describes the choice and control residents’ have over their ability to stay fixed within their neighbourhood. Respondents are shown to have a paradoxical relationship with gentrification whereby they are invited to participate in processes as consumer citizens, through homeownership or consuming privatised neighbourhoods services, yet are not provided with the means to consume. Residents’ experiences of gentrification are characterised by tensions around control and choice and lack thereof. While gentrification brought new rewards whereby working-class respondents could, provided they had the means, act as gentrifiers, they were also confronted with novel forms of displacement, identified as new typologies which relate to the increased privatisation of social housing. Thus, an emergent negotiated culture of contemporary working-class communities is revealed which is set within the confines of structure within a post-industrial neoliberal context. Using a framework of hegemony to understand the political project of gentrification reveals the reciprocal relationship between urban restructuring and the remaking of the working-class subject. </text>
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                <text>The hidden injuries and hidden rewards of urban restructuring on working-class communities: A case study of gentrification in Partick, Glasgow</text>
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MIT Press

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...[T]he Joint Center for Urban Studies of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, and the Harvard University Summer Session [decided] to convene a conference, in August, 1961, that would consider the city in history. The sponsors of the conference sought to bring together historians who had examined some aspect of the subject and men who had dealt with the contemporary city, both as students and as practitioners. It was hoped that the meeting of those familiar with historical data and those involved in present-day problems would provide a basis for a fruitful exchange. The results of that conference are contained in this volume.
It seemed desirable to approach the subject through a general consideration of the place of the modern city in history. It was hoped thus to outline the distinctive characteristics of this environment and the social and personal problems it created. It was clear that the city had to be treated both as an entity in itself and as a force operating in history. To appraise the impace of the city on the wider world in which it was located it was necessary, on the one hand, to understand its role, past and present, in technological innovations and economic development and on the other, to estimate its influence in the history of ideas. Even when viewed from within, as an artifact, the city reflected in its physical features the views that man held of its functions and purpose.
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I. Introduction:
Oscar Handlin - The modern city as a field of historical study
II. The city in technological innovation and economic development:
Robert S. Lopez - The crossroads within the wall
Shigeto Tsuru - The economic significance of cities
Alexander Gerschenkron - City economies - then and now
Sam B. Warner, Jr. - Innovation and the industrialization of Philadelphia 1800-1850
Aaron Fleisher - The economics of urbanization
Richard L. Meier - The organization of technological innovation in urban environments
III. The city in the history of ideas:
Morton White - Two stages in the critique of the American city
Carl E. Schorske - The idea of the city in European thought: Voltaire to Spengler
Frank Freidel - Boosters, intellectuals, and the American city
Sylvia L. Thrupp - The city as the idea of social order
IV. History and the contemporary urban world:
Kenneth E. Boulding - The death of the city: A frightened look at postcivilization
Deenis W. Brogan - Implications of modern city growth
V. The city as an artifact:
John Summerson - Urban forms
Anthony N. B. Garvan - Proprietary Philadelphia as artifact
Walter L. Creese - The form of the modern metropolis
Henry Millon - The visible character of the city
VI. Planners and interpreters of the city:
Christopher Tunnard - The customary and the characteristic: A note on the pursuit of city planning history
Eric E. Lampard - Urbanization and social change; on broadening the scope and relevance of urban history
Frederick Gutheim and Atlee E. Shidler - The building blocks of urban history
VII. Conclusion:
John Burchard - Some afterthoughts
Philip Dawson and Sam B. Warner, Jr. - A selection of words relating to the history of cities
Oscar Handlin was Professor of History at Harvard University.
