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                <text>European cities are increasingly influenced by recreation, changing the essential quality of the urban space. That is the thesis put forward in this article. The article begins by setting out a theoretical framework in which cities are seen as specific places, used as a resource by mobile individuals in a specific "regime of dwelling". The concepts of city, tourism, and recreational turn are explained. The paper goes on to give a brief description of the context of tourism in Europe, with reference to data problems for a European-wide study of tourism on the local level of urban settings. Finally, the following specific processes of the recreational turn are reconstructed, leading to differentiated urban qualities of contemporary European cities: festivalization, heritageing, investing in industrial agglomerations, experiencing the modernity of cities, and the urbanisation of tourist resorts. The conclusion reflects upon the consequences of recreation and mobility for the European city as a place for geographically plural individuals, where cohabitation becomes a crucial political issue.</text>
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                <text>Hagar. Studies in Culture, Polity and Identities</text>
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                <text>European Cities: Towards a Recreational Turn?</text>
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                <text>Comment mettre au point une connaissance scientifique des manières dont les êtres humains ha- bitent ? Cette question est plus difficile à traiter qu'elle n'en a l'air du premier coup d'oeil. Car, si nous disposons de multiples réponses - modèle des lieux centraux de Christaller-Lösch, mo- dèle proxémique de Heidegger-Moles, modèle des trois modes spatiaux de Lefevbre, modèles chorématiques de Brunet, théorie des régimes spatiaux d'action de Werlen, théorie de la géo- symbolicité de Berque, pour n'en citer que quelques unes - les questions auxquelles répondent ces multiples descriptions et explications ne sont pas toujours circonscrites avec soin. D'où la nécessité de poser des questions sur les façons adéquates de penser l'habiter. Avec quels outils conceptuels pouvons-nous appréhender la question de l'espace habité, des styles d'habiter, des pratiques d'espace, des différentes façons de rendre habitable de l'espace, des conditions de pos- sibilité de l'habiter, des technologies d'espace, du rapport à l'environnement et au monde bio- physique ? Voici quelques unes des questions qui me semblent importantes à considérer en tant que problème cognitif. Elles pointent la diversité des questionnements possibles sur l'habiter qui ne réduit pas la question au lien humanité/Terre, la demeure ou la proximité.</text>
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                <text>Habiter, le propre de l'humain.</text>
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                <text>Théorie de l'habiter. Questionnements</text>
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                <text>Cet article discute du problème du tourisme dans le modèle des lieux centraux de Christaller. L'objectif de cet article vise à montrer comment différentes solutions pour penser l'articulation entre tourisme et centralité sont possibles. D'abord, en considérant les stations touristiques comme des lieux non-centraux et en observant la possible centralisation lorsqu'elles se développent vers des stations à fonctions urbaines diversifiées. Ensuite, en concevant des stations touristiques comme étant des lieux centraux d'échelle mondiale - et non pas à l'échelle régionale comme définie par le modèle classique - où virtuellement l'ensemble de la population touristique est le référent du lieu.</text>
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                <text>Lieux centraux</text>
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                <text>Le problème du tourisme dans le modèle des lieux centraux. Réflexions critiques</text>
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                <text>On a récemment ouvert un nouveau projet de questionnement géographique visant à explorer des manières dont les individus habitent les lieux géographiques du Monde (Stock, 2001 ; 2004). Le présent article propose trois notions interdépendantes qui pourraient nous aider à intégrer l'habiter des individus dans un contexte sociétal et spatial. Les termes de pratiques des lieux, modes/styles d'habiter et régimes d'habiter seront explorés quant à leur capacité heuristique à rendre compte des manières, changeantes, des sociétés à créer des référents géographiques pour et par leurs pratiques.</text>
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                <text>Travaux de l'Institut de Géographie de Reims</text>
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                <text>Pratiques des lieux, modes d'habiter, régimes d'habiter : pour une analyse trialogique des dimensions spatiales des sociétés humaines</text>
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                <text>We present here a method for analyzing the neighborhoods of all the vertices in a large graph. We ﬁrst give an algorithm for characterizing a simple undirected graph that relies on enumeration of small induced subgraphs. We make a step further in this direction by identifying not only subgraphs but also the positions occupied by the diﬀerent vertices of the graph. We are thus able to compute the roles played by the vertices of the graph, roles found according to a new deﬁnition that we introduce. We apply this method to the neighborhood of each vertex in a 2.7M vertices, 6M edges mobile phone graph. We analyze how the contacts of each person are connected to each other and the positions they occupy in the neighborhood network. Then we compare their quantity of communication (duration and frequency) to their positions, ﬁnding that the two are not independent. We ﬁnally interpret and explain the results using social studies on phone communications.</text>
