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                <text>Denis, Eric</text>
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                <text>Up to now, studies of urbanization in India have been based only on official urban figures as provided by the Census Surveys. This approach has inevitably introduced several avoidable biases into the picture, distortions further compounded by numerous regional inter-Census adjustments. A much sounder option is now available in the Geopolis approach [www.e-geopolis.eu], which follows the United Nations system of classifying as urban all physical agglomerates, no matter where, with at least 10,000 inhabitants. Looked at from this standpoint, the Indian scenario exhibits all signs that, far from a major demographic polarization led by mega-cities (as is commonly believed), what the country has been experiencing is a much-diffused process of urbanization. While 3,279 units were officially categorized as urban, the Geopolis criterion has identified 6,467 units--about twice as many--with at least 10,000 inhabitants. Again, in the matter of the rate of urbanization, the Geopolis yardstick places the figure at 37% for 2001, 10 points of percentage above the official estimate. In absolute terms, that difference accounts for 100 million inhabitants. Apart from this fact, brought to light by both physical identification and gradation of the census units of all localities, and a study of the morphological profiles of individual agglomerates, a major finding relates to the greater spread of the country's metro and secondary cities than had been believed up to now. Yet another revelation thrown up by this study is that statistical and political considerations have obscured the emergence of small agglomerations of between 10,000 and 20,000 inhabitants. This omission can only be seen as a gap in the national policy on planning and urban development. In other words, the country seems to be firmly headed toward an extended process of metropolitanization alongside diffused combinations of localized socio-economic opportunities, clusters, cottage industries, and market towns partially interlinked by developmental corridors.</text>
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                <text>Toward a better appraisal of urbanization in India: A fresh look at the landscape of morphological agglomerates</text>
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                <text>Zardini, Mirko</text>
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                <text>In recent years, the Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA) has set to question at the assumptions on which architects operate. We have embarked on the study and revision of an undeclared territory of false assumptions, preconceptions, and attitudes in an attempt to evidence hidden agendas. We seek to investigate and explore the "grey zone" of contemporary culture, contemporary society, and contemporary architecture to critically expose its contradictions. The CCA's participation in the 2nd International Congress on Ambiances is inscribed inside a larger effort to study experience in a more critical and productive way. This effort is not directed towards finding or offering possible solutions but in revealing diverse directions and potentials. It is deliberately both a critique of our present conditions and a suggestion for alternative paths.</text>
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                <text>Ambiances in action. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Ambiances / Ambiances en acte(s). Actes du 2nd Congrès International sur les Ambiances</text>
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                <text>Ambiances in action / Ambiances en acte(s) - International Congress on Ambiances, Montreal 2012</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>Toward a sensorial urbanism</text>
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                <text>In order to articulate meaning in cities and architecture, I propose a framework of enacted architecture that considers the built environment in everyday spatial practices. Building on Henri Lefebvre's work, we know architecture in terms of conceptual space, perceived space, and lived-in space, which supplies multiple levels of meaning. As we use a city, we enact spatial narratives, myths, and metaphors that weave our lives and experiences into a place. Through spatial practices, we gain a sense of identity, a sense of power, and a sense of publicness, which are analyzed in three extended examples: the new town of Seaside, Florida, the redevelopment of the World Trade Center site at Ground Zero, and the National Mall in Washington D.C., respectively. While a city reflects society as a deeply cultivated symbol system, we are constituted by and reciprocally shape the city and architecture.</text>
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                <text>language rhetoric and composition, architecture, urban and regional planning, American Dream myth, Ground Zero, National Mall, new urbanism, seaside, spatial rhetoric</text>
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                <text>Towards a rhetoric of architecture: A framework for understanding cities</text>
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                <text>Virtual reality has been proved to be a good tool to communicate visual urban ambiances thanks to immersion and interaction. Our work consists in extending this use for a multisensory delineation and assessment of cities. We focus on the microclimatic ambiances and we discuss two approaches for their representation: the physical stimuli simulation and an evocative audio-visual world relied on perception knowledge and artistic practices.</text>
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                <text>Ambiances in action. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Ambiances / Ambiances en acte(s). Actes du 2nd Congrès International sur les Ambiances</text>
