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                <text>Transnationalism and the German City</text>
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                <text>All too often, urban studies scholars have approached transnationalism as a zero-sum game in which localities, regionalities, and nationalities are suppressed in favor of a globalized set of identities. At least in the German case, however, globalization has if anything reinvigorated localism, with local and regional identities exhibiting far more continuity than the multiply disrupted national space. As this marvelously varied collection demonstrates, the urban environment has become a site of "translocal" re-territorialization in which actors do not entrench themselves in opposition to globalization, but practice a dialectical adaptation. Bringing together scholars from anthropology, architecture, cultural studies, history, and urban planning, this volume offers empirically and theoretically rich essays to help deflate myths about the presumed dissolution of the urban environment's multiple particularities. Together they conceptually reconfigure the German city to reveal a transnational set of processes intermingled within the local, regional, and national spheres.&#13;
&#13;
Jeffry M. Diefendorf is the Pamela Shulman Professor of European and Holocaust Studies and Professor of History at the University of New Hampshire, USA. He is the author of In the Wake of War: The Reconstruction of German Cities after World War II and coeditor of Rebuilding Urban Japan after 1945.&#13;
&#13;
Janet Ward is Professor of History at the University of Oklahoma, USA. Her recent books include Post-Wall Berlin: Borders, Space and Identity and the coedited Walls, Borders, Boundaries: Spatial and Cultural Practices in Europe. </text>
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                <text>Cette communication a pour objet de proposer les résultats d'une simulation de l'application de différents scénarios d'évolution de la ville, visant à réduire des trois quarts l'impact des échanges de biens dans la ville sur la production de gaz à effet de serre. Les scénarios proposés sont construits sur la base d'un état de l'art qui associe les éléments relatifs aux travaux de prospective effectués récemment sur le système de transport de la ville en France et en Europe et sur les résultats empiriques (enquêtes, travaux de modélisation). Il en ressort un ensemble de déterminants pertinents des changements potentiels dans la formation des flux de marchandises dans la ville. Partant du constat que plus de la moitié des véhicules-km équivalents voitures particulières, générés par le transport de marchandises sont le fait des particuliers réalisant leurs achats en voiture (Patier, Routhier, 1998), les scénarios obtenus sont dessinés suivant une approche systémique de la mobilité urbaine (des biens et des personnes). Ils allient des aspects organisationnels (changements du système de transport des marchandises dans la ville) et des aspects d'aménagement et d'usage des sols, notamment les générateurs de flux (industries, entrepôts, commerces, ménages). Les calculs qui permettent de mesurer les impacts de ces scénarios sur la production de gaz à effet de serre sont effectués à l'aide d'un modèle qui combine d'une part les activités économiques productrices et les déplacements d'achats des ménages (Routhier, Toilier, 2007 ; Gonzalez-Feliu et al., 2009). Il ressort de cet exercice que les modifications en termes d'organisation s'avèrent être un complément indispensable à une politique de densification du tissu urbain.</text>
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                <text>Ce document est une première tentative de en perspective les flux de transport de marchandises avec le fonctionnement de la ville et la morphologie urbaine, à travers les différentes étapes franchies au cours de ces vingt dernières années en termes de méthode et d'outils de connaissance et selon les avancées technologiques et organisationnelles. Premièrement, l'état des lieux après vingt ans de projets et de recherches dans le domaine est présenté, en mettant l'accent sur les projets français et la contribution du programme PREDIT aux avancées de la recherche en logistique urbaine. Deuxièmement, les liens entre transport de marchandises en ville et morphologie de la ville sont adressés. Finalement, des pistes en termes de décision publique pour les aménageurs</text>
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                <text>Le transport génère des externalités négatives – notamment environnementales – largement reconnues et dénoncées. Aussi, la référence à la durabilité désormais incontournable dans de nombreux domaines de l’action publique, s’étend inévitablement au transport via la notion de transport durable. C’est notamment en matière de fret que les enjeux de durabilité semblent les plus importants : le taux de croissance du transport des marchandises est en effet plus élevé que celui des passagers et le déséquilibre des parts modales s’y creuse davantage, en défaveur des modes les moins polluants. Dans le transport de fret, c’est la politique européenne des transports qui exerce aujourd'hui une influence déterminante à la fois sur la conduite de la politique française (à toutes les échelles) et sur les comportements de la quasi-totalité des acteurs et des opérateurs qui interviennent dans le domaine des transports en France. C’est donc sur le segment des flux de marchandises que notre papier traitera de la traduction européenne des principes fondateurs de la notion de transport durable.  </text>
