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                <text>La recherche a porté sur le nouveau palais de justice de Nantes (J. Nouvel) et sur celui de Bordeaux (R. Rogers) que nous détaillons ci-après. Nous avons analysé les espaces qui forment l'ossature d'un palais de justice (salles d'audiences et salle des pas perdus) mais aussi les bureaux des magistrats, dans lesquels la justice est également rendue, ainsi que les circulations et les espaces d'attente. Le corps des qualités " exprimées " a été construit par l'analyse des différents documents mis en jeu dans la programmation, la conception et l'évaluation des projets : le rapport dit Sompairac (du nom de son auteur) concernant l'évolution de la symbolique judiciaire, le Guide technique pour la conception des palais de justice, les programmes des concours, les propositions graphiques et les dossiers techniques remis par les lauréats, ainsi que les rapports constitués par les commissions techniques et les jurys des concours. Nous y avons ajouté différents éléments extérieurs (publications, discours publics) permettant de mieux situer les positions de principe des architectes au sujet des ambiances. Pour ce qui concerne les qualités exprimées, nous avons analysé les discours des différents acteurs, une fois les bâtiments construits et investis. Le discours du maître d'ouvrage a été abordé selon trois points de vue : à travers la parole " officielle " exprimée dans les documents produits par la DGPPE à des fins de communication ; à travers l'entretien que nous a accordé R. Eladari en décembre 2001 ; à travers les discours des conducteurs d'opération (relais locaux du maître d'ouvrage) lors de visites commentées des bâtiments. Les paroles des usagers enfin, ont été recueillies à travers une série d'entretiens conduits auprès de magistrats, fonctionnaires de justice et avocats.</text>
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                <text>Pour la majorité des français, la demeure idéale est une maison individuelle indépendante. Les petites annonces sont un reflet d'une époque et présentent un texte descriptif synthétique des caractéristiques et qualités que les habitants et les agents immobiliers prêtent à la maison. Cette recherche porte sur le contenu sémantique d'un corpus d'annonces de vente de maisons individuelles publiées dans trois zones géographiques distinctes à trois dates clés séparées de vingt ans (1985,1995 et 2005). L'chantillon final et composé de 6750 annonces, 750 annonces par zone et par date. de très nombreux résultats ont été ainsi obtenus, la plupart recoupant les informations connues sur la maison individuelle, d'autres apparaissant plus originaux. Cette étude s'appuie sur ces résultats pour montrer l'évolution de l'idéal urbain et de l'idéal domestique de la maison à travers les petites annonces.</text>
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                <text>Future de l'habitat</text>
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                <text>petites-annonces</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Les petites annonces de la maison individuelle</text>
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                <text>L'illusion du brise-soleil par Le Corbusier</text>
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                <text>La conception architecturale est un processus complexe dans lequel des entités de diverses natures sont manipulées. Parmi celles-ci, les ambiances représentent les interactions perçues entre les phénomènes physiques et les formes de l'environnement construit. Dans cette recherche, nous interrogeons la prise en compte des ambiances dans le projet architectural : quels sont les outils les mieux adaptés pour ce faire ? Nous donnons en premier lieu une représentation théorique de la question. Celle-ci nous conduit à définir des problèmes de simulation inverse des ambiances : il s'agit de modéliser des formes architecturales en partant des intentions d'ambiances du concepteur. Nous proposons de résoudre ces problèmes dans le cadre méthodologique défini par l'approche déclarative en modélisation géométrique. Nous appliquons cette représentation théorique pour un phénomène particulier : l'ensoleillement. Un état de l'art nous permet de situer les limites des méthodes de simulation directe de l'ensoleillement. Nous introduisons une formalisation nouvelle du phénomène en le considérant sous l'angle de la géométrie intégrale. Nous montrons que tous les problèmes d'ensoleillement, qu'ils soient directs ou inverses, s'expriment comme des problèmes d'intersection entre les objets d'une scène et un volume de rayons solaires que nous définissons comme la pyramide complexe d'ensoleillement. Ce volume est un artefact géométrique qui représente une contrainte spatiotemporelle d'ensoleillement. La détermination de sa frontière n'est pas triviale. Nous y apportons une solution en utilisant la somme de Minkowski. L'ensemble de ces résultats nous donne un modèle déclaratif de résolution des problèmes d'ensoleillement. En dernier lieu, nous discutons des modalités d'adaptation de ce modèle dans le contexte de la conception architecturale. Nous présentons une maquette logicielle intégrant nos propositions. Trois exemples illustrent finalement l'utilisation de notre modeleur.</text>
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                <text>[SPI] Engineering Sciences</text>
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                <text>Propositions pour une approche déclarative des ambiances dans le projet architectural : application à l'ensoleillement</text>
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                <text>Saint Pierre de la Réunion</text>
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                <text>Cet article propose quelques éléments de compréhension de la question du contrôle de l'ensoleillement à travers l'histoire de l'architecture au XXe. Nous évoquons l'élan solaire dans les théories hygiénistes au début du siècle, en décrivant l'exemple de la théorie héliothermique (A. Rey, 1928) et celui des immeubles à gradins de H. Sauvage. Nous rappelons ensuite la problématique de la maîtrise de l'ombre et la genèse du brise-soleil chez l'architecte Le Corbusier, suite aux difficultés thermiques posées par les premiers pans de verre des années 1930. Enfin, nous montrons comment les questions solaires et climatiques sont prises en compte dans les projets indiens de Le Corbusier, avec notamment la méthode de la grille climatique et les tracés solaires de I. Xenakis.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/57/23/62/PDF/2006_siret_harzallah_IBPSA_architecture_controle_ensoleillement_histoire.pdf</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Congrès IBPSA France</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>Architecture</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="499448">