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                <text>Towards a sensory delineation of microclimatic urban ambiances in virtual reality</text>
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                <text>Situated at the intersection of economic restructuring and crime control, this thesis explores the practices and policies of economic regeneration, community safety and policing in the city of Glasgow. In particular old-industrial cities and regions have felt the pressures to ‘revitalise’ and regenerate their failing economic base, as well as to change the modalities of governance, and subsequently embarked upon local economic development and attracting growth industries. Examining the interest in quality-of-life offences within such regeneration agendas, my thesis explores the importance of crime control, policing and community safety in a series of empirical ‘cuts’ through the subject, starting with wider issues of crime control, imagineering and city centre upgrading. Practices of regulating city spaces are carried out in distinctive fields of community safety policies, the policing of homeless people and street prostitutes, and also include the regulating of businesses in the wake of economic regeneration. Furthermore, a city centre warden project, the City Centre Representatives, is studied in detail in relation to their work remit, encompassing a tourist service as well as a range of ordering tasks in the newly regenerated spaces of the city centre. Explicitly framing these substantive debates in a theoretical context, the first part of the thesis engages in questions of social ontology, working towards a research perspective of a reworked critical Marxism. Such critical Marxism is arrived at by discussion of current approaches, both in policy and academy, of how to account for processes of economic restructuring and crime control in late-capitalist societies. While maintaining concepts of a(n), although fragmented, social totality, held together in dialectical processes, social praxis as mediation between social totality and agency becomes the central hinge for researching such ontology. As embodied, routine and partially reflected upon social practices that centre on people’s work practices, such social praxis is subsequently spatialised by drawing on Lefèbvre’s work on the production of social space and employed in a detailed empirical study. In so doing, this thesis puts forwards a proposal of how a reworked critical Marxism can fruitfully engage with current theoretical debates within geography and he social sciences more widely without neglecting the importance of in-depth empirical research to develop and strengthen any theoretical engagement.</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;See also the other books in this series:&lt;/div&gt; Part 1: The Hague (not available online)&lt;/div&gt; Part 2: Barcelona&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Part 3: Birmingham&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Part 4: Brussels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Part 5: Frankfurt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Part 7: Comparative analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>The thesis seeks to determine the relationship between community feeling and political activity in one interwar town, Northampton. It is argued that localism continued to be an important dimension of social and political experience in this period for businessmen, employers and workers. The development of modern industrial relations and welfare policies in industry gave employers a renewed interest in their location of operations. Depression and decline in the private enterprise economy made municipal intervention important to both the lower middle class and the working class. At the same time central governments expanded the role of local authorities by giving them more mandatory responsibilities and greater funding. A public culture developed in Northampton which stressed service to the common interest and meritocratic leadership. In this context the Labour Party was able to gain some legitimate authority in the town community. Its leaders were accorded a grudging acceptance in the meritocracy. The ethos of public and political life was reflected in neighbourhood and workplace experience. Most Northamptonians defined their social identity in terms of citizenship rather than class. However, there were a number of social, economic and industrial factors which produced a crisis in the 1933 to 1935 period. That crisis increased Labour support and led to abstention by many non-Labour voters. A different approach to the study of society and politics in Britain from 1918 to 1939 is advocated on the basis of the Northampton evidence. It is noted that there already exists considerable material showing that there was a wide range of difference in local response to government social policy. It is also argued that the Labour Party's philosophy and electoral performance during these years may owe more to community influences than has previously been acknowledged.</text>
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Raymond Unwin

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1909

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T. F. Unwin

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483</text>
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                <text>Extract from the Preface : 
&amp;nbsp;
When a Bill conferring town planning powers on municipal bodies was promised by the Government, it occurred to me that it would probably be of use if some of the maps, photographs, and other material which I had collected during some years' study and practice of what I have ventured to call the art of town planning could be put together and published. Hence this book. The spare time at my disposal has only enabled me to deal in an introductory and imperfect manner with the different points raised; but I am hopeful that those who do me the honour to read the text will find it at any rate sufficient to help them to glean from the illustrations many of the valuable suggestions which I believe them to contain.