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                <text>Transportation generates negative externalities (especially environmental ones) widely known and denounced. Thereby, the reference to sustainability, now incontrovertible in many areas of the public action, reaches transportation via the concept of sustainable transportation. The most important need in sustainability is on freight transportation : carriage growth rate is higher than passenger transportation, and the unevenness between the modal parts is in favour of the most polluting. On freight transportation, the European Union policy exercises a determining opinion, both on the French public policies (at every scale) and on most of the actors stepping in the transportation domain in France. The topic of this paper is on the segment of carriage flux and on the European translation of the founding principles of sustainable transportation. </text>
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                <text>Les évolutions actuelles montrent que le processus de métropolisation à l'œuvre est caractérisé par un triple phénomène de concentration, d'étalement urbain et de ségrégation spatiale intra-urbaine. Celui-ci se traduit notamment par une polarisation et une spécification des territoires. Les distances de migrations alternantes augmentent sans cesse pour ceux qui ont accès au travail.&lt;br /&gt;Dans ce contexte, le questionnement sur les liens entre déplacements et inégalités est primordial. Il peut être abordé de deux manières. La première vise à identifier s'il existe des inégalités de revenu ou de situation sociale en matière de déplacements et si oui lesquelles. La seconde vise à déterminer si la politique des transports, dans toutes ses dimensions, est à même, si ce n'est de réduire les inégalités sociales, tout au moins de contribuer à une « meilleure justice sociale ».&lt;br /&gt;Qui est exclu de la mobilité serait exclu de fait de la citoyenneté. Ce dernier point nous conduit ainsi à aborder plus spécifiquement la question des déplacements des plus défavorisés.</text>
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                <text>Transport et justice sociale</text>
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                <text>Le développement des moyens de transport et la mobilité des personnes et des marchandises qu'ils autorisent constituent un élément central du standing des pays industrialisés. Ce n'est pas par hasard que chaque révolution industrielle est associée à une innovation majeure dans le secteur des transports (le train, l'automobile, l'avion, la navette spatiale...). Ainsi, lorsqu'on demandait aux enfants des années 1960 d'évoquer l'an 2000, ils ne manquaient pas de souhaiter la généralisation des scooters volants. Le problème est que lorsque l'on propose aux enfants de l'an 2000 d'imaginer à leur tour le futur des transports, ils en reviennent immanquablement aux scooters volants ! Le TGV et même l'avion ne sont plus des supports de rêve. Quant aux voyages en navette spatiale, il est clair qu'ils vont demeurer, et pour longtemps, l'apanage d'une infime minorité.&lt;br /&gt;---------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;Cette publication vous est proposée avec l'aimable autorisation de l'auteur et de l'éditeur, Serpe, Société d'études, de recherche et de publications économiques, maîtres des droits. La présente version en PDF est sous le copyright des Editions Serpe (http://www.societal.fr/) - 2005. Ce document est protégé en vertu de la loi du droit d'auteur.</text>
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                <text>Sociétal. L'analyse trimestrielle des réalités économiques et sociales</text>
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                <text>Sociétal. L'analyse trimestrielle des réalités économiques et sociales</text>
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                <text>Le transport a toujours été un enjeu majeur pour l'état dans la mesure où il a constitué très tôt, au travers des péages, une source de revenu et, au travers des routes, un moyen d'assurer le déplacement des troupes et donc d'affirmer sa puissance. Quand l'administration française s'est structurée au XIXe siècle, il y a eu d'emblée un ministère des Travaux publics, s'appuyant sur le prestigieux corps des Ponts et Chaussées. Or, aujourd'hui, une interrogation se fait jour : le transport relève-t-il vraiment de l'action de l'état ? Jusqu'où celui-ci doit-il intervenir dans la définition des objectifs et surtout dans la gestion des instruments ? On le voit bien dans les hésitations sur le statut des sociétés d'autoroute : l'état doit-il en conserver la propriété pour à la fois en retirer des ressources et mieux assurer sa politique de sécurité routière, ou doit-il céder cette activité lucrative à des compagnies privées qui lui paieront d'abord l'acquisition du réseau et ensuite un impôt ?&lt;br /&gt;---------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;Cette publication vous est proposée avec l'aimable autorisation de l'auteur et de l'éditeur, Serpe, Société d'études, de recherche et de publications économiques, maîtres des droits. La présente version en PDF est sous le copyright des Editions Serpe (http://www.societal.fr/) - 2005. Ce document est protégé en vertu de la loi du droit d'auteur.</text>
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                <text>The integration of ports within logistics and supply chains has become a major issue for both public and private players worldwide. Notably, the role of intermediaries in establishing efficient integration within transport chains in which ports are embedded is not well-known. International comparison is limited by the drastic lack of quantifiable information about inter-firm linkages and intermodal operations. Based on a European business database, this paper analyses the modal portfolio and employment distribution of about 8,000 transport firms, intermodal operators, and freight forwarders among 80 European ports. It allows measuring the degree to which different industries such as port activities, logistics, warehousing, road, sea, river, rail, and air transport, integrate within firms and within ports. Main results of the quantitative analysis show that transport integration and port performance have significant interdependence, but this is influenced by hinterland size, accessibility, and regional legacies differentiating Northern from Southern ports</text>
