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                <text>Tours</text>
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                <text>Taine-Cheikh, Catherine</text>
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                <text>Les noms de lieux sont susceptibles d'avoir un sens, mais celui-ci très souvent nous échappe. Dans le cas des villes, cependant, la situation est en partie différente. Le développement urbain étant récent, on peut retrouver beaucoup plus facilement le sens des toponymes et tenter de mettre à jour les diverses stratégies de dénomination. Il s'agit dans cet article, non de tendre à une description exhaustive, mais de choisir, parmi les informations dont nous disposons, celles qui révèlent des types d'appellations spécifiques et sont donc susceptibles de livrer des informations pertinentes. Je prends des exemples, à la fois dans les villes anciennes et dans les villes modernes et montre l'importance du choix de la langue, qui est lié à la fois au statut du « nominant » et au type d'urbanisation (officielle ou spontanée).</text>
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                <text>Espaces et sociétés en Mauritanie</text>
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                <text>Colloque « Espaces et sociétés en Mauritanie »</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>Montreal</text>
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                <text>Takaki, Emika</text>
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                <text>This research focuses on the everyday life body and raises questions about the body and city relationship. Our hypothesis considered the body movement as a sensory tool that defines the city rhythm; and is related to the body experience in the space. Body movement in the city is a human activity and a common denominator in human experience, while moving in an urban space we sensory and we interact in the urban space. This research documented the body movement in five urban areas in Toronto (during April to June of 2011); and analysed how the body experiences the space. The movement analysis was made during a week-day in the period between 11am and 13am.</text>
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                <text>Ambiances in action. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Ambiances / Ambiances en acte(s). Actes du 2nd Congrès International sur les Ambiances</text>
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                <text>Ambiances in action / Ambiances en acte(s) - International Congress on Ambiances, Montreal 2012</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
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                <text>body movement</text>
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                <text>Bodies in movement - Drawing the city rhythm</text>
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                  <text>La Revue électronique européenne de géographie Cybergeo est conçue pour permettre une communication plus rapide de la recherche et pour promouvoir une discussion plus directe entre auteurs et lecteurs. Dans le but d'élargir l'échange des idées, des méthodes et des résultats, elle publie dans les principales langues européennes. Elle est ouverte largement sur la géographie, sans parti pris d'école ni de thématique. Elle garantit un bon niveau scientifique des articles en les soumettant à un comité de lecture international. Elle permet aussi la libre expression en s'accompagnant de forums de discussion et de listes de diffusion. Elle offre un accès facile aux articles grâce à un système de rubriques et de recherche par mots-clés. Tant que cela sera possible, elle est d'accès libre et gratuit.</text>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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                <text>Ville et santé publique au Japon</text>
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                <text>Mon intervention porte sur le niveau de santé en secteur urbain et les questions à l'ordre du jour dans le domaine de la santé publique au Japon.  La première partie concerne la cartographie des indices de santé en secteur urbain. Une telle cartographie requiert l'utilisation de techniques de traitement de l'image. On peut l'effectuer soit à l'aide du “ système d'information géographique ” (Geographic Information System, GIS), soit par une “image-diagnostic” (Image Diagnosis) des différentes ...</text>
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                <text>http://cybergeo.revues.org/309</text>
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                <text>Patrimoine &amp; Architecture dans les États post-soviétiques</text>
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                <text>patrimoine, architecture, monuments, états post-soviétiques, identités nationales, héritage, restauration, patrimonialisation, Russie, Asie centrale, Caucase, pays Baltes</text>
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&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
Taline Ter Minassian est professeur à l'Institut National des Langues et des Civilisations Orientales (Paris) et co-directrice de l'Observatoire des États post-soviétiques (équipe CREE).</text>
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  Des recherches archéologiques récentes mettent bien en valeur l'importance du 
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livre une documentation encore plus détaillée sur le processus même de fondation 
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                <text>Talnan, Edouard</text>
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                <text>Vimard, Patrice</text>