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                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00359464</text>
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                <text>[INFO:INFO_NI] Computer Science/Networking and Telecommunication</text>
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                <text>Structure of neighborhoods in a large social network</text>
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                <text>Stoïca, Ruxandra-Lulia</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>
  Cet article est consacré à la ville de Craïova, en Roumanie, du XV au XVIIIe siècles 
dont des chartes, des descriptions tirées de journaux de voyage, ainsi que des 
plans, révèlent les caractéristiques du développement urbain; leur analyse prend 
en compte les conditions de leur production et le statut de leurs auteurs. Craïova 
s'est développée au carrefour de routes commerciales importantes et a été amenée 
à jouer en tant que résidence d'un ban, un rôle essentiel sur le plan politicoadministratif, et, par la suite, religieux, ce qui devait assurer son urbanisation.
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                <text>http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=RHU_012_0039</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>fre</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Cairn</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Histoire urbaine, n 12, 1, 2005-03-01, pp.39-56</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>L'urbanisation valaque médiévale et moderne vue par les contemporains</text>
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                  <text>Belgeo est la seule revue scientifique nationale de géographie en Belgique. Au-delà des articles thématiques ou de réflexion, la revue a pour objectif de couvrir les grandes questions géographiques, les problèmes européens et mondiaux ainsi que les problèmes nationaux. Belgeo permet également la propagation des résultats de recherches menées par des géographes belges, souvent à la jonction des approches anglo-saxonne et latine, et ouvre ses pages aux derniers développements tant en géographie humaine que physique.</text>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Strale, Mathieu</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="557234">
                <text>2010-09-30</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="557235">
                <text>La logistique est un secteur économique connaissant une croissance marquée, témoin du système économique actuel, flexible et mondialisé, basé sur des échanges multiples. Cependant, sa géographie reste largement méconnue car son essor est récent et les sources d’information peu nombreuses. L’étude de la localisation des entreprises logistiques est une étape en ce sens. Elle met en évidence une répartition spatiale polarisée par les centres urbains et de transport, mais avec de fortes variations entre les différents secteurs de l’activité logistique. La construction d’une typologie régionale synthétise ces éléments et permet de les intégrer dans une perspective plus large de géographique économique. Les agglomérations urbaines y jouent un rôle clé et un double gradient décroissant centré sur celles-ci apparaît, basé d’une part sur la densité d’activités et d’autre part sur le type d’entreprises logistiques. </text>
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                <text>Logistics is an economic sector that knows a strong growth, resulting from the current, flexible and globalised economic system based on multiple exchanges. However, its geography remains largely unknown because its development is recent and information sources are not very numerous. The study of the firms location may be a solution. It brings to light a space distribution polarized by the urban and transport centres, but with strong variations between the different branches of the logistics industry. The construction of a regional typology synthesizes these elements and makes it possible to integrate them into a broader perspective of economic geography, where metropolitan areas have a key function. Centred on these latter, a double decreasing gradient appears. It is based on the one hand on the density of activities and on the other hand on the type of logistics firms. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="557237">
                <text>http://belgeo.revues.org/6841</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="557238">
                <text>doi:10.4000/belgeo.6841</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="557239">
                <text>fr</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>cities</text>
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                <text>logistics activities</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="557243">
                <text>Northwest Europe</text>
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                <text>regional typology</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="557245">
                <text>Europe du Nord-Ouest</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="557246">
                <text>localisation des entreprises</text>
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                <text>logistique</text>
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                <text>villes</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="557250">
                <text>La localisation des entreprises logistiques et le positionnement des régions urbaines nord-ouest européennes</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="521244">
