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                <text>The intellectual versus the city: From Thomas Jefferson to Frank Lloyd Wright</text>
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                <text>anti-urbanism, anti-urbanisme, philosophie, intellectual, intellectuel, Franklin Benjamin, St. John de Crèvecoeur J. Hector, Jefferson Thomas, Emerson Ralph Waldo, Melville Herman, Hawthorne Nathaniel, Poe Edgar Allan, Adams Henry, James Henry, Howells William Dean, Norris Frank, Dreiser Theodore, James William, Addams Jane, Park Robert E., Dewey John, Royce Josiah, Santayana George, Wright Frank Lloyd, White Morton, White Lucia</text>
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Morton White
Lucia White

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1962

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Harvard University Press
MIT Press

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                <text>Extract from the 'Opening Theme':
...[E]nthusiasm for the American city has not been typical or predominant in our intellectual history. Fear has been the more common reaction. For a variety of reasons our most celebrated thinkers have expressed different degrees of ambivalence and animosity toward the city, attitudes which may be partly responsible for a feeling on the part of today's city planner that he has no mythology or mystique on which he can rest or depend while he launches his campaigns in behalf of urban improvement...
[T]he negative attitude of the intellectual toward the American city is of interest in its own right, especially because it is voiced in unison by figures who represent major tendencies in American thought: by Jefferson, the child of the Enlightenment; by Emerson and Thoreau, the Transcendentalists; by Hawthorne, Poe and Melville, who represent what Harry Levin calls "the power of blackness"; by Henry Adams and Henry James in reaction to the Gilded Age; by Howells, Dreiser, and Norris, spokesmen of literary realism and naturalism; by John Dewey and Jane Addams in what Richard Hofstadter calls "The Age of Reform"; by Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, America's best-known architects; by Robert Park, its most influential urban sociologist. Because these figures dominate or sum up certain phases of American intellectual development, they form a body of intellectual lore and tradition which continues to affect thought and action about the city today. There is a contemporaneity about some of their views which is not obscured by the fact that they speak from the past; they continue to be read by those who are interested in the general history of the United States and also by those who are curious about our literary and philosophical tradition. They virtually constitute our intellectual tradition as it is known today. They make up the core of our intellectual history and one must go to them if one wishes to know what the articulate American conception of urban life has been.
Contents:
I. The opening theme
II. The Irenic Age:
Franklin, Crèvecoeur, and Jefferson
III. Metaphysics against the city:
The age of Emerson
IV. Bad dreams of the city:
Melville, Hawthorne, and Poe
V. The displaced patrician:
Henry Adams
VI. The visiting mind:
Henry James
VII. The ambivalent urbanite:
William Dean Howells
VIII. Disappointment in New York:
Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser
IX. Pragmatism and social work:
William James and Jane Addams
X. The plea for community:
Robert Park and John Dewey
XI. Provincialism and alienation:
An aside on Josiah Royce and George Santayana
XII. Architecture against the city:
Frank Lloyd Wright
XIII. The legacy of fear
XIV. The outlines of a tradition
XV: Romanticism is not enough
XVI. Ideology, prejudice, and reasonable criticism</text>
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                <text>The phenomenon 'intra-urban burial' in Greek influenced Asia Minor can at first be grasped with the extraordinary Maussolleion at Halikarnassos. With this exception Maussollos formed his image in choosing by himself the site of his grave, a big part of the cult rites and the architecture, in which he joined Greek and oriental elements. The development of grave sites, cult rites and architecture forms for instance of the late-classical graves of Termessos or Ephesos will be analysed in succession of Maussollos. During Hellenistic times euergetism played a big role inside micro-Asiatic cities, and the intra-urban grave was part of the honours from the polis to the benefactor. The special meaning of this cult place honoured a couple of centuries in the middle of a city can be recognized by detailed and copiousness inscriptions, for example of the burials of the euergetai at Kyme. During the time after establishing the Roman province Asia and during the Roman Empire in the East the intra-urban burial was anew a special honouring given by the polis, but the importance in relation to the creation of identity for the city changed. On the basis of a selection of intra-urban graves from the 1st and 2nd century AD the way how to deal with these burials within the poleis, their creation of identity of the city and the way of self-imaging of the deceased will be examined.</text>
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                <text>Le mort dans la ville : Pratiques, contextes et impacts des inhumations intra-muros en Anatolie, du début de l'Âge du Bronze à l'époque romaine, Istanbul 14-15 novembre 2011</text>
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                <text>2èmes Rencontres d'archéologie de l'IFEA : Le Mort dans la ville Pratiques, contextes et impacts des inhumations intra-muros en Anatolie, du début de l'Age du Bronze à l'époque romaine</text>