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                <text>Le texte vise à analyser l'influence des inégalités sociales et économiques sur les comportements de contraception et les niveaux de fécondité dans les villes de Côte d'Ivoire. Pour cela, il considère successivement : i) l'impact des caractéristiques individuelles de la femme, ii) l'effet de la structure propre de son ménage d'appartenance de sa position familiale dans son ménage, et iii) l'influence des variables contextuelles relatives à son quartier d'appartenance sur la fécondité et les comportements de contraception. Les données utilisées proviennent de l'enquête démographique et de santé (EDS) de 1994 et du recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 1998. Deux types d'analyses sont utilisées dans le cadre de l'étude : des analyses descriptives de type transversal pour apprécier la relation entre le niveau de la fécondité et les différentes variables ; des analyses explicatives, à l'aide de modèles multiniveaux, pour mesurer l'effet propre de chacune des variables dans l'ensemble des facteurs intervenant sur la fécondité, qu'ils soient d'ordre individuel ou contextuel. L'analyse montre que la baisse de la fécondité est induite en ville par des changements économiques et sociaux dont l'origine est antérieure à la période de crise et qui marquent l'amélioration des conditions de vie des populations. Cette baisse s'est accélérée avec la crise tout en accusant des différences relativement importantes entre les villes et entre les quartiers à l'intérieur des villes. Cette différenciation entre les contextes socio-économiques urbains renvoie à des écarts en matière de scolarisation, loin d'être uniforme dans la sphère urbaine ivoirienne, mais aussi à des différences quant à l'effectivité des programmes de développement que ceux-ci concernent la planification familiale, la santé des population mais aussi l'amélioration générale des conditions de vie. Ainsi la fécondité urbaine varie d'une ville à l'autre, d'un quartier à l'autre, d'un contexte urbain à l'autre, en fonction du développement social et économique, de la disponibilité des services de planification familiale et des mœurs sociales et culturelles. Si la ville constitue globalement un contexte favorable à la transition de la fécondité, celle-ci est loin d'être accusée dans toutes les cités de Côte d'Ivoire et elle concerne surtout certains groupes socio-économiques.</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Villes du Sud : dynamiques, diversités et enjeux démographiques et sociaux</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:DEMO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Demography</text>
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                <text>transition de la fécondité</text>
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                <text>fécondité urbaine</text>
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                <text>contraception</text>
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                <text>inégalités</text>
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                <text>analyse multiniveau</text>
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                <text>ville</text>
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                <text>Côte d'Ivoire</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Fécondité et urbanisation en Côte d'Ivoire : existe t-il une transition urbaine de la fécondité ?</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Autres serveurs</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text/>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Crévilles</text>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194239">
                <text>Newman, Peter. Supervisor</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Talukder, Sirajul Haq</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2006</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Megacities of over 10 million population are a phenomenon not seen before in human history. Among 19 Megacities, 14 are in developing countries and 11 are in Asia. Dhaka represents one of the most extreme examples of rapid Megacity growth having a mere 129,000 at the start of the 20th century, 417,000 by 1950 and more than 12 million in 2001. How can a city be governed that has increased 30 times in size over a person’s lifetime? This thesis makes a case for integrated Metropolitan Regional Governance (MRG) of the Extended Metropolitan Region of Dhaka. The growing problems of Asian Megacities in general and Dhaka in particular are outlined, showing how governance has developed in a sectoral and national way rather than being place oriented. This has fractured and become totally inadequate as a means of solving the deep environmental, social and economic problems of the Megacity. The governance issues of Megacities are traced to the primary problem of the need for integrative functions in strategic and statutory planning as well as development facilitation of the Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR). Ten core principles of Metropolitan Regional Governance are established. Without this, the Megacity’s functions of infrastructure, investment, housing, environmental management, employment etc. are not coordinated or prioritised in ways that lead to ‘common good’ sustainability outcomes. The ten principles are applied to four Asian Megacities – Metro-Manila, Tokyo, Bangkok and Jakarta – to confirm their relevance and application before applying them to Dhaka. The problems of Dhaka are outlined then an analysis of Dhaka governance options is attempted based on the ten core principles of MRG. Four possibilities are analysed and a way forward is suggested combining the options. The proposed structure will build on the present system with greater responsibilities for strategic planning, statutory planning and development facilitation. It will also build up municipalities through a more transparent and engaged local planning process and create partnerships for infrastructure development. The proposed governance structure would use the dynamism of the Megacity to create sustainable solutions and hope for the future of the city. The key to implementation will be finding the political solution to make such painful change, and training professionals in the broad integrative skills of urban sustainability and community engagement that are required for the region as well as the participation and partnership skills at local level.