&amp;nbsp;
Raymond Unwin was an engineer, architect and town planner, president of the Royal Institute of British Architects (1931-1933) and was appointed visiting Professor of Town Planning at Columbia University in 1937.
&amp;nbsp;
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                <text>Dixon, Phillip. Supervisor</text>
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                <text>This thesis will argue that the most effective way of understanding the physical development of medieval towns, particularly the larger, more complex, towns and those which lack extensive and detailed contemporary documentation is by a structured integration of the data derived from the archaeological investigation of individual sites with detailed town-plan analyses following the methodology introduced and developed by Conzen. This will be demonstrated by two case-studies, designed to explore the Interaction of the different sources of evidence at two different scales of investigation. The first case-study is a detailed analysis of the plan and development of the whole of a large medieval town,(Worcester), the second is a study of a single street (Pride Hill) in Shrewsbury. The analysis of Worcester illuminates, in particular, the boundaries and internal layout of the late 9th-century burh, suggesting that it was an extension to the pre-existing Roman earthwork circuit and incorporated an area subject to regular town planning, possibly following Wessex models, and an area of irregular settlement that included the bishop of Worcester's haga recorded in 904. The defences were, it is argued, partly dismantled for the extension of urban settlement. The Shrewsbury case-study examines an unusually concentrated building pattern of halls behind the street frontage, and sets this in its contemporary context by an analysis of the contemporary plot-pattern, identified in part by its association with surveyed medieval undercrofts. The earlier history of the area is explored through further analysis of the plot-pattern which predates and is cut by the town wall. It is suggested that the area in question was, like other sectors of the early medieval urban fringe, possibly subject to some type of regular land-allotment for grazing and access to the riverbank. Issues, illustrating the mutually-illuminating character of town plan analysis and urban archaeology, arising from the two case-studies, are discussed. These include the role of archaeology in reconstructing morphological change, the problems of the chronology of urban extensions, archaeology and the interpretation of cartographically-recorded features, and the role of plan-analysis in establishing a contemporary spatial context for individual and multiple archaeological investigations in early medieval towns.</text>
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                <text>street, urban form, urban development, Middle Ages, spatial analysis, archaeology, urban planning</text>
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                <text>Towns, tenements and buildings : Aspects of medieval urban archaeology and geography</text>
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                <text>Quest'articolo si presenta come l'introduzione teorica al numero speciale di storia urbana sulle norme urbane di cui abbiamo curato la pubblicazione. Propone sia un panorama storiografico che piste di ricerca sul tema.&lt;br /&gt;This paper is the introduction of the guest editors to the special issue of Storia Urban on urban norms. We try and propose a historiographical panorama on cities, rules, norms and regulations and some possible research impulses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Table des matières du volume:&lt;br /&gt;Table of contents of the issue:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Storia urbana, 107 (2005) -&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La regola e la trasgressione: Parigi, Londra, Madrid, Lisbona, Milano, Beirut, Delhi, Toronto, Melbourne -&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SAGGI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Denis Bocquet, Filippo De Pieri : Tra regole e violazioni: percorsi di ricerca (Urban Norms: a critical perspective) - &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Richard Dennis : La regolamentazione degli edifici per appartamenti a Toronto e Londra: una preistoria (The pre-history of building rules in London and Toronto) -&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Charlotte Vorms : La pratica e la regola. Gestione e controllo pubblico dell'urbanizzazione non pianificata nella periferia di Madrid (1860-1931) (The un-planned periphery of Madrid) -&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Andrew Brown-May : «I cittadini stanno iniziando a lamentarsi». Saperi municipali e contrattazioni intorno ai comportamenti pubblici molesti a Melbourne (Municipal knowledge and public behaviour in Melbourne) - &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Maria Alexandre Lousada : Una nuova grammatica per lo spazio urbano. La polizia e la città a Lisbona, 1760-1833 (Policing Lisbon) - &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Robert Carvais : L'apocalisse urbana. La Parigi di ancien régime attraverso i verbali della Police du