                <text>Architecture et contrôle de l'ensoleillement</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>conference, seminar, workshop communication</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Siret, Daniel</text>
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                <text>Rodriguez, Gabriel</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2006</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>La maison est un objet architectural complexe. Elle est à la fois un objet d'usage qui doit répondre aux besoins du groupe familial, un bien de consommation considéré comme un investissement, ainsi qu'un objet d'expression sociale et personnelle comportant une forte dimension symbolique. Pour la majorité des Français, la demeure idéale est une maison individuelle indépendante. La façon dont les personnes s'expriment sur leur logement est une source importante d'information. Cependant, capter le discours sur le logement n'est pas toujours aisé puisque les entretiens directs peuvent être biaisés par la présence ou par l'intervention des chercheurs. De façon à éviter ce travers, nous prenons le parti d'interroger un discours indirect sur la maison : celui que forment les petites annonces de vente publiées régulièrement dans la presse. Les petites annonces constituent un type de discours non dirigé considéré comme une source de « comportement typique » qui permet d'établir les détails et traits d'une population de consommateurs à partir de l'information produite par le vendeur. Elles présentent un texte descriptif synthétique des caractéristiques et qualités que les habitants et les agents immobiliers prêtent à la maison dont il s'agit de présenter les atouts pour mieux la vendre. Elles sont un reflet d'une époque, leur étude historique permet d'ébaucher les caractéristiques contextuelles du moment de leur production. Nous avons ainsi analysé le contenu sémantique d'un corpus d'annonces de vente de maisons individuelles publiées dans trois zones géographiques distinctes (La Voix du Nord, Ouest-France et La Dépêche du Midi) à trois dates clés séparées de vingt ans (1985, 1995 et 2005). L'échantillon final et composé de 6750 annonces, soit 750 annonces par zone et par date. Ce corpus a été analysé aux moyens d'outils lexicographiques développés spécialement. De très nombreux résultats ont été ainsi obtenus, la plupart recoupant les informations connues sur la maison individuelle (ce qui montre au passage la validité de l'analyse des annonces), d'autres apparaissant plus originaux. Le rapport final donne une synthèse de ces résultats, en tentant de montrer l'évolution de l'idéal urbain et de l'idéal domestique de la maison à travers les annonces. Ces résultats permettent d'esquisser une description de la maison idéale de 2005, c'est-à-dire celle qui possède les qualités en forte émergence. Elle est à la fois proche des services et commerces mais éloignée des voisins ; elle possède un séjour spacieux décrit comme un beau volume, lumineux et ensoleillé, une cuisine équipée (ouverte ou fermée), deux salles de bain, trois à quatre chambres dont une au rez-de-chaussée, ainsi qu'un lieu de stationnement des véhicules en plus du garage. Elle est confortable et équipée de nombreuses installations techniques. Le séjour et les chambres sont parquetés. (résumé de l'auteur).</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00570332</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/57/03/32/PDF/2006_rapport_final_PUCA_annonces.pdf</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Évolution de la maison individuelle à travers le discours des petites annonces</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Siret, Daniel</text>
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                <text>Loin d’être univoques, les relations entre environnement construit et rayonnement solaire varient au cours de l’histoire. Cet article propose un aperçu historique de cette évolution et de la manière dont les théories architecturales et urbaines en rendent compte. Le panorama ainsi créé offre une base pour discuter la question solaire dans la ville durable. Cette question n’est pas seulement technique ou économique, comme on la saisit le plus souvent face à l’urgence énergétique, mais elle apparaît également culturelle et sociale. Nous développons l’idée d’un désenchantement solaire qui se manifeste notamment par une technicisation accrue et une privatisation de notre rapport au rayonnement. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="576008">
                <text>Solar radiation and urban environment: from heliotropism to disenchantment, history and issues of a complex relationship. The connections between built environment and solar radiation vary throughout history. This paper proposes a historical overview of this evolution through architectural and urban theories, from the middle of the nineteenth century. The panorama thus displayed provides a basis for discussing the solar issue in sustainable city. This question is not only technical or economic, as it is most often discussed face to the energetic emergency, but it is also social and cultural. We develop the idea of a solar disenchantment, which is demonstrated by an increased technicisation, and privatization of our relationship to radiation. </text>
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                <text>http://developpementdurable.revues.org/9767</text>
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                <text>fr</text>
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                <text>Urban environment</text>
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                <text>environnement urbain</text>
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                <text>histoire</text>
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                <text>rayonnement solaire</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="576021">