John Burchard was Dean of the Humanities and Social Studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;sentation par l'&amp;eacute;diteur :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; The Illegal City explores the relationship between space, law and gendered subjectivity through a close look at an &amp;lsquo;illegal&amp;rsquo; squatter settlement in Delhi. Since 2000, a series of judicial rulings in India have criminalised squatters as &amp;lsquo;illegal&amp;rsquo; citizens, &amp;lsquo;encroachers&amp;rsquo; and &amp;lsquo;pickpockets&amp;rsquo; of urban land, and have led to a spate of slum demolitions across the country. This book argues that in this context, it has become vital to distinguish between illegality and informality since it is those &amp;lsquo;illegal&amp;rsquo; slums which are at the receiving end of a &amp;lsquo;force of law&amp;rsquo;, where law is violently encountered within everyday spaces. This book uses a gendered intersectional lens to explore how a &amp;lsquo;violence of law&amp;rsquo; shapes how &amp;lsquo;public&amp;rsquo; subjectivities of gender, class, religion and caste are encountered and negotiated within the &amp;lsquo;private&amp;rsquo; spaces of home, family and neighbourhood. This book suggests that resettlement is not a condition that squatters desire; rather something that is seen as the only way out of the &amp;lsquo;illegal&amp;rsquo; city. The wait for resettlement is a temporal space of anxiety and uncertainty, where particular kinds of politics around law, space and gender takes shape, which transform squatters&amp;rsquo; relations with the state, urban development, civil society, and with each other. Through their everyday struggles around water, sanitation, social and political organisation and the transformation of their homes and families, this book shows that the desire for the &amp;lsquo;legal city&amp;rsquo; is also the irony and utopia of home, which will remain an incomplete gendered project &amp;ndash; both for the state and for squatters.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Ayona Datta&lt;/b&gt; is a Senior Lecturer in Citizenship and Belonging at the School of Geography, University of Leeds&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>Gilbert, Alan. Supervisor</text>
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                <text>The study focuses on community participation among the poor of Bogotá, Colombia. It explores the changing relationships between poor communities, local politicians and the city government before and after the institutional reforms and changing approach to development that occurred during the 1990s. The case studies were conducted in six irregular settlements, all developed in contravention of the city’s planning regulations. Data were collected using a sample household survey and in-depth interviews with community leaders, local inhabitants and the representatives of outside organisations.

In the 1990s, clientelistic practices became less effective to push the regularisation process. City programmes toward irregular settlements became more holistic and benefited from better coordination between the different public entities. As a result, the inhabitants became more discriminating in identifying the most effective strategies for obtaining the services and infrastructure that they required.

Competent government intervention was ultimately the most important factor in furthering the regularisation process. However, regularisation could not be achieved without community participation. Community involvement was important both before and after a settlement was recognised. The community had to find the money to put down a deposit before the service agencies would install services. This required not only a minimum level of economic resources but also firm community leadership.

The study also shows that apparently contradictory decisions made by the different communities were highly rational. Whether the inhabitants were willing to pay for services depended on the benefit they expected in return. Their criteria changed through the consolidation process because their most urgent needs changed. Today, after the pricing system of public services changed, access to services depends mostly on users’ purchasing power and not on the collective negotiation led by the JAC leaders.