bâtiment (The role of the guilds in the policing of the building sector in old regime Paris) - &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prabodh G. Dhar Chakrabarti : Le due città. Il rapporto tra città formale e città informale a Delhi, 1960-2000 (The relationship between formal and informal in Delhi) - &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mona Fawaz : La costruzione di un sobborgo informale: imprenditori e stato a Hayy el Sellom, Beirut, 1950-2000 (Formal and informal building in southern Beirut) - &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;John Foot : Dentro la città irregolare. Una rivisitazione delle coree milanesi, 1950-2000 (Self construction in the periphery of Milan) - &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;urban norms; rules; normes urbaines; règles; régulation; hayden; salzano; insolera; scamuzzi; clementi; perego; bass warner; sadler; mayne; olmo; murray; polanyi; ward, illegal; habitat; bidonville; précaire; spontané; unruly</text>
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Vincent Veschambre</text>
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18 septembre 2008

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                <text>
Presses Universitaires de Rennes

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315</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;sentation par l'&amp;eacute;diteur :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Valoriser le patrimoine, s'opposer &amp;agrave; la d&amp;eacute;molition de certains h&amp;eacute;ritages, promouvoir des lieux de mise en m&amp;eacute;moire et de comm&amp;eacute;moration : voici des formes de mobilisations collectives qui travaillent notre soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; en profondeur et qui interrogent la mani&amp;egrave;re dont les individus et les groupes sociaux se construisent des rep&amp;egrave;res identitaires, se positionnent dans la ville et dans la soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;Agrave; travers les formes de mobilisation que nous avons pu observer, dans diff&amp;eacute;rentes villes de l'Ouest notamment, ce recours au patrimoine et &amp;agrave; la m&amp;eacute;moire est apparu comme une qu&amp;ecirc;te de visibilit&amp;eacute;, de l&amp;eacute;gitimit&amp;eacute; et comme une nouvelle mani&amp;egrave;re de s'approprier les lieux. Une appropriation de l'espace qui est revendiqu&amp;eacute;e, affich&amp;eacute;e, rendue visible &amp;agrave; travers ce que nous avons appel&amp;eacute; le &amp;quot;marquage de l'espace&amp;quot;, &amp;agrave; savoir le r&amp;eacute;investissement de traces et la production de nouvelles marques, correspondant &amp;agrave; des signatures collectives : restaurations ou inversement destructions d'&amp;eacute;difices, affichages officiels ou &amp;quot;sauvages&amp;quot;, productions artistiques.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Trait&amp;eacute;s successivement pour la commodit&amp;eacute; du raisonnement, ces trois processus que sont la patrimonialisation, la d&amp;eacute;molition et la mise en m&amp;eacute;moire sont en fait totalement imbriqu&amp;eacute;s. La patrimonialisation est la mise en valeur de lieux, d'espaces &amp;quot;d&amp;eacute;saffect&amp;eacute;s&amp;quot;, qui deviennent en retour valorisants pour ceux qui se les approprient. La d&amp;eacute;molition est l'envers de la patrimonialisation : &amp;agrave; travers les destructions conflictuelles, la &amp;quot;d&amp;eacute;construction&amp;quot; des grands ensembles ou le nettoyage des friches industrielles, la d&amp;eacute;molition repr&amp;eacute;sente la n&amp;eacute;gation symbolique de certaines populations.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La mise en m&amp;eacute;moire et la comm&amp;eacute;moration correspondent &amp;agrave; un r&amp;eacute;investissement de traces souvent t&amp;eacute;nues, mais aussi &amp;agrave; la production de nouvelles marques, les monuments : ce sont les m&amp;eacute;moires les plus douloureuses, celles des camps, de la pauvret&amp;eacute;, de la s&amp;eacute;gr&amp;eacute;gation qui ont &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; abord&amp;eacute;es dans cet ouvrage, celles qui sont les plus difficiles &amp;agrave; inscrire dans l'espace public. A travers ces trois entr&amp;eacute;es, nous proposons une nouvelle mani&amp;egrave;re d'interroger les in&amp;eacute;galit&amp;eacute;s sociales : quels sont les individus, les groupes sociaux qui r&amp;eacute;ussissent &amp;agrave; inscrire dans les espaces urbains la trace reconnue de leur existence ? A l'heure o&amp;ugrave; les revendications m&amp;eacute;morielles sont exacerb&amp;eacute;es, ce travail r&amp;eacute;v&amp;egrave;le toute l'importance de la dimension spatiale pour comprendre les m&amp;eacute;canismes de mise en m&amp;eacute;moire.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Espaces g&amp;eacute;ographiques et soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute;s&lt;/a&gt;. Cet ouvrage est issu d'une habilitation &amp;agrave; diriger des recherches, soutenue en d&amp;eacute;cembre 2006.