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                <text>The invention of Brownstone Brooklyn</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; The gentrification of Brooklyn has been one of the most striking developments in recent urban history. Considered one of the city's most notorious industrial slums in the 1940s and 1950s, Brownstone Brooklyn by the 1980s had become a post-industrial landscape of hip bars, yoga studios, and beautifully renovated, wildly expensive townhouses.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; In The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn , Suleiman Osman offers a groundbreaking history of this unexpected transformation. Challenging the conventional wisdom that New York City's renaissance started in the 1990s, Osman locates the origins of gentrification in Brooklyn in the cultural upheavals of the 1960s and 1970s. Gentrification began as a grassroots movement led by young and idealistic white college graduates searching for &amp;quot;authenticity&amp;quot; and life outside the burgeoning suburbs. Where postwar city leaders championed slum clearance and modern architecture, &amp;quot;brownstoners&amp;quot; (as they called themselves) fought for a new romantic urban ideal that celebrated historic buildings, industrial lofts and traditional ethnic neighborhoods as a refuge from an increasingly technocratic society. Osman examines the emergence of a &amp;quot;slow-growth&amp;quot; progressive coalition as brownstoners joined with poorer residents to battle city planners and local machine politicians. But as brownstoners migrated into poorer areas, race and class tensions emerged, and by the 1980s, as newspapers parodied yuppies and anti-gentrification activists marched through increasingly expensive neighborhoods, brownstoners debated whether their search for authenticity had been a success or failure.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn deftly mixes architectural, cultural and political history in this eye-opening perspective on the post-industrial city.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Suleiman Osman &lt;/b&gt;is Assistant Professor of American Studies at George Washington University.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>The idea of a “historic city” is a rather recent phenomenon. As a conceptual framework, it evolved over the course of the 1970s and 1980s from the intellectual foundations of modernist urban design. This is especially well illustrated in East Berlin, where a heterogeneous group of politicians, architects, and scholars called for an urban environment that provides the individual experience of historicity. Their ideas were most prominently infused in a series of showcase projects built during the 1980s. For the celebration of Berlin’s 750th anniversary in 1987, some of the long-despised late-19th-century tenement neighborhoods were remodeled and fitted out with the insignia of historic every-day life. In addition, a number of representative architectural ensembles were built that made use of different historic styles. The invention of the historic city collapsed the memories of different historic periods into a generic notion of “the past.” This process relied on a specific elasticity of the language employed by designers and theorists. Over the course of the 1970s and 1980s, terms such as preservation or reconstruction retained a positive connotation while simultaneously time undergoing a radical change in meaning. In the same way, the quasi-biological conception of the city as a body with a life cycle, where “obsolete” neighborhoods had to be regularly demolished, was gradually suspended. Through both remodeling and new construction, the East German leaders and their collaborators initiated a renaissance of once neglected neighborhoods, which after the German reunification became prime locations for upscale housing and retail. Construction policy before and after the German reunification therefore has to be seen as a continuous development rather than a break. Despite the different political and economic system in the German Democratic Republic, East Berlin design politics during the 1970s and 1980s paralleled the approaches in Western countries, where real and imagined urban history was increasingly commodified and marketed to local elites and tourists. The historic city also became the conceptual background for a widely practiced exegesis of historic residues, through which Berlin’s middle classes claimed social and political legitimacy. </text>
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                <text>architecture, urban planning, heritage, heritage status, tenement, neighbourhood, urban renewal, history of urban planning</text>
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                <text>The invention of the historic city - building the past in East Berlin 1970 - 1990</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; For much of the twentieth century improvement in the situation of disadvantaged communities was a focus for urban planning and policy. Yet over the past three decades the ideological triumph of neoliberalism has caused the allocation of spatial, political, economic, and financial resources to favor economic growth at the expense of wider social benefits. Susan Fainstein's concept of the &amp;quot;just city&amp;quot; encourages planners and policymakers to embrace a different approach to urban development. Her objective is to combine progressive city planners' earlier focus on equity and material well-being with considerations of diversity and participation so as to foster a better quality of urban life within the context of a global capitalist political economy. Fainstein applies theoretical concepts about justice developed by contemporary philosophers to the concrete problems faced by urban planners and policymakers and argues that, despite structural obstacles, meaningful reform can be achieved at the local level.