                <text>Rayonnement solaire et environnement urbain : de l’héliotropisme au désenchantement, histoire et enjeux d’une relation complexe</text>
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                  <text>Créée en 1986, Strates. Matériaux pour la recherche en sciences sociales est la revue du Laboratoire dynamiques sociales et recomposition des espaces (Ladyss). Regroupant géographes et sociologues, la revue est aussi ouverte à des chercheurs d’autres disciplines. Strates publie des matériaux, des réflexions sur des travaux en cours, des comparaisons avec des recherches étrangères, des débats, des éléments de méthodes, des travaux de doctorants, des jalons de recherche, des bibliographies commentées, des chronologies, cherchant ainsi à valoriser des moments importants du métier de chercheur non prisés dans l’espace habituel des publications.</text>
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                <text>Sivignon, Michel</text>
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                <text>La conquête de l’espace grec par l’automobile est un fait géographique majeur. Les progrès extrêmement rapides de l’équipement n’ont pas seulement conduit à des améliorations techniques, ils ont aussi modifié les rapports que les Grecs entretiennent avec leur territoire et les relations de la ville et de la campagne. À l’échelle locale, la construction d’un réseau de routes praticables en toute saison date des années soixante. Ce fut un instrument important d’intégration du monde rural à l’espace national en termes économiques, mais aussi en termes de relations sociales et d’accès aux équipements scolaires et de santé. Dans le même temps qu’elle taxait lourdement les véhicules de tourisme, la Grèce a très tôt encouragé la possession de véhicules professionnels. L’usage généralisé de fourgonnettes, dites en grec agrotiko, a révolutionné la vie du village et a permis aux agriculteurs d’exercer une autre profession. Leur multiplication a en outre facilité, grâce à des pistes taillées au bulldozer, la mobilisation de finages abandonnés depuis longtemps. Elle a autorisé l’extension des cultures de bon rapport financier, comme le coton. Elle a totalement changé la condition des bergers, qui peuvent aujourd’hui rentrer au village chaque soir. On observe enfin l’émergence de nouveaux modes d’habiter : des agriculteurs ont un appartement en ville et se rendent chaque jour au village. Inversement, les villages situés à une distance raisonnable d’une ville retiennent une population de non-agriculteurs. Ici comme ailleurs, l’opposition entre villes et campagnes est une notion dont les termes sont à revoir. </text>
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                <text>The conquest of Greek space by the automobile is a major geographic event. Rapid progress in equipment has not only lead to technical advances but also to change in the types of connections that the Greeks maintain with their territory and the relations between towns and the countryside. At the local level, the network of roads accessible in all seasons was established in the 1960s. It served as an important instrument in the integration of rural areas into national economic activity, as well as in terms of social relations and access to education and health services. Whilst imposing heavy taxes on tourist vehicles, Greece encouraged possession of professional vehicles from early on. General use of small vans, called agrotiko in Greek, transformed village life and allowed farmers to carry out other activities. The increase in number of these vans, along with tracks laid down with bulldozers, helped stimulate previously abandoned areas. It allowed for expansion in the production of rentable crops such as cotton. It completely transformed conditions for shepherds, who were able to return to their village every night. Lastly, there is evidence of emerging new modes of living: agricultural producers will have an apartment in town and go to the village every day. Conversely, those villages located at a reasonable distance from town will contain an amount of non-agricultural professionals. Here, as elsewhere, the opposition between towns and countryside is a notion which is in need of revision. </text>
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                <text>L’automobile en Grèce : à la source d’une nouvelle relation entre villes et villages</text>
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                <text>Grenoble - Avignon</text>
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                <text>Siyongwana, Pakima</text>
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                <text>This paper examines the selection of the capital city of the Eastern Cape Province in 1994, an important concern in post-apartheid political geography. Initially there were four contenders, Bisho- King William's Town, Umtata, Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth. Grahamstown withdrew from the competition in the early stages of negotiations preferring to remain the judicial capital of the Province. Bisho-King William's Town won the competition.</text>
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                <text>Territorial restructurings, comparisons and innovations Proceedings of the French‐South African meeting on territorial innovation. Recompositions territoriales : confronter et innover. Actes des rencontres scientifiques franco‐sud-africaines de l'innovation territoriale</text>
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                <text>The selection of the capital city of the Eastern Cape province &amp; The fall of a former capital city : Umtata</text>
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                <text>55</text>
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                <text>Sjöblom, Tom</text>
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                <text>
  
  Le dessein de l'ethnographie est de produire une description holiste de la culture à partir de l'observation. Bien que l'on croie parfois que les écrits ethnographiques sont objectifs, toute description est en réalité marquée et orientée par une théorie. À travers l'examen de la façon dont le chamanisme a été traité, l'auteur montre qu'expliciter les présupposés théoriques qui les sous-tendent permettrait d'obtenir de meilleures ethnographies.