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>    This study explores the production of urban architectural space and investigates how the art of parkour attempts to (re)appropriate the spaces of the city. It interrogates the reflexive and continuously (re)negotiated relationship of power and freedom, as defined by Foucault, in and through the corporeal link of the traceur body, the practitioners of parkour, and urban architecture. Parkour forefronts the relations of power through a corporeal connection with architecture. This connection functions to offer more emancipated alternatives both to and within the hegemonic discourses disciplining the space of the city. Traceurs exercise agency as the discourse of the city creates limitations through regulatory norms; however, these limitations create the conditions for action. As a technology and technique of power, architecture’s participation in (re)producing regulatory norms is seen in the ways in which it informs individuals’ interpretations of everyday practices. Architecture embodies particular ideologies which communicate to a body of urban inhabitants. This embodiment communicates as a reflection and reinscription of the social actor’s position within social relations. In being formed by power even as one reworks it, traceurs continuously challenge the reiterative chains of discourse by inscribing their own truth or counter discourse. Parkour functions ontologically as it is a performance, and functions epistemologically as a performance. This study demonstrates how parkour offers insight into the intersections of the body and architectural space to bring to the fore the emancipatory potentialities therein.&#13;
&#13;
    To understand the emancipatory power of parkour, epistemology of doing as a critical ethnography is employed as the method for investigation. Epistemology of doing centers on a learning-by-doing approach positioning the researcher as participant in the production of knowledge and experience, in the case of this study, immersed in a community of traceurs during a parkour training seminar at B.A.S.E. Fitness in Noblesville, Indiana. The ethnographic experience allowed for empirical insight into parkour’s relationship in the discursive formation of power and freedom. The experience, and the broader study, reveals insights about the practice of parkour and draws attention to how a traceur’s personal journey elicits emancipatory potential in and through ostensibly freer movement within architectural space.</text>
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                <text>Bowling Green State University</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>architecture, urban space, the body, architecture and the body, parkour, discourse, the city</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194795">
                <text>Tracing the path of power through the fluidity of freedom: The art of parkour in challenging the relationship of architecture and the body and rethinking the discursive limits of the city</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                <text>Dissertation</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="528795">
                <text>Raux, Charles</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2007-11-05</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="528797">
                <text>Congestion pricing as a transport demand management measure is difficult to implement because most of motorists expect a deterioration of their welfare. Tradable driving rights (TDR), that is allocating quotas of driving rights for free to urban inhabitants, could be a more acceptable alternative. This mechanism provides also a supplementary incentive to save whether trips or distance travelled by car, because of the possibility of selling unused rights. A complete system of TDR is designed in detail, aiming whether at reducing trips or vehicles-kilometres, in order to control congestion, or the same target modulated on the basis of the pollutant emission categories of vehicles in order to control atmospheric pollution. An assessment is carried out on the Lyon urban area, which points at some welfare distributive issues between motorists and the community, when compared with conventional congestion pricing.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="528798">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00185012</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="528799">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/18/50/12/PDF/Raux_TradableDrivingRights.pdf</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>ENG</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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                <text>transport demand management (TMD)</text>
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                <text>tradable driving rights (TDR)</text>
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                <text>automobile traffic</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="528805">
                <text>congestion pricing</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="528806">
                <text>air pollution</text>
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                <text>urban areas</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="528808">
                <text>Lyon (France)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="528809">