                <text>Stransky, Vaclav</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1995-12-11</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Prenant comme cadre conceptuel la théorie des réseaux territoriaux et diverses théories comportementales, cette thèse aborde un aspect encore peu connu de la voirie urbaine : l'influence que peut avoir sa morphologie (notion regroupant l'ensemble des caractéristiques formelles de l'infrastructure viaire et de son environnement territorial immédiat) sur sa fonction-déplacement&lt;br /&gt;(dimension circulatoire du réseau), caractérisée par la vitesse moyenne des véhicules. Pour cela, quelques quartiers parisiens sont choisis comme terrain expérimental sur des critères aussi bien théoriques (nécessité de poser certaines hypothèses simplificatrices fortes) que pratiques (disponibilité de données). Ces quartiers sont ensuite découpés en tronçons de rue élémentaires considérés comme "morphologiquement homogènes", et chaque tronçon est affecté d'un grand nombre de variables morphologiques d'une part, d'une vitesse moyenne&lt;br /&gt;calculée sur la base d'observations effectuées à l'aide de plusieurs séries de photographies aériennes, d'autre part. Enfin, une analyse factorielle (Analyse des correspondances multiples), croisant cette vitesse moyenne avec l'ensemble des variables morphologiques, est appliquée à cet échantillon. Elle met en évidence, à l'intérieur de ce dernier, une structure forte que nous interprétons comme une série de liens et d'effets de seuil plus ou moins importants entre cette vitesse et certaines des variables morphologiques, pouvant dès lors être&lt;br /&gt;considérées comme "structurantes".</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00129522</text>
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                <text>Université Paris XII Val de Marne</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>analyse des correspondances</text>
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                <text>Forme et fonction d'un réseau : cas de la voirie urbaine de desserte locale</text>
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                <text>Streiff-Fénart, Jocelyne</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="513482">
                <text>Poutignat, Philippe</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="513483">
                <text>2008</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="513484">
                <text>On se propose dans cet article de montrer comment, dans le contexte de l'exacerbation des pressions à la fermeture des frontières exercées par les institutions européennes, la qualification de la ville portuaire de Nouadhibou (Mauritanie) comme ville de transit vient mettre à l'épreuve l'image et le sens de l'urbanité propre à cette ville. Les composantes de cette image sont d'abord précisées : son caractère de ville industrielle, en contraste avec les valeurs de la citadinité maure, et de ville commerciale inscrite dans des circuits d'échange globaux mais longtemps isolée du reste du territoire mauritanien. La présence dans la ville des étrangers originaires de la sous-région était jusqu'ici intégrée à cette image, comme une sorte de confirmation supplémentaire de la valorisation de l'esprit d'entreprise. Jusqu'à une date récente, les migrations de transit des « aventuriers » en quête d'un passage vers l'Europe ont pu s'articuler aux différents types de circulation présents dans la ville sans que soit altéré ce fond de représentations partagées. Les mesures mises en place dans le cadre de la politique de surveillance des frontières sont venues néanmoins polariser ce système migratoire fluide sur son dernier segment, en ciblant la catégorie d'émigrant clandestin ou illégal dans un contexte où rien ne différenciait jusque-là ce dernier de l'immigré, nullement clandestin ou illégal. Elles tendent à créer des catégories distinctives d'immigrés (réguliers, permanents, de passage), là où précisément le système migratoire local produisait l'indistinction. Comme toute politique migratoire, la politique de contrôle des frontières de l'Europe implique pour sa mise en œuvre tout un travail de légitimation des actions entreprises, qui les rende compréhensibles et acceptables par les opinions publiques des pays concernés. L'approche monographique développée dans l'article conduit à considérer que ce travail de légitimation est corrélatif d'un procès en illégitimité des migrants eux-mêmes et de leur présence dans la ville, illégitimité que ces mots (« transit », « clandestin », etc.) viennent précisément souligner.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="513485">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00414019</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="513486">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/41/40/19/PDF/Streiff-Fenart_Poutignat_-_def.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="513487">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="513488">
                <text>Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="513489">
                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="513490">
                <text>Migrations de transit Mauritanie politiques migratoires</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="513491">
                <text>Nouadhibou "ville de transit"?</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="513492">
                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
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      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="534230">
                <text>Streiff-Fénart, Jocelyne</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="534231">
                <text>Poutignat, Philippe</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="534232">