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194243">
                <text>http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/330</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194244">
                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/991</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/archive/files/4ce883c6f1241beb3c00a3e62962d503.jpg</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194246">
                <text>en</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194247">
                <text>Murdoch University - Perth </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>city politics, megacity, governance, region</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Managing megacities : A case study of metropolitan regional governance for Dhaka</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194250">
                <text>Thesis</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espaces et sociétés</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644260">
                  <text>revue publiée par ERES</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644261">
                  <text>CAIRN</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
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    <elementSetContainer>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="431109">
                <text>12</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="431110">
                <text>Tambrun, Catherine</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="431111">
                <text>1997</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=ESP_G1997_90_0195</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="431113">
                <text>fre</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="431114">
                <text>Cairn</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="431115">
                <text>Espaces et sociétés, n90, 2, 1997-06-01, pp.195-214</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="431116">
                <text>Photographie et urbanisme à Paris à travers trois fonds de photographie conservés au Musée Carnavalet</text>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Urbanisation et sociétés urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text/>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644249">
                  <text>IRD</text>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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                <text>Vidal, Denis (ed.)</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>ETHIOPIE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="348753">
                <text>ADDIS ABEBA</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Tamru, B.</text>
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                <text>Couret, Dominique</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2002</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>text/pdf</text>
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                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010030259</text>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010030259</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="348760">
                <text>Tamru B., Couret Dominique. Addis-Abeba 2001 : des images, des jeunes et des jardins. In : Vidal Denis (ed.).  Les images de l'identité. Autrepart, 2002, p. 89-105. </text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="348761">
                <text>FR</text>
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                <text>IRD</text>
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                <text>JEUNESSE</text>
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                <text>IDENTITE SOCIALE</text>
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                <text>IDENTITE CULTURELLE</text>
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                <text>AMENAGEMENT URBAIN</text>
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                <text>ONG</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569798">
                <text>Tamru, Bezunech</text>
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                <text>L’État-nation fortement centralisé qu’était l’Ethiopie s’est transformé à partir de 1991 en un État fédéral avec de larges transferts de compétences aux régions. Cette date marque aussi l’indépendance de facto de l’Érythrée et l’enclavement de l’Éthiopie. Le gouvernement provisoire de l’époque avait créé 14 régions autonomes ramenées à 9 par la constitution de 1995. Cette même constitution a aussi créé deux métropoles qui dépendent directement du niveau fédéral. Celles-ci sont Addis-Abeba, la capitale, et Deré-Dawa la seconde ville du pays. Les deux villes constituent donc des enclaves fédérales au sein des régions autonomes. En prenant le cas de ces deux isolats urbains, l’évolution des visées politiques et territoriales sont examinées selon les projets de désenclavement de l’Éthiopie et en particulier selon ceux qui mobilisent les villes. L’émergence des États autonomes et leur reconnaissance identitaire dans la nouvelle fédération sont aussi étudiées afin de s’interroger sur l’impact réel de la décentralisation en cours. En dernière partie, les nouveaux enjeux liés à ces deux cités dans le contexte général du réseau urbain national sont analysés. L’évolution de ce réseau semble ainsi tracer les prémices d’un nouveau type de relation à l’enclavement en Éthiopie contemporaine.  </text>