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                <text>In this paper, we establish an appraisal of research on earthbound transport exchange systems in order to identify findings of interest for both goods and passenger transport. Closing the gap between these two fields of research could improve both research itself and the management practices in both fields. To meet this objective, we first sought to identify “missing issues” (subjects addressed in one field and ignored in the other). We then tried to test common hypotheses in case studies in the two sectors. We finally explored the transfer of methodologies from one sector to the other.</text>
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                <text>La métropole des infrastructures</text>
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                <text>Le chapitre présente le cas français des politiques et des réalisations en matière de transport public et de ville durable. Après une présentation du contexte institutionnel une série d'études de cas est présentée.</text>
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                <text>A l'image d'autres grandes villes du Sud, Oran, seconde ville algérienne, a connu une forte croissance démographique ces dernières décennies. Dans un territoire urbain de plus en plus vaste, les extensions périurbaines non planifiées se sont multipliées. Dans un contexte où les équipements, les emplois et l'offre de transports sont très insuffisants, la thèse porte sur la question de l'accès aux services pour les populations défavorisées installées en zones périurbaines, qui subissent les contraintes de mobilité les plus fortes. Deux types d'investigations ont été réalisées ; i) l'analyse de l'offre urbaine en termes d'emplois, de services (éducation et santé), de réseaux de transport collectif à partir des données statistiques existantes et d'entretiens auprès des acteurs de l'urbanisme et du transport et ii) l'analyse d'entretiens qualitatifs auprès de 60 ménages à bas revenu habitant en zones périurbaines, qui ont porté sur leurs besoins de déplacement et leurs difficultés d'accès. Les données spatialisées sur l'offre de services montrent des disparités spatiales dans l'offre de santé et d'éducation. De même, l'analyse de la répartition des lignes du réseau de transport fait ressortir la faiblesse de la régulation et surtout les difficultés propres aux opérateurs privés du transport sur les liaisons périurbaines. Les entretiens menés auprès de la population apportent des renseignements quant aux comportements de mobilité, aux contraintes d'accès concrètes au logement et aux services pour les populations défavorisées. L'un des plus importants problèmes, rencontrés dans ces quartiers, est constitué par le non-accès à l'emploi et le risque très élevé de chômage, tandis que les difficultés d'accès aux soins et à l'éducation sont d'origine multiple (coût d'accès au service, conditions de logement et distances parcourues, problèmes propres aux ménages) et renforcent la vulnérabilité des ménages. Les difficultés se cumulent pour nombre de ménages et pèsent sur l'insertion sociale des résidents des périphéries d'Oran. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;[note : Cette thèse a été réalisée au Département d'Architecture - Université Med Boudiaf d'Oran et au Laboratoire d'Economie des Transports (LET) à l'École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), Université de Lyon].&lt;br /&gt;</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595990</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="497469">
                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/59/59/90/PDF/REBOUHA_Fafa_these.pdf</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="497470">
                <text>FRE</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="497472">
                <text>Mobilité urbaine</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>zone périphérique</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="497474">
                <text>offre de transport</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="497475">
                <text>pauvreté</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="497476">
                <text>difficultés de déplacement</text>
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                <text>accessibilité</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="497478">
                <text>emploi</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="497479">
                <text>éducation</text>
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                <text>santé</text>
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                <text>Oran</text>
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                <text>Algérie</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="497483">
                <text>Transport, mobilité, et accès aux services des populations défavorisées : Le cas des habitants des grandes périphéries d'Oran</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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                <text>PhD thesis</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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                <text>Rotterdam</text>
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                <text>Netherlands</text>