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                <text>http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=ETHN_032_0255</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Cairn</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Ethnologie française, , 2, 2003-06-01, pp.255-262</text>
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                <text>chamanisme</text>
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                <text> cognition</text>
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                <text> heuristique</text>
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                <text> Finlande</text>
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                <text>shamanism</text>
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                <text> cognition</text>
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                <text> heuristics</text>
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                <text> Finland</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="459694">
                <text> Pohjoisen uskonnollisuuden hypoteesi</text>
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                <text> samanismi</text>
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                <text> itseorganisoituminen</text>
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                <text> teoria</text>
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                <text> kognitiotiede</text>
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                <text>« Juste un hobo »</text>
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                  <text>Crévilles</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="192774">
                <text>Lenntorp, Bo. Supervisor</text>
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                <text>Hermelin, Brita. Supervisor</text>
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                <text>Smas, Lukas</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Consumption forms and is formed by the city. How, when and where commodities are transacted is essential in this urban drama of mutual relationships. This thesis explores how consumption and everyday life in cities are interrelated. The specific objective is to analyse how commodity transaction situations are configured and constrained in time and space, and, how consumer service spaces are formed in and are part of city formation. Transactions are conceptualised as economically and socially situated material projects constituted by consumers, commodities and producers. Commodities and values are transferred and created through transaction spaces. The theoretical perspective is framed around consumption and production of spaces, and particularly informed by Hägerstrand’s time-geographical thinking and Lefebvre’s work on urban space. Methodologically different examples of consumption projects and spaces are used to discuss configurations and formations for commodity transactions.

The thesis stresses material and time-spatial constraints for commodity transaction and it discusses the blurring of boundaries between what conventionally has been separate social and economic activities and places. Changing transaction configurations and the formation of consumer service spaces in the city are explored through analysis of different consumption places and commodities such as books, coffee and clothes and property development projects in Stockholm city centre. Transaction configurations display geographical and historical continuities and changes as well as time-spatial flexibility and spatial fixity. Transactions spaces are continuously formed and reformed through processes embedded in the global cultural economy, urban development and politics, as well as through people’s everyday life. Producers’ strategic production and consumers’ tactical appropriation of transactions spaces are accentuated as crucial in the spatial practice of transactions, places and city formation.</text>
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                <text>http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7419</text>
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                <text>Stockholm University </text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>commerce, consumption, urban life, urban space, urban geography, economics</text>
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                <text>Transaction spaces : Consumption configurations and city formation</text>
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                  <text>Métropoles se veut le carrefour des travaux scientifiques issus de la plupart des disciplines en sciences sociales qui s’intéressent au fait urbain et métropolitain. Cette revue thématique souhaite présenter à la communauté académique internationale les travaux les plus significatifs et originaux issus soit des disciplines s’intéressant traditionnellement à la ville comme la géographie, la sociologie, la science politique ou l’économie, soit des disciplines qui interrogent le fait urbain depuis moins longtemps comme l’histoire  et le droit. Elle accueille les travaux produits au croisement des disciplines comme ceux de l’urbanisme, de l’aménagement ou du « planning ». Elle publie des articles en français et en anglais.</text>
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                <text>La question de savoir qui gouverne l’économie a longtemps fasciné les sciences sociales sans pour autant souvent générer de résultats probants et rigoureux. Bernard Jouve a tenté d’y répondre en se focalisant sur l’élite de chacune des métropoles qu’il a étudiée. Ce texte prolonge son travail en changeant de focale pour aborder plutôt les élites qui régulent chaque industrie en présentant leur «  programme » respectif. Après avoir exposé les développements théoriques menant à ce concept « d’élite programmatique », l’article les croise avec une approche du gouvernement des industries afin de tracer une nouvelle voie vers une meilleure compréhension du rôle du politique dans l’économie. </text>