                <text>2006-12</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="534233">
                <text>Sur la route des migrants africains vers l'Europe, le port de Nouadhibou représente l'espoir de trouver un passage clandestin. Dans cette étude, la ville est envisagée comme lieu de transit, mais surtout comme "espace intermédiaire". Cette notion, attribuée aux villes relais, désigne un territoire urbain nettement circonscrit et identifiable, investi par des migrants en transit et susceptibles de réorienter leurs trajectoires.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="534234">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00130026</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="534235">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/00/26/PDF/article_ndb_-_cahiers_medit.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="534236">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="534237">
                <text>Cahiers de la Méditerranée</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="534238">
                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="534239">
                <text>Nouadhibou</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="534240">
                <text>Migrants</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="534241">
                <text>Transit</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="534242">
                <text>Trajectoires migratoires</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="534243">
                <text>De l'aventurier au commerçant transnational.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="534244">
                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="33389" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="43">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535145">
                <text>Paris</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535146">
                <text>France</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535147">
                <text>Streiff-Fénart, Jocelyne</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535148">
                <text>Poutignat, Philippe</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535149">
                <text>2006-11-15</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535150">
                <text>Cet article porte sur les recomposititions identitaires impliquées par les évolutions urbaines accélérées que connaissent les deux principales villes modernes de la Mauritanie : Nouakchott, la capitale, et Nouadhibou la “ capitale économique ”, ville industrielle, port minéralier et centre de pêche. On analyse particulièrement les processus de formation des quartiers périphériques et les catégories à travers lesquelles sont interprétés ces nouveaux espaces</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535151">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00114111</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535152">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/11/41/11/PDF/motsville_-_copie.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535153">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535154">
                <text>Nommer les nouveaux territoires urbains</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535155">
                <text>Nommer les nouveaux territoires urbains</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535156">
                <text>Nommer les nouveaux territoires urbains</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535157">
                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535158">
                <text>Mauritanie vocabulaires urbains</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535159">
                <text>Discours urbains et modes de dénomination des nouveaux territoires dans deux villes de Mauritanie</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535160">
                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="33440" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="43">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="536117">
                <text>Streiff-Fénart, Jocelyne</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="536118">
                <text>1998</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="536119">
                <text>cette conférence introductive, donnée dans le cadre d'une journée d'études consacrée au thème du racisme "ordinaire" aborde la question de la catégorisation raciale à partir des questions proposées par les organisateurs de la journée : la construction de catégories est-elle nécessaire pour comprendre notre environnement et intervenir sur des situations données? Qu'est ce qu'induit ou construit ce mode d'appréhension des réalités sociales? Comment sont déterminées, représentées et nommées les catégories de population qui induisent ou subissent une relation fondée sur les rapports ethniques?</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="536120">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00081206</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="536121">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/08/12/06/PDF/racisme_et_categorisation.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="536122">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="536123">
                <text>Profession Banlieue</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="536124">
                <text>Profession Banlieue</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="536125">
                <text>Profession Banlieue</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="536126">
                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="536127">
                <text>racisme</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="536128">