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                <text>In 1991, the highly centralized state of Ethiopia was transformed into a federal state with large transfers of administrative powers to the regional states. At the same time, Eritrea gained de facto its independence and Ethiopia became landlocked. Ethiopia was under the rule of the provisional government that had created 14 regional states. The number of these states was later reduced to 9 by the constitution of 1995. The constitution has also created two metropolis that are directly accountable to the federal level. These metropolis are Addis-Ababa, the capital city, and Dere-Dawa the second largest city of the country. The two cities are hence federal urban enclosures inside the regional states. By considering the case of these two urban enclosures, three level of analysis are proposed in the following paper. First, the evolution of territorial and political aims are examined by analysing their strives to open up Ethiopia especially by means of cities’ development. The emergence of the regional states and their identities’ recognition in the newly established federation are also studied so as to assess the real impact of the current decentralization process. At last, the new stakes linked to the federal cities in the context of the Ethiopian cities network are analysed. The evolution of this network seems to be a new way of tackling the problem of being a landlocked state for contemporary Ethiopia. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569803">
                <text>fr</text>
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                <text>Addis-Ababa</text>
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                <text>Dere-Dawa</text>
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                <text>Ethiopia</text>
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                <text>landlocked state</text>
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                <text>urban enclosures</text>
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                <text>urban network</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569811">
                <text>Addis-Abeba</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569812">
                <text>décentralisation</text>
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                <text>Deré-Dawa</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569814">
                <text>enclaves urbaines</text>
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                <text>état enclavé</text>
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                <text>Éthiopie</text>
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                <text>réseau urbain</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569818">
                <text>Enclaves urbaines et stratégies territoriales dans l’Éthiopie contemporaine</text>
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          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644254">
                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="474172">
                <text>Tanguy, Philippe</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="474173">
                <text>Destremau, Blandine</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="474174">
                <text>2012</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="474175">
                <text>Nouakchott, capitale mauritanienne : autour d'un noyau urbain initié en 1957 sur la base d'un plan orthogonal, une vaste mer urbaine ondule au gré des cordons dunaires ; l'urbanisation ne semble pas connaître la densité que l'on rencontre ailleurs et cette ville, qui ne grandit pas vers le ciel, s'étend sur le sable et les coquillages. De gigantesques étendues d'habitat s'étalent à perte du vue : au Nord, un vaste quartier résidentiel sillonné, sur de larges voies sphaltées, par de rutilants 4x4, aligne de luxueuses et gigantesques villas ceintes de murs blancs rehaussés de tuiles rouges ou vertes ; au Sud, sur d'anciennes zones 'occupations illégales, se déploient d'importants quartiers réguliers d'habitat populaire ; plus au Sud encore, à l'Est et au Nord, le long des axes routiers qui relient les grandes villes du pays, des quartiers "périphériques" occupent sur des dizaines de kilomètres des terrains désertiques et souvent salinisés. Désormais, de longues voies rectilignes inscrites dans un plan orthogonal percent ces quartiers encore généralement irréguliers et révèlent tantôt des bidonvilles mêlant baraques en bois, clôtures de filets de pêches et chiffons, ruelles tortueuses, poussiéreuses et malodorantes ; tantôt des étendues denses de maisonnettes entourées de cours, disposées de façon désordonnée sur des terrains non viabilisés ; tantôt encore un entrelacs de petites pièces pièces uniques couleur parpaings, d'enceintes murées, sur horizon de dunes.</text>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="474176">
                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00846011</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="474177">