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                <text>Diaz Olvera, Lourdes</text>
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                <text>Pochet, Pascal</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2002</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="529499">
                <text>Transportation in Dar es Salaam is particularly difficult. Statistical data drawn from the 1993 Human Resources Development Survey confirm that in unplanned settlements, transportation conditions and access to urban services are less favourable than in the rest of the city. The poverty of a majority of city inhabitants, the low quality of urban passenger transport and poor accessibility result in daily mobility reduced to the immediate neighbourhood, while in turn tends to perpetuate poverty.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="529500">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00088020</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="529501">
                <text>PUBLICNRS: 499769</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="529502">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/08/80/20/PDF/Codatu_2002.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="529503">
                <text>ENG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="529504">
                <text>CODATU, GODARD Xavier, FATONZOUN Innocent (Eds.). CODATU X, Proceedings of the International Conference : Urban mobility for all = La mobilité urbaine pour tous, 12-15 November 2002, Lomé, Togo.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="529505">
                <text>CODATU, GODARD Xavier, FATONZOUN Innocent (Eds.). CODATU X, Proceedings of the International Conference : Urban mobility for all = La mobilité urbaine pour tous, 12-15 November 2002, Lomé, Togo.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="529506">
                <text>CODATU, GODARD Xavier, FATONZOUN Innocent (Eds.). CODATU X, Proceedings of the International Conference : Urban mobility for all = La mobilité urbaine pour tous, 12-15 November 2002, Lomé, Togo.</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="529507">
                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="529508">
                <text>Access to urban services</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="529509">
                <text>daily mobility</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="529510">
                <text>Statistical data (HRDS 1993)</text>
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                <text>poverty</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="529512">
                <text>Dar es Salaam</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="529513">
                <text>Transportation and access to urban services in Dar es Salaam</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>conference proceeding</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644255">
                  <text>HAL</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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    </collection>
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        <elementContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Oxford</text>
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                <text>United Kingdom</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Diaz Olvera, Lourdes</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2003</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Major deficiencies in urbanisation and transportation systems are reinforcing patterns of social and urban segregation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's largest city. Analysis of the 1993 Human Resources Development Survey shows that there are numerous obstacles to the daily travel of the city's inhabitants, notably the poor. These barriers weigh heavily on schedules, complicate access to services ever further, limit the use of urban space, and place considerable pressure on household budgets. Consequently, the poorest individuals tend to retreat into their neighbourhood where the low-quality urban facilities are unable to assist in the development of human and social capital and economic opportunities, the alleviation of poverty or the prevention of social exclusion.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535036">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00068249</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535037">
                <text>DOI: 10.1016/S0967-070X(03)00056-8</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>PUBLICNRS: 494296</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535039">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/06/82/49/PDF/dsm_tpolicy.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535040">
                <text>ENG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535041">
                <text>Transport Policy</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535042">
                <text>ISSN:0967-070X</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535043">
                <text>Transport policy</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535044">
                <text>Transport policy</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535045">
                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535046">
                <text>Accessibility</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535047">
                <text>Unplanned urbanization</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535048">
                <text>Social exclusion</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>Poverty</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535050">