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                <text>The question «who governs the economy ?» has fascinated social science for years without often generating stimulating and rigorous results. Bernard Jouve attempted to reply to it by focusing on the elite of each metropole he studied. This text extends his work by changing the focus in order to study the elites who regulate each industry through promoting their respective «programme». Having first presented the theoretical developments that produced the concept of «programmatic elite», the article combines it with an approach to the government of industries in order to set out a new route map towards better understanding of the role of politics in the economy. </text>
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                <text>secteur industriel</text>
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                <text>valeur</text>
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                <text>Qui gouverne les industries ?</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194203">
                <text>Lewcock, Ronald. Advisor</text>
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                <text>This work is a study in urban history, in particular, one that examines a crucial period in the rise and development of large cities and metropolises in the region of Sogdiana within Central Asia, between the seventh and tenth centuries. The primary focus of inquiry is to show the effects of inter-relationships between social change, intense urbanization and religious conversions that occurred within Sogdiana at this time. All of these processes were initiated as a result of the Arab invasions between 625 and 750 A.D. Sogdia or Sogdiana, along with the regions of Bactria and Khwarazm, were incorporated into the Islamic world through the process of conquest that followed these invasions, but once resistance was extinguished and Islam widely accepted among the populace, these regions became among the most vital centers of urban life in the Islamic world. Sogdiana, among these three regions, witnessed the rise, change and unprecedented development of many large metropolises that were distinct in several ways from the cities in other parts of the Islamic world. Traditional cities in the Islamic world further west and south of Central Asia had a dense structure within an encircling wall, and eventually the residential areas were found to extend beyond the wall, only themselves to be eventually protected by another wall. However, in Central Asia yet another further stage of development took place. Here the main administrative functions and markets moved out into this outer residential area and abandoned the central core. This outer area of the city (the rabad) became the locus of political and commercial activity. In due course the process repeated itself - the residential areas overflowing beyond the walls of the rabad, only themselves to be surrounded by a third outer wall. In this way the Central Asian city developed into a distinct type, markedly different from cities further west and south.</text>
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                <text>http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7176</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194208">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/988</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194211">
                <text>Georgia Institute of Technology</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194212">
                <text>urban history, Islamic city, urbanisation, urban form, rabad</text>
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                <text>Urban metamorphosis and change in Central Asian cities after the Arab invasions</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                  <text>Urbanisation et sociétés urbaines</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="357965">
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="357966">
                <text>POLYNESIE FRANCAISE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="357967">
                <text>TAHITI</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="357968">
                <text>PAPEETE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="357969">
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              <elementText elementTextId="357970">
                <text>Boutillier, Jean-Louis (collab.)</text>
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                <text>1992</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="357973">
                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:36133</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="357974">
                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:36133</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="357975">
                <text>Sodter François (collab.), Boutillier Jean-Louis (collab.). Les hommes et la ville : migration et emplois. In : Champaud Jacques (ed.).  Croissance urbaine et dépendance économique en Polynésie française. Paris : ORSTOM, 1992, p. 37-50. (Etudes et Thèses). </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="357977">
                <text>ORSTOM</text>
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                <text>POPULATION URBAINE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="357979">
                <text>FLUX MIGRATOIRE</text>
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                <text>ACTIVITE SECTORIELLE</text>
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                <text>Croissance urbaine et dépendance économique en Polynésie française</text>
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                <text>AFRIQUE AUSTRALE</text>
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                <text>NAMIBIE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="348680">
                <text>WINDHOEK</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="348685">
                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010030241</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="348686">
                <text>Sohn C. Le shebeen, révélateur de changements gestionnaires dans la ville post-apartheid : le cas de Windhoek (Namibie). In : Henaff Nolwen (ed.), Jolivet Marie-José (ed.), Martin Jean-Yves (ed.).  Variations. Autrepart, 2002, p. 25-42. </text>
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</itemContainer>