                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/84/60/11/PDF/RIM_publication30.01.2010.pdf</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="474178">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="474179">
                <text>Effets sociaux des politiques urbaines. L'entre-deux des politiques institutionnelles et des dynamiques sociales. Liban, Maroc, Algérie, Mauritanie</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="474180">
                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="474181">
                <text>politiques urbaines</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="474182">
                <text>fragmentation socio-spatiale</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="474183">
                <text>Politiques urbaines et rapports de force à Nouakchott : convergences d'intérêts et accroissement de la fragmentation socio-spatiale</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="474184">
                <text>scientific book chapter</text>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644253">
                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
                </elementText>
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    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="487862">
                <text>Tanguy, Philippe</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="487863">
                <text>2003</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="487864">
                <text>L'étude de la production de l'espace urbain de Nouakchott, la capitale mauritanienne, où de nombreux nomades sont venus se sédentariser, notamment dans d'imposants quartiers irréguliers, permet de mettre au jour une indifférenciation originelle, quant à l'appropriation foncière, de la norme légal/illégal. Durant les premières années d'existence de la ville, la distinction ville légale vs ville illégale ne peut absolument pas faire sens pour des nomades récemment sédentarisés ; et les autorités, n'ayant pratiquement aucune conscience de l'ampleur du débordement urbain de Nouakchott et de ses conséquences, ne peuvent alors se référer à une telle dichotomie normative, largement non intériorisée. De ce fait, l'origine des quartiers irréguliers à Nouakchott ne réside ni dans la transgression d'une norme, ni dans son détournement. Mais, du fait des évictions récurrentes conduites par les autorités, des revendications, formulées par les habitants pour bénéficier des attributions ou des opérations de régularisations, émergent peu à peu. Ainsi, à l'indifférence originelle éprouvée par les Mauritaniens à l'égard du foncier en général - et des quartiers irréguliers en particulier -, succède l'instrumentalisation quasi-généralisée. Cet article se propose donc de retracer cette évolution, qui s'explique par un processus d'institution, par une construction sociale des normes et des pratiques, déterminée par les intérêts, les stratégies, les idéologies et les modes de légitimation des acteurs de la scène urbaine nouakchottoise.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00716056</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="487866">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/71/60/56/PDF/Art._Ph._Tanguy_NKTT_pr_mise_en_ligne_2012.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="487868">
                <text>Insaniyat</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="487869">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="487870">
                <text>Mauritanie</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="487871">
                <text>Nouakchott</text>
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                <text>espace</text>
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                <text>sédentarisation</text>
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                <text>foncier</text>
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                <text>urbanisation</text>
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                <text>illégalité</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="487878">
                <text>bidonvilles</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="487879">
                <text>L'urbanisation irrégulière à Nouakchott : 1960-2000. L'institution de la norme légal/illégal</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espaces et sociétés</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>revue publiée par ERES</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644261">
                  <text>CAIRN</text>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="427044">
                <text>41</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="427045">
                <text>Tannier, Cécile</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="427046">
                <text>2009</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>
  
  Cet article rend compte de recherches menées depuis une vingtaine d'années sur la ville fractale et ses capacités en termes de fonctionnement urbain. La première partie de l'article fournit des éléments de définition de la ville fractale. Celle-ci est mise en relation avec d'autres modèles permettant de générer des distributions spatiales hiérarchiques. La deuxième partie de l'article est consacrée à la présentation de quatre modèles de villes fractales et de leurs propriétés, notamment en termes d'accessibilité. La question de la durabilité de la ville fractale est abordée dans une troisième partie. L'article se termine en proposant quelques réflexions sur la robustesse et la résilience de formes de villes fractales.