                <text>Walking trip</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535051">
                <text>Public transport</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="535052">
                <text>Africa</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="535053">
                <text>Transportation Conditions and Access to Services in a Context of Urban Sprawl and Deregulation. The Case of Dar es Salaam</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Naples</text>
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                <text>Italy</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="521870">
                <text>Leheis, Stéphanie</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="521871">
                <text>2007-07-11</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="521872">
                <text>By introducing new demands, sustainable development implies changes in the planning of transportation infrastructure. New challenges appear, such as the opening of design and decision processes, the introduction of the principle of precaution, the respect of the environment, the integration of scales, the need for evaluation, transparency and accountability, etc. Thus, the management of transportation projects becomes more and more complex.&lt;br /&gt;The object of this article is to assess the integration of sustainable development issues in transportation planning in France. That implies that we first reconsider the definition of sustainable development and identify the key players or institutional networks responsible for this evolution. What kind of tools, especially legal, allow to face the challenges raised by sustainable development? Depending on the kind of infrastructure, we will emphasize certain concepts instead of others. Lastly, we will review the methods which are used and the solutions which are actually implemented to ensure sustainable development, and analyze examples of best practices.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="521873">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00338164</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="521874">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/33/81/64/PDF/Leheis_Aesop_Fullpaper.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="521875">
                <text>ENG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="521876">
                <text>XXI AESOP Conference Planning for the risk society.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="521877">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="521878">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="521879">
                <text>Transportation planning</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="521880">
                <text>Sustainable development</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="521881">
                <text>Public/Private partnership</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="521882">
                <text>Privatisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="521883">
                <text>Road/Rail infrastructures</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="521884">
                <text>Transportation Planning in France and the challenge of&lt;br /&gt; Sustainable Development: actors, tools and methods.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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                <text>conference, seminar, workshop communication</text>
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Cet ouvrage pr&amp;eacute;sente les &amp;eacute;volutions constat&amp;eacute;es durant la d&amp;eacute;cennie 1995 - 2006 dans le secteur des transports collectifs urbains, au regard des changements institutionnels et r&amp;egrave;glementaires intervenus.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Il permet d'appr&amp;eacute;hender les enjeux des politiques de transport et met notamment en avant les efforts consentis par les collectivit&amp;eacute;s pour poursuivre le d&amp;eacute;veloppement des transports collectifs, en particulier sur des axes forts et pour la desserte des zones peu denses.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ces r&amp;eacute;sultats s'appuient principalement sur l'exploitation de l'enqu&amp;ecirc;te annuelle r&amp;eacute;alis&amp;eacute;e aupr&amp;egrave;s des r&amp;eacute;seaux de transports collectifs urbains hors &amp;Icirc;le-de-France.&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>La situation des transports en Ile-de-France est si paradoxale qu'elle va nécessiter de la part des politiques publiques une bonne dose de pédagogie auprès des habitants, mais aussi auprès des élus et des techniciens qui seront au moins aussi difficiles à convaincre. La prise en compte des contraintes spatio-temporelles et environnementales rend en effet obsolètes deux croyances implicites, et les deux caricatures de discours qu'elles produisent. Les envolées lyriques en faveur des transports en commun doivent être fortement relativisées ; le parti pris en faveur de l'automobile et des investissements routiers et autoroutiers doit lui aussi constater ses propres limites. A Paris comme à Londres, il va devenir de plus en plus évident que la mobilité ne peut être durable que si elle envoie des signaux explicites sur la rareté de l'espace et du temps...&lt;br /&gt;-----------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;Cet article vous est proposé avec l'aimable autorisation de l'auteur et de l'éditeur, l'Institut de la Décentralisation. La présente version en PDF est sous le copyright de l'Institut de la Décentralisation (http://idecentralisation.asso.fr/) - 2007. Ce document est protégé en vertu de la loi du droit d'auteur.</text>
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