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; In the first half of The Just City, Fainstein draws on the work of John Rawls, Martha Nussbaum, Iris Marion Young, Nancy Fraser, and others to develop an approach to justice relevant to twenty-first-century cities, one that incorporates three central concepts: diversity, democracy, and equity. In the book's second half, Fainstein tests her ideas through case studies of New York, London, and Amsterdam by evaluating their postwar programs for housing and development in relation to the three norms. She concludes by identifying a set of specific criteria for urban planners and policymakers to consider when developing programs to assure greater justice in both the process of their formulation and their effects.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Susan S. Fainstein&lt;/b&gt; is Professor of Urban Planning in the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>This article analyses the pilot public housing project in Kibera Soweto East in Nairobi under the Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP), courtesy of a partnership between the Government of Kenya and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), which began in 2004. The article examines the process of temporary relocation of Soweto East Zone A residents, seven years after the launch of this project, and takes a critical look at the effects of this relocation on the affected population. In order to achieve this, data on Soweto East will first be presented followed by information obtained from surveys conducted on Soweto East residents by Amnesty International and UN-HABITAT. The temporary relocation of residents shall then be analysed with reference to book reviews, interviews and site visits. Finally, the key points analysed within this article shall be presented briefly along with the recommendations derived from this study.</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; The final word on the language of urban planning and design. The Language of Towns &amp;amp; Cities is a landmark publication that clarifies the language by which we talk about urban planning and design. Everyday words such as &amp;quot;avenue,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;boulevard,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;park,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;district,&amp;quot; as well as less commonly used words and terms such as &amp;quot;sustainability,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;carbon-neutral,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Bilbao Effect&amp;quot; are used with a great variety of meanings, causing confusion among citizens, city officials, and other decision-makers when trying to design viable neighborhoods, towns, and cities. This magnificent volume is the fruit of more than a decade of research and writing in an effort to ameliorate this situation. Abundantly illustrated with over 2,500 photographs, drawings, and charts, The Language of Towns &amp;amp; Cities is both a richly detailed glossary of more than seven hundred words and terms commonly used in architecture and urban planning, and a compendium of great visual interest. From &amp;quot;A&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;B&amp;quot; streets to Zero Lot and Zeitgeist, the book is at once comprehensive and accessible. An essential work for architects, urban planners, students of design, and all those interested in the future of towns and cities, this is destined to become a classic in its field.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Dhiru A. Thadani&lt;/b&gt; is a practicing architect and teacher who has worked in North and South America, Europe, and Asia, in urban design, town planning, architectural design, landscape design, and construction management.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>In a globalizing world, with borders becoming blurred and international competition increasing, cities need to be constantly aware of their own international competitive position. Whereas enterprises can strengthen their position through takeovers, mergers, or joint ventures, cities cannot. Cities can only try to make the most of their competitive advantages. A city with international ambitions has to be able to face the challenge of international competition, and therefore must have insight into its international profile. Which local factors make cities important, prominent, trend-setting, leading? For the national level, Michael Porter paved the way with his standard work The Competitive Advantages of Nations (1990), in which he introduced his famous ‘national diamond.’ Surprisingly, though, no such substantial research exists on cities, let alone that a ‘city diamond’ has been developed. To address these issues, the perceptions of ‘citymakers’ – the companies and institutions which contribute to the international profile of a city – were collected during the period 1998–2001. Based on the responses from more than 1300 of these ‘citymakers’ from 80 cities around the world, a ‘city diamond’ has been designed. The data from the study have also been used to rank cities according to the esteem in which they are held in the world: as a whole (integral perception) and also on the basis of ten different functions (functional perception) – Performing Arts (Symphony Music, Opera, Ballet), Academia, Corporate Services, Real Estate &amp; Architecture, Museums, International Organizations, Hospitality (hotels, congresses, tourism), International Trade &amp; Transport, Media, and Multinationals &amp; Finance. Finally, the data have been used to portray the competitive profiles of the 32 most important cities. </text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; Architect Alexander D'Hooghe believes urban design has lost its way. Once among the most articulate and avant-garde of disciplines, the field now lacks, he suggests, the confidence necessary to address its most critical challenge : sprawl. In his provocative manifesto The Liberal Monument, D'Hooghe argues that architecture and urbanism must boldly intervene in city planning and growth management. This strategic use of architecture represents, for him, the last hope to revitalize the quasi-endless gray carpetspreading between the world's urban centers. D'Hooghe's starting point requires a reassessment of discarded, sometimes disgraced, late-modern theories of placemaking. D'Hooghe points out that the very idea of top-down urban planning and monumentalized space was jettisoned due to its commonly held associations with the monumental neoclassicism and symbolism employed by Nazi architect and urban planner Albert Speer. D'Hooghe respectfully posits that we should not allow this perversion of thought to preclude our own thinking at the scale of urban planning.