In the 1990s, under the new constitution with its laws protecting citizen’s rights, ‘participation’ of citizens in the political arena as well as their right to obtain basic services was clearly recognised. Under this legal framework, community participation gives the poor a voice with which they can present claims as well as criticise the negligence of public administration. However, the protests of the inhabitants against increased public service charges show that the community-based organisations sometimes still have reason, and the ability, to mobilise the local people as a final resort.</text>
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                <text>informal settlement, participation, participative democracy, community, social movement, urban policy, public service, infrastructure, local management</text>
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                <text>The illusion of community participation : Experience in the irregular settlements of Bogotá</text>
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                <text>Since the end of XVIIIth century, Paris has been citicized for ruining France. After the Commune (1871), strong ruralist, political and moralistic movements have increasingly censured the capital agglomeration which became a scape-goat, responsible for France decline. In 1947, a geographer, Jean-François Gravier, published a violent book against Paris, with the institution of Territorial Planning as a result, after World War II. Its main goal has been to weaken markedly Paris agglomeration.</text>
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                <text>[SHS:HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>Urbaphobia</text>
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                <text>urban history</text>
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                <text>The image of Paris in France since two centuries : from good to bad to worst</text>
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                <text>Zeijl, G .A. C. van. Promotor</text>
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                <text>The present doctoral thesis, "The Image of the Urban Landscape", aims to acquire knowledge of the city as a complex dynamic entity, submitted to the parameters of change and time, and the imperatives of culture. It does not pretend to analyse the city as an object, through a factual and quantified observation. It is unquestionable that the city is a material construct built on political, economical, and social parameters. However, the city is also a "mental event", acknowledged by sensory experiences within the parameters of space and time.</text>
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                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/962</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>The image of the urban landscape : The re-discovery of the city through different spaces of perception</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Extract from the Introduction:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; The poor were always with the English. Poverty had been of broad social concern since the Elizabethan period at least: the topic of ongoing debate, periodic legislation, sporadic philanthropy. But the London poor of the nineteenth century - particularly from the 1840s on - seemed to present a different phenomenon. The spectacle of poverty and associated degradation in Central and East London, and later in South London, gave rise to a new set of imaginative and cultural representations. It developed from and in turn created new relationships between an ascending urban middle class and the worst victims of the metropolis. Poverty became, as Gertrude Himmelfarb notes, &amp;quot;a cultural rather than an economic condition&amp;quot; (&lt;i&gt;Idea of Poverty &lt;/i&gt;366). The character of the London poor broke into the public consciousness as if it were a &lt;i&gt;discovery&lt;/i&gt;, which was &amp;quot;at once painful and alarming&amp;quot; in the words of one observer, and the &amp;quot;sense of novelty did not seem to disappear till the 1890's&amp;quot; (&lt;i&gt;Victorian City &lt;/i&gt;1:18). New terms, such as &amp;quot;slum,&amp;quot; entered the vocabulary, and from the Victorian period on, almost as one conceived of the big city, one conceived at the same time of a festering, teeming, sullen nether world within it. The state of London's poor came to exercise a strong imagistic influence, shaping the discourses of journalism, social work, government activity, and high culture.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; The late &lt;b&gt;Roger B. Henkle &lt;/b&gt;was Professor of English and Modern Culture and Media at Brown University.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Daniel Bivona &lt;/b&gt;is Associate Professor of English at Arizona State University.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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Michael Neuman

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Ashgate

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254</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Every 20 years since 1920, Madrid has undergone an urban planning cycle in which a city plan was prepared, adopted by law, and implemented by a new institution. This preparation-adoption-institutionalization sequence, along with the institution's structures and procedures, have persisted &amp;ndash; with some exceptions &amp;ndash; despite frequent upheavals in society. The planning institution itself played a lead role in maintaining continuity, traumatic history notwithstanding. Why and how was this the case?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Madrid's planners, who had mostly trained as architects, invented new images for the city and metro region: images of urban space that were social constructs, the products of planning processes. These images were tools that coordinated planning and urban policy. In a complex, fragmented institutional milieu in which scores of organized interests competed in overlapping policy arenas, images were a cohesive force around which plans, policies, and investments were shaped.