                <text>Tradable driving rights in urban areas: their potential for tackling congestion and traffic-related pollution</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="528810">
                <text>preprint</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
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  <item itemId="11882" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="29">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644238">
                  <text>Autres serveurs</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644239">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644240">
                  <text>Crévilles</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194167">
                <text>Anderson, Stanford. Advisor</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194168">
                <text>Al-Hathloul, Saleh Ali</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194169">
                <text>1981</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194170">
                <text>Issues within the context of the present cannot be isolated from their spatial or temporal context. Neither the past (tradition) nor the future (modern technology) can provide solutions to the problems of the present. Their value lies in the fact that they represent "resources" which broaden our choices and inform us as to how similar issues were or could be dealt with in different times and places. However, a society's past and the way that society conceives of its past provides modes of continuity which give the present its authenticity. If we are to deal with the issues of the present and hope for an authentic future, the authority of the past or tradition cannot be blindly accepted though its authenticity and relevance to the present must be recognized.

The problem addressed here is that of a present physical environment in the Arab-Muslim city which is totally different from the traditional one. As a result of this difference, a sense of discontinuity and alienation has developed among the inhabitants of these cities. The purpose of this study is to understand how this process came about and how a sense of continuity with the past can be reestablished. To achieve this purpose four main issues are addressed here : (1) the origin and process of formation of the traditional physical environment; (2) the disparity between the traditional and the contemporary environment; (3) the origins of the disparity; and (4) the possible notions which might be suggested by way of reestablishing a sense of continuity between the past and the present.

The legal system is used as a means of analysis in this study. This has helped us to see the physical environment within its socio-cultural context, by informing us about the ideological or structural level of the society and by pointing out accepted social norms and conventions and the mechanism of their social effectiveness. The law has helped us to point out the differences between the traditional and the contemporary process. In the traditional city, the process relied on rules of conduct or social conventions which proscribed certain actions on the part of the inhabitants. In the contemporary city, the rules are physical and prescriptive in nature. They prescribe in physical terms not only what is to be done but also how it is to be implemented. Implied within the traditional process is a reciprocal and possibilist relationship between form and use while the contemporary process advocates a determinist approach to the relationship of form and use.

Several factors are believed to have worked in favor of the shift from the traditional process to the contemporary one in the Arab-Muslim city. Important among these are: the existence of certain implied ideologies; changes in the scale of development, power and technology; and problems within the field of architecture and urbanism and their relationship to the Arab-Muslim context. Only by being aware of these processes and factors can we conceive of an appropriate approach to reestablish a sense of continuity with the past that stems from the needs of the present and aspirations for the future.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194171">
                <text>http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46401</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="194172">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/873</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="194173">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/archive/files/3ede945234ef4bab305ae5066e3fe394.jpg</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194174">
                <text>en</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194175">
                <text>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194176">
                <text>architecture, urban form, built environment, Islamic city, Arab city, urban change</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194177">
                <text>Tradition, continuity and change in the physical environment : The Arab-Muslim city</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194178">
                <text>Thesis</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
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  </item>
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