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; D'Hooghe travels the world in search of experiments in urbanism and findsin the ruins of these failed utopias a way forward. He discovers in the work of 'second-generation modernists' Sigfried Giedion and Louis I. Kahn an effort to connect architecture, planning, and liberal politics. This becomes the seed for what he calls the liberal monument.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; The Liberal Monument is a provocative, accessible work of theory that challenges all of the accepted truths of urban design. Its goal is to restore the confidence architecture will need, whether it is building cities from the ground up in China and Dubai or managing the growth of the sprawling suburbs of Phoenix and Raleigh/Durham.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Alexander D'Hooghe &lt;/b&gt;is an associate professor of architectural urbanism at MIT and director of the MIT Platform for a Permanent Modernity, a research group for design and theoretical investigations into ideal forms of contemporary urbanism.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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For all their vibrancy and liveliness, cities face a growing challenge of providing secure and sustainable places to live. Even the world&amp;rsquo;s most &amp;lsquo;liveable cities&amp;rsquo;&amp;mdash;Vancouver, Melbourne, Helsinki etc.&amp;mdash; are currently in world-historical terms utterly unsustainable. Unless we rethink the ways that we present sustainability to ourselves and learn to act differently, crisis will become a way of life. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Paul James&lt;/b&gt; is Director of the Global Cities Institute (RMIT) and Director of the UN Global Compact&amp;mdash;Cities Programme. He is Professor of Globalization and Cultural Diversity in the Globalism Research Centre, and on the Council of the Institute of Postcolonial Studies. &lt;/div&gt;
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Samia Mehrez

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Readings from literary works that re-construct and re-map the city of Cairo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bringing together writings by Egyptians, Arabs, men and women, Muslims, Copts, and Jews, this rich selection maps out many of the changes in Cairo&amp;rsquo;s geopolitics and its urban fabric, while tracing spatial and social forms of polarization and new patterns of inclusion and exclusion within the expanding megacity. Through its thematic organization, The Literary Atlas of Cairo traces the developments that have taken place over a century in modes of literary production, and presents a unique historical cross-section of the actors within the Cairene literary field, to provide an unprecedented, original, and indispensable educational and research tool for scholars and students as well as a much wider readership interested in Egypt and Cairo in particular as one of the globe&amp;rsquo;s largest historic, multi-cultural urban centers.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Samia Mehrez&lt;/b&gt; is professor of Arabic literature in the Department of Arab and Islamic Civilization and director of the Center for Translation Studies at the American University in Cairo.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Panel 1 : The lives of urban residents in a global world : Europe, Shanghai and Los Angeles &lt;br /&gt;
Moshe Semyonov - Anti-immigrant sentiments in Europe&lt;br /&gt;
Xiangming Chen - Migrants in Shanghai&lt;br /&gt;
Jai Lin - Native voices in Los Angeles&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Moshe Semyonov &lt;/b&gt;is the Bernard and Audre Rapoport Chair Professor of the Sociology of Labor at Tel Aviv University.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Xiangming Chen &lt;/b&gt;is Dean and Director of the Centre for Urban and Global Studies and the Paul E. Raether Distinguished Professor of Sociology and International Studies at Trinity College, Hartford, CT.&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
See also recordings of the other conference sessions:&lt;/div&gt;
Panel 2: Cities: Place, space and everyday infrastructure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Panel 3: The lives of urban residents in a global world: Berlin, South Africa, and Chicago&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Keynote address: What do we do when we do urban sociology? Sharon Zukin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Panel 4: Cities: Novel readings of the city and the lives of ordinary people&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Panel 5: Listening to the voices and organizing the interests of ordinary people&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Panel 3 : The lives of urban residents in a global world : Berlin, South Africa, and Chicago :&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Pam Fisher - Houses for the dead: The provision of mortuaries in London, 1843-1889&lt;/div&gt;