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Planners in Madrid also used their images to build new institutions. Images began as city or metropolitan designs or as a metaphor capturing a new vision. New political regimes injected their principles and beliefs into the governing institution via images and metaphors. These images went a long way in constituting the new institution, and in helping realize each regime's goals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This empirically-based life cycle theory of institutional evolution suggests that the constitutional image sustaining the institution undergoes a change or is replaced by a new image, leading to a new or reformed institution. A life cycle typology of institutional transformation is formulated with four variables: type of change, stimulus for change, type of constitutional image, and outcome of the transformation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By linking the life cycle hypothesis with cognitive theories of image formation, and then situating their synthesis within a frame of cognition as a means of structuring the institution, this book arrives at a new theory of institutional evolution. The constitutional image represents the institution's ideology and precepts that are replicated over space and time via structures and processes. Changing the constitutional image in the minds of the institution's members yields a change in the institution.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Michael Neuman &lt;/b&gt;is an Associate Professor at the Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&amp;amp;M University.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>The paper focuses on how gated communities, as private means of providing public infrastructure and security, real estate &lt;br /&gt;products and club-economies, produce changes in housing market patterns. Based on an empirical study of Los Angeles &lt;br /&gt;(California) data, it aims to trace to what extent gates and walls favor property values and if the presence of gated &lt;br /&gt;communities produces over time (1980-2000) a deterrent effect on non-gated properties abutting the enclave, or close to &lt;br /&gt;it.Resulting from a demand for security, gated communities are a leading offer from the homebuilding industry. But their &lt;br /&gt;spread emerges from a partnership between local governments and land developers. Both agree to charge the homebuyer &lt;br /&gt;with the cost of urban sprawl (construction and maintenance costs of infrastructure within the gates). Such a structuring of &lt;br /&gt;residential space is particularly desirable on the urban edges, where the cost of urban sprawl exceeds the financial assets &lt;br /&gt;of local public authorities. New private developments provide local governments with new wealthy taxpayers at almost no &lt;br /&gt;cost. As compensation, the homebuyer is granted private and exclusive access to sites and amenities (lakes, beaches, &lt;br /&gt;etc.). Such exclusivity favors the location rent, and usually positively affects the property values within the gated &lt;br /&gt;enclaves.But it is also assumed that operating cost of private governance are paid for by the increase of property values. &lt;br /&gt;Market failure nevertheless occurs when costs rise above sustainable levels compared to property values.Changes &lt;br /&gt;produced by gates yield to at least two outcomes. At first sight, residential enclosures produce a price premium, thus being &lt;br /&gt;a smart investment. Furthermore, gated communities might well be able to generate enough property value to pay off the &lt;br /&gt;price of private governance. But this analysis holds only on a short term basis. In the long term, larger and wealthier gated &lt;br /&gt;communities are successful in shielding their property values and generate enough revenue to pay the cost of private &lt;br /&gt;governance, whereas a majority of average middle class gated enclaves do not succeed in creating a significant price &lt;br /&gt;premium, and / or did not maintain significant price growth during the last decade. Such gated neighborhoods are at risk of &lt;br /&gt;a market failure in the private provision of urban infrastructure, leading to potential decay.</text>
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                <text>L'impact des migrations internationales sur la structure urbaine d'amman 
Peu de pays exportateurs de main-d'œuvre sont aussi profondément touchés par la migration internationale que la Jordanie. En 1976, les transferts de revenus des travailleurs migrants ont représenté 24% du Produit National Brut. Cette communication examine l'influence de la migration internationale sur l'urbanisation, en étudiant premièrement la nature de l'émigration jordanienne et palestinienne et l'impact des investissements immobiliers des travailleurs migrants. Deuxièmement, la communication analyse les résultats d'une enquête à Amman qui a essayé d'identifier les manifestations morphologiques de l'urbanisation résultant de l'utilisation des transferts de revenus pour le logement.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="379290">
                <text>Findlay Allan, Samha Musa. The impact of international migration on the urban structure of Amman. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1985-1. Migrations et urbanisation - Migrations and cities. pp. 93-99.</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="379295">
                <text>Jordan. ; International Migration ; Remittances ; Housing</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="379296">
                <text>Logement ; Transferts de capitaux ; Migrations internationales ; Jordanie</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>The impact of international migration on the urban structure of Amman</text>
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                <text>This thesis investigates the impact of attempts to stimulate private sector involvement and investment in the urban regeneration process, looking at the case of urban regeneration institutions operating, and policies implemented, in disadvantaged areas of the city of Glasgow. Successive governments; analyses of the urban problem and the perceived role of the private sector in these are critically analysed and an alternative advanced. The history of attempts to stimulate private sector participation in the regeneration process in the USA and UK is discussed to introduce the delivery structures and policies pursued in Glasgow in the post war period. A review of the economic history of the city and the characteristics of its disadvantaged areas highlight the weakness of the city economy and the scale of the regeneration problem. The key original fieldwork elements of the thesis investigate the findings of a survey