                <text>catégorisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="536129">
                <text>banlieue</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="536130">
                <text>immigration</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="536131">
                <text>Racisme et catégorisation sociale</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="536132">
                <text>invited conference talk</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="21639" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="32">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644247">
                  <text>Urbanisation et sociétés urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644248">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644249">
                  <text>IRD</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="366103">
                <text>Barbier, Jean-Claude (ed.)</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="366104">
                <text>Le Bris, Emile (ed.)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="366105">
                <text>AFRIQUE DE L'EST</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="366106">
                <text>TANZANIE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="366107">
                <text>DAR ES SALAAM</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="366108">
                <text>KENYA</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="366109">
                <text>NAIROBI</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="366110">
                <text>Stren, R.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Buenaventura es el puerto principal y a la vez una de las ciudades más importantes de Colombia. En la presente ponencia, se sostiene que en ella se presentan variados cambios socioculturales en los que sobresalen la diversidad, la multiculturalidad y la globalización como procesos de la modernidad nacientes en las prácticas de interacción humana. El Estado reconoce en las luchas étnicas y sociales latinoamericanistas el carácter pluriétnico y protege la diversidad valorando el respecto por la dignidad humana. Así, se demuestra la globalidad e interculturalidad presente en la ciudad-puerto.</text>
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                <text>This article addresses three interrelated questions, which we consider to be significant in current debates surrounding the future of cities. What constitutes an urban policy and what are the main variables that characterise it ? To what extent have cultural policies adopted the core features of urban policies ? And above all, what part does the third sector play in transforming the categories of social organisation that sustain urban and cultural policies ? This article argues, via a Barcelona case study, that third sector organisations play a central role in the development of cultural policies as urban policies. This is essentially because these organisations have developed their own intervention logic, which is representative of a certain type of cultural and urban intervention. From this perspective, to what extent might the proximity factor regain value as a guide to cultural and urban policies ? </text>
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  Depuis 1997, une trentaine de débats publics sur de grands projets d'infrastructures ont été organisés en France. Cette nouvelle procédure est avant tout une réponse des pouvoirs publics à la généralisation de la contestation des projets d'équipements, qui menaçait de paralysie la politique d'aménagement du territoire. Le monopole de l'Etat et le consensus sur les objectifs des politiques d'aménagement du territoire, qui prévalaient jusqu'aux années 1980, ont laissé la place à un système d'acteurs complexe et instable, défendant des intérêts et des représentations du territoire largement contradictoires. La contestation est d'autant plus efficace que les luttes des écologistes et des riverains convergent très largement. Le débat public entraîne une évolution des pratiques des acteurs, qu'ils soient maîtres d'ouvrage, services de l'Etat, élus locaux ou associations.
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Missing from these scholarly treatments is an examination of the plight of the postwar American city undergoing urban decline and the place of professional sport within that context. Looking at Cleveland, this study revisits the questions used in the existing body of sport-city scholarship to see if and how they can be translated to the modern city in decline. The intersection of sport and city addresses issues of civic policy, local economics, and racial relations as found in scholarly works, city records, newspapers, and archived manuscript collections. This study also examines the creation of civic image through the presence of professional sports and the meanings extracted from that image, as seen in Cleveland’s shift from “The City of Champions” to the “Mistake on the Lake.” Furthermore, the Wirth-Hardy categories of the city—physical structure, social organization, and shared beliefs—and Isenberg’s argument that human actors were at the core of downtown’s decline frame visions of the city. These underlying notions balance the examination of tangible and intangible evidence to create a more complete understanding of professional sport’s relationship to Cleveland.</text>
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Sudhir Venkatesh, acclaimed sociologist at Columbia University and author of Gang Leader for a Day, returns to the streets to connect the dots of New York’s divergent economic worlds and crack the code of the city’s underground economy. Based on Venkatesh’s interviews with prostitutes and socialites, immigrants and academics, high end drug bosses and street-level dealers, Floating City exposes the underground as the city’s true engine of social transformation and economic prosperity—revealing a wholly unprecedented vision of New York.&#13;