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=ESP_138_0153</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="427049">
                <text>fre</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="427050">
                <text>Cairn</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Espaces et sociétés, n 138, 3, 2009-09-14, pp.153-171</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="427052">
                <text>formes urbaines</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="427053">
                <text> fractal</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text> hiérarchie</text>
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                <text>Formes de villes optimales, formes de villes durables. Réflexions à partir de l'étude de la ville fractale</text>
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                <text>La question des limites est récurrente en géographie : la limite permet de séparer un dedans, considéré comme homogène sous certains critères, d'un dehors, différent. Posé en ces termes, la question est simple. En fait, elle ne l'est pas du tout comme le montre la question de l'extension spatiale de l'agglomération bisontine. Quels sont les critères qui président à ce qui est ou non dans l'agglomération ? Des éléments de réponse convaincants sont apportés par la comparaison des résultats obtenus sur les périmètres du SCOT et de l'aire urbaine de Besançon.</text>
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                <text>Images de Franche-Comté</text>
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                <text>L'agglomération de Besançon a-t-elle une limite ?</text>
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                <text>article in non peer-reviewed journal</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>2008</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509703">
                <text>Cet article s'intéresse à l'identification de l'enveloppe de tissus bâtis, que nous définissons comme la limite d'un ensemble présentant une structure spatiale cohérente à travers les échelles. Nous abordons cette question d'un point de vue purement morphologique, dans le cadre d'une approche multi-échelle. Après avoir, dans un premier temps, posé le contexte de la recherche, nous présentons les principes méthodologiques à la base de l'identification de l'enveloppe de tissus bâtis. La première étape de la méthodologie, à savoir la dilatation pas à pas du tissu bâti étudié, est décrite brièvement. L'accent est mis sur la deuxième étape, qui est celle de l'identification d'un seuil dans la courbe issue des dilatations. Le troisième chapitre de l'article est l'occasion de présenter quelques exemples d'application de la méthodologie à des cas théoriques, tandis que le quatrième et dernier chapitre s'intéresse à l'application pour la délimitation morphologique des agglomérations.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00461657</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/46/16/57/PDF/2008TannierVuidel.pdf</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509707">
                <text>Actes des huitièmes Rencontres de Théo Quant</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509708">
                <text>Huitièmes Rencontres de Théo Quant, ThéMA, CNRS-Université de Franche-Comté</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>Tissus bâtis</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509711">
                <text>espaces urbains</text>
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                <text>limites</text>
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                <text>fractale</text>
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                <text>dilatation</text>
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                <text>courbure</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="509716">
                <text>Délimitation d'ensembles morphologiques par une approche multi-échelle</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Liverpool</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Tannier, Cécile</text>
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                <text>Houot, Hélène</text>
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                <text>2008</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Increasing mobility has contributed since a couple of years to favor urban sprawl. The negative impacts of urban sprawl are well known, in particular the increase of traffic flows and vulnerability of natural resources. Addressing those questions we propose a spatial decision support system based on a multi-scale approach. On the one hand, fractal geometry is used to determine where new urban developments are possible. Here, the central assumption is the fractal nature of urban growth allowing access to various types of amenities: central amenities (retailing, cultural offer...) and peripheral amenities (open landscape). On the other hand, the accessibility to retail centers offering different amenities is evaluated. Synthetic indicators are proposed taking into account the offer of each retail center as well as the distance to residential areas. The formalization is based on fuzzy sets theory. The fractal modeling and the indicators of accessibility are both integrated in a decision support system by means of a set of rules. The outputs of the system are cartographic representations at several scales where the most interesting locations for new urban developments are identified.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00461295</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/46/12/95/PDF/ERSA2008final.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509852">
                <text>ENG</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509853">
                <text>48th Congress of the European Regional Science Association, ERSA O-Paper</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509854">
                <text>48th Congress of the European Regional Science Association - Culture, Cohesion and Competitiveness - Regional Perspectives</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="509855">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="509856">
                <text>Multi-scale modeling</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509857">
                <text>planning support system</text>
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                <text>urban developments</text>
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                <text>fractal</text>
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                <text>accessibility</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509861">
                <text>An urban multi­scale modeling using fuzzy evaluation of accessibility and morphological constraints</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Hong Kong</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509878">
                <text>China</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509879">
                <text>Tannier, Cécile</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509880">
                <text>Josselin, Didier</text>
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                <text>Bruch, Holger</text>
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                <text>Frankhauser, Pierre</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509883">