of attitudes in the private sector towards the regeneration process, the impacts of private sector participation in organisational structures and attempts to stimulate investment through the labour and property market. Further, a survey of key players in the business community assesses private sector attitudes to the regeneration process. The research argues that the rationales for stimulating participation advanced by proponents are flawed. Those concerned with organisational aspects confuse concerns over ownership with those of effective management. In investment terms there are major weaknesses in the attempt to adapt market failure policies to fundamentally redistributive issues. Analysis of policy history shows that there has been convergence towards a holistic approach attempting to address both growth and redistributive issues and that the City of Glasgow is a good example of this. Empirical evidence shows that business opinion is relatively well informed about the issues to be addressed but not about the agencies charged with delivering policy. Although the importance of the issues is recognised, attitudes in the private sector are largely negative on the potential for additional intervention from this source to assist in their resolution. The impacts of participation on delivery structures are limited because a public sector culture and funding structure dominates, allowing private sector representatives to input only at the margins. </text>
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                <text>University of Glasgow</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="195426">
                <text>private sector, private investment, urban regeneration, Glasgow</text>
              </elementText>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>The impacts of attempts to stimulate private sector involvement and investment in the urban regeneration process: The case of the city of Glasgow</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Tenure has often been cited as the underlying reason for the wanting physical state that defines slums in Nairobi. The contrary view is that secure tenure would bestow physical environments befitting urban spaces. These positions are hardly well-supported empirically, and in fact physical depravity persists broadly across a spectrum of tenure options. This paper aims to identify the variety of land tenure systems in the slum environments of Nairobi and ascertain if this influences the physical qualities of these neighbourhoods. The underlying question is whether the spatial qualities, inside and outside the dwelling units (DUs), that prevail in slums relate to the tenure system of the settlement. The proposition is that the tenure contributes only peripherally to the physical environments in human settlements. Thus, regardless of tenure system, 'slum' conditions are unavoidable at various stages of a householder's economic progression. The findings in the paper largely support this view.</text>
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                <text>Les cahiers d'Afrique de l'est</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:SCIPO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>slums</text>
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                <text>tenure</text>
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                <text>Nairobi</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="483312">
                <text>The Influence of the Tenure System to the Physical Environments in Nairobi's Human Settlements</text>
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                <text>Deflorio, Francesco P.</text>
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                <text>Tadei, Roberto</text>
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                <text>2012-06</text>
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                <text>In freight distribution services a required quality level may have a relevant effect on transportation costs. For this reason an evaluation tool is useful to compare different service settings and support the decision, on the base of quantitative indicators. This paper proposes a method for cost evaluation in this context and presents an application to a case study concerning a freight distribution service, which operates on a wide road network having a city centre, a peripheral urban area and a peri-urban rural zone. A simulation method is proposed to obtain real-life scenarios in order to test the method and its indicators. The performance of each indicator has been evaluated in an experimental context to produce realistic test cases, using a trip planning tool and a demand generator. First, the behaviour of the indicators is analysed with regard to the time windows width planned for the service. Then, their ability in estimating the total transportation cost to satisfy all the requests, under different time period profiles, is shown. The results confirm the ability of the set of indicators to predict with a good approximation the transportation costs and therefore to be used in supporting the service quality planning decisions.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/73/64/28/PDF/EJTIR_TW.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="486698">
                <text>ENG</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="486699">
                <text>European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research</text>
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                <text>ISSN:1567-7141</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GESTION] Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="486702">
                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="486703">
                <text>[MATH:MATH_OC] Mathematics/Optimization and Control</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="486704">
                <text>urban freight distribution</text>
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                <text>compatibility indicators</text>
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                <text>evaluation method</text>
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                <text>simulation</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="486709">
                <text>The Influence of Time Windows on the Costs of Urban Freight Distribution Services in City Logistics Applications</text>
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