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A memoir of sociological investigation, Floating City draws from Venkatesh’s decade of research within the affluent communities of Upper East Side socialites and Midtown businessmen, the drug gangs of Harlem and the sex workers of Brooklyn, the artists of Tribeca and the escort services of Hell’s Kitchen. Venkatesh arrived in the city after his groundbreaking research in Chicago, where crime remained stubbornly local: gangs stuck to their housing projects and criminals stayed on their corners. But in Floating City, Venkatesh discovers that New York’s underground economy unites instead of divides inhabitants: a vast network of “off the books” transactions linking the high and low worlds of the city. Venkatesh shows how dealing in drugs and sex and undocumented labor bridges the conventional divides between rich and poor, unmasking a city knit together by the invisible threads of the underground economy.&#13;
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Planting himself squarely within this unexplored world, Venkatesh closely follows a dozen New Yorkers locked in the underground economy. Bangledeshi shop clerks like Manjun and Santosh navigate immense networks of illegal goods and services, connecting inquisitive tourists with sex workers and drug dealers. Hispanic prostitutes like Angela and Carla feel secure enough in the new city to leave their old neighborhoods behind in pursuit of bigger money, yet abandon all the safety they had when their clients were known locals. Rich uptown women like Analise and Brittany have the changing city at their beck and call, but both turn to sex work as an easy way to make ends meet without relying on their family fortunes. Venkatesh’s greatest guide is Shine, an African American drug boss based in Harlem who hopes to break into the elusive, upscale cocaine market. Without connections among wealthy whites, Shine undertakes an audacious campaign of self-reinvention, leaving behind the certainties of race and class with all the drive of the greatest entrepreneurs. As Shine explains to Venkatesh, “This is New York! We’re like hummingbirds, man. We go flower to flower. . . . Here, you need to float.”&#13;
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Floating City: A Rogue Sociologist Lost and Found in New York’s Underground Economy chronicles Venkatesh’s decade of discovery and loss in the shifting terrain of New York, where research subjects might disappear suddenly and new allies emerge by chance, where close friends might reveal themselves to be criminals of the lowest order. Propelled by Venkatesh’s numerous interviews and firsthand research, Floating City at its heart is a story of one man struggling to understand a complex global city constantly in the throes of becoming. &#13;
&#13;
Sudhir Venkatesh is professor of sociology and African American studies at Columbia University. His writings, stories, and documentaries have appeared in The American Prospect, and on PBS and National Public Radio’s This American Life.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; The gentrification of Brooklyn has been one of the most striking developments in recent urban history. Considered one of the city's most notorious industrial slums in the 1940s and 1950s, Brownstone Brooklyn by the 1980s had become a post-industrial landscape of hip bars, yoga studios, and beautifully renovated, wildly expensive townhouses.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; In The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn , Suleiman Osman offers a groundbreaking history of this unexpected transformation. Challenging the conventional wisdom that New York City's renaissance started in the 1990s, Osman locates the origins of gentrification in Brooklyn in the cultural upheavals of the 1960s and 1970s. Gentrification began as a grassroots movement led by young and idealistic white college graduates searching for &amp;quot;authenticity&amp;quot; and life outside the burgeoning suburbs. Where postwar city leaders championed slum clearance and modern architecture, &amp;quot;brownstoners&amp;quot; (as they called themselves) fought for a new romantic urban ideal that celebrated historic buildings, industrial lofts and traditional ethnic neighborhoods as a refuge from an increasingly technocratic society. Osman examines the emergence of a &amp;quot;slow-growth&amp;quot; progressive coalition as brownstoners joined with poorer residents to battle city planners and local machine politicians. But as brownstoners migrated into poorer areas, race and class tensions emerged, and by the 1980s, as newspapers parodied yuppies and anti-gentrification activists marched through increasingly expensive neighborhoods, brownstoners debated whether their search for authenticity had been a success or failure.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn deftly mixes architectural, cultural and political history in this eye-opening perspective on the post-industrial city.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Suleiman Osman &lt;/b&gt;is Assistant Professor of American Studies at George Washington University.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>Ouvrage</text>
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        <name>Brooklyn</name>
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        <name>New York</name>
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        <name>Osman Suleiman</name>
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        <name>twentieth century</name>
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        <name>vingtième siècle</name>
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