                <text>1998</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509884">
                <text>This paper focuses on a methodological approach which intends to simulate subsequent transformations of urban patterns within a GIS. We describe conceptual models of data and process dedicated to a problem interfacing actors and territory: location strategy of retail outlets.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509885">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00460947</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509886">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/46/09/47/PDF/HongKong1998.pdf</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509887">
                <text>ENG</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509888">
                <text>Proceedings of International Conference on Modelling Geographical and Environmental Systems with Geographical Information Systems</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509889">
                <text>International Conference on Modelling Geographical and Environmental Systems with Geographical Information Systems</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509890">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>retailing</text>
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                <text>location</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509893">
                <text>GIS</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509894">
                <text>data modelling</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="509895">
                <text>Simulating retail locations using GIS and an agents decision model for urban planning</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>conference proceeding</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571820">
                <text>Tapia-Villareal, Irving</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571821">
                <text>Madre, Jean-Loup</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571822">
                <text>Bussière, Yves D.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2013-07-01</text>
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                <text>La tendance observée en France et dans d’autres pays industrialisés montre une désaffection des jeunes pour le permis de conduire et une stagnation de la mobilité quotidienne des citadins. S’agit-il de changements de comportements liés à la conjoncture ou d’effets de structure ? Pour tenter de répondre à cette question nous avons analysé le cas des habitants de la Communauté Urbaine de Lille (LMCU) en ajustant un modèle de projection démographique Âge-Cohorte calé sur trois enquêtes ménages déplacements (1987, 1998, 2006) qui permet d’isoler des effets structurels d’âge et de génération liés au cycle de vie. Le vieillissement de la population n’explique cependant qu’une part des évolutions observées et on assiste à des changements de comportement significatifs. À l’horizon 2030, la proportion d'adultes titulaires du permis de conduire devrait stagner. En calant le modèle successivement sur 1987 1998, puis sur 1998 et 2006 pour la distance journalière parcourue par habitant, nous obtenons des projections très contrastées : d'une croissance ralentie dans le premier cas au prolongement de la diminution amorcée en 2006 dans le second. L'analyse par mode de transport montre, au-delà de la renaissance des transports en commun observée dans les années 2000, que la croissance de leur utilisation entre 2000 et 2030 pourrait aller de +18% d'après le calage 1987-1998, à +38% en calant le modèle sur les deux dernières enquêtes. Le modèle Âge-Cohorte, sur l’exemple de Lille, permet de montrer que le vieillissement de la population ne rend compte que partiellement du plafonnement de la mobilité observée dans les années 2000. Cepen­dant le vieillissement qui donne moins de poids aux jeunes, amplifie le phénomène de plafonnement. Les différences significatives observées entre les comportements prévalant jusqu'aux années 90 et dans les années 2000 expliquent bien le retournement de tendance observé, et conduisent à des projections divergentes. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571825">
                <text>Recent trends in France and other developed countries such as a reduction in drivers’ license ownership and stagnation of daily urban mobility suggest that “ peak travel ” within urban areas may have been reached. Are we assisting to cyclical or structural changes? We tried to answer to this question by applying a prospective demographic Age-Cohort model to the Metropolitan Area of Lille, calibrated from household travel surveys conducted in 1987, 1998 and 2006. The model permits to isolate age and generation effects linked to the life cycle. Population ageing explains only partially the decline of daily traveled distance per person. Indeed there are significant changes in behavior. According to the model the proportion of adults with a driver’s license should remain almost constant till 2030. Forecasts derived from the Age-Cohort model show a slowdown of travel distance increase, when the model is calibrated on 1987 and 1998 surveys, while it shows a slow decline from 2000 to 2030 when calibrated on the two most recent surveys. Concerning the revival of public transport observed around the year 2000, calibrated with the 1987-1998 surveys, the model shows an increase by 18% between 2000 and 2030, and it could reach +38% when calibrated with the 1998 and 2006 surveys. The Age-Cohort model, based on the case study of Lille, shows that population ageing explains only partially the saturation in daily mobility observed in the 2000’s. However, ageing, which gives less weight to the younger generations, amplifies the phenomenon. The significant differences observed in the behaviors until the 90’s and in the 2000’s, explain well the reversal of tendency observed which leads to diverging projections. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571826">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index5143.html</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571827">
                <text>fr</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>age-cohort model</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571829">
                <text>driving licence</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571830">
                <text>household travel survey</text>
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                <text>peak travel</text>
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                <text>travel forecast</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571833">
                <text>enquêtes ménages déplacements</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571834">
                <text>modèle âge-cohorte</text>
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                <text>permis de conduire</text>
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                <text>projection à long terme</text>
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                <text>saturation</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571838">
                <text>Le plafonnement de la mobilité des citadins : changements de comportement ou effets de structure ?</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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