Kevin Hey - Regulating London's bus services 1919-1924: A reappraisal&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;From the editorial by Robert Tavenor : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; The urban development of London, the capital city and powerhouse of the UK's wealth, does not result from a comprehensive unified vision, political, social or economic. It is instead a city of many distinctive parts that have become highly stratified socially and physically. A coherent approach to unifying London was attempted in the last decade, and the essays submitted to the special edition of City, Cultre and Society consider those aspects of the latest period of urban transformation that were shaped through the new office of the Mayor of London.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Contents : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; Editorial : Introduction to the London Plan 2000 - 2010 : A decade of transformation - Robert Tavernor&lt;/div&gt; Obituary : Anthony Hopwood 1944 - 2010 - Hiroshi Okano&lt;/div&gt; London : Planning the ungovernable city - Ian Richard Gordon, Tony Travers&lt;/div&gt; The market and the plan : Housing, urban renewal and socio-economic change in London - Jamie Keddie, Fran Tonkiss&lt;/div&gt; The translocal street : Shop signs and local multi-culture along the Walworth Road, south London - Suzanne Hall, Ayona Datta&lt;/div&gt; Tate Modern : Pushing the limits of regeneration - Corinna Dean, Caroline Donnellan, Andy C. Pratt&lt;/div&gt; Urban regeneration for the London 2012 Olympics : Issues of land acquisition and legacy - Juliet Davis, Andy Thornley&lt;/div&gt; Visual consequences of the plan : Managing London's changing skyline - Robert Tavernor, Gunter Gassner&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Robert Tavenor &lt;/b&gt;is Professor of Architecture and Urban Design in the Cities Programme and the Department of Sociology at The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>, aménagement urbain, histoire de l'urbanisme, Oakland, Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, business, Blackford Mansel G., twentieth century, vingtième siècle</text>
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Mansel G. Blackford

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The Ohio State University Press 

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                <text>&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Mansel Blackford&amp;rsquo;s The Lost Dream explores the history of city planning in five Pacific Coast cities&amp;mdash;Seattle, Portland, Oakland, San Francisco, and Los Angeles&amp;mdash;during the Progressive Era. Although city planning had diverse roots, Blackford shows that much of the early planning originated with businessmen who viewed it as a way to shape their urban environments both economically and socially.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the opening years of the twentieth century, the business and political leaders in each of these cities began developing comprehensive city plans encompassing harbor improvements, new street and transportation facilities, civic centers, and parks and boulevards. As Blackford shows, businessmen worked through both established political channels and newly formed bodies outside of those channels to become leaders in the planning process. As the planning campaigns evolved, businessmen found themselves both joined and opposed by ever-changing coalitions of professionals, politicians, and workers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The way that businessmen had previously interacted with these other parties greatly affected their success in obtaining their goals, but ultimately, Blackford claims, politics lay at the heart of planning. The proposed plans were accepted or rejected in heated citywide elections in which, to be successful, businessmen had to convince others to vote with them&amp;mdash;a feat they achieved in only one city. Nevertheless, these plans were often later adopted in some piecemeal fashion, and Blackford concludes his study with an analysis of the legacy of Progressive Era city planning for later periods.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lost Dream makes significant contributions to our understanding of city planning in America and particularly in the American West.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Mansel G. Blackford &lt;/b&gt;is professor of history at The Ohio State University and is the author of a number of books on business history.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>The Mio-Plio-Pleistocene sequence at Casablanca covers the last six millions years. The age estimates for different phases of this sequence have been established by various methods: lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, absolute dating (OSL, ESR), palaeomagnetism and aminochronology. Mio-Pliocene environments are characterized at extremely rich palaeontological sites (Lissasfa, Ahl-Al-Oughlam) but these have not yet yielded hominids remains. The oldest lithic assemblages are found in Late Lower Pleistocene deposits, circa 1 Ma, in unit L of Thomas Quarry 1, and consist of Acheulian artefacts made from quartzite and flint. The first human remains discovered in this area were found in younger Middle Pleistocene deposits and cover an important period of human evolution between Homo erectus and modern Homo. They are associated with Acheulian artefacts and rich faunas in caves (Littorines Cave at Sidi Abderrahmane, caves at Thomas Quarries 1 and 3). The variability and the chronology of the Acheulian sequence is well documented following recent excavations in various sites around the well known locality of Sidi Abderrahmane (Ours Cave, Cap Chatelier, Unit L and Hominid Cave at Thomas Quarry 1, Rhinoceros Cave at Oulad Hamida Quarry 1, Sidi Abderrahmane Extension and Sidi Al Khadir open-air sites). The Casablanca sequence thus offers useful data for comparison with those from other African areas where hominids appeared and developed and should be considered in the debate on the earliest occupation of Europe.</text>
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