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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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                <text>Metzger, Pascale</text>
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                <text>2004-10-01</text>
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                <text>La question urbaine à La Réunion est peu traitée par la recherche scientifique, et la connaissance sur ce thème provient surtout d’organismes opérationnels. Jusqu’au début des années quatre-vingt-dix, la question urbaine est analysée essentiellement sous l’angle des problèmes de gestion du territoire causés par la croissance démographique, les besoins en logements et en emplois, dans le contexte de transformation et de modernisation très rapide vécues par l’île depuis sa départementalisation en 1946. Dans le Schéma d’Aménagement Régional de 1995, la problématique urbaine est cernée d’emblée par une série de contraintes et de limites dans un projet de territoire qui privilégie les espaces ruraux et notamment la canne comme stratégie de développement ; l’urbain se définit en creux, dans les zones résinageduelles laissées par les espaces naturels et agricoles protégés pour lesquels il représente une menace. Dans les discours des politiques et des opérationnels de l’aménagement, la ville offre une image négative qui néglige le rôle essentiel de la ville dans l’économie et le développement de l’île. </text>
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                <text>In Reunion Island the urban question has received little attention from academic research. Knowledge generated originates essentially from technical and operational institutions. Until the 1990s, the urban question was analysed essentially from the point of view of territorial management and technical problems caused by demographic growth, housing needs and employment during the rapid modernisation of the island since 1946. The regional plan of territorial management (schéma d’aménagement régional) of 1995 underestimates the urban question because the strategy of development is based on the rural activities, especially sugar cane production. Urban development is viewed as a threat to the natural and agricultural protected areas and is accepted in residual geographical sectors.Discourses and politics of local planners offer a negative picture of urban areas and neglect their importance in the economy and development of the island. </text>
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                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index238.html</text>
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                <text>fr</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>environment politics</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569156">
                <text>reunion island</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569157">
                <text>town planning</text>
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                <text>urban sprawl</text>
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                <text>urbanisation</text>
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                <text>aménagement du territoire</text>
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                <text>étalement urbain</text>
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                <text>La Réunion</text>
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                <text>schéma d’aménagement régional</text>
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                <text>urbanisation</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569165">
                <text>Les enjeux de la question urbaine dans l’aménagement régional à l’île de la Réunion</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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                <text>Tamru, Bezunech</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569799">
                <text>2005-01-01</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>L’État-nation fortement centralisé qu’était l’Ethiopie s’est transformé à partir de 1991 en un État fédéral avec de larges transferts de compétences aux régions. Cette date marque aussi l’indépendance de facto de l’Érythrée et l’enclavement de l’Éthiopie. Le gouvernement provisoire de l’époque avait créé 14 régions autonomes ramenées à 9 par la constitution de 1995. Cette même constitution a aussi créé deux métropoles qui dépendent directement du niveau fédéral. Celles-ci sont Addis-Abeba, la capitale, et Deré-Dawa la seconde ville du pays. Les deux villes constituent donc des enclaves fédérales au sein des régions autonomes. En prenant le cas de ces deux isolats urbains, l’évolution des visées politiques et territoriales sont examinées selon les projets de désenclavement de l’Éthiopie et en particulier selon ceux qui mobilisent les villes. L’émergence des États autonomes et leur reconnaissance identitaire dans la nouvelle fédération sont aussi étudiées afin de s’interroger sur l’impact réel de la décentralisation en cours. En dernière partie, les nouveaux enjeux liés à ces deux cités dans le contexte général du réseau urbain national sont analysés. L’évolution de ce réseau semble ainsi tracer les prémices d’un nouveau type de relation à l’enclavement en Éthiopie contemporaine.  </text>
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                <text>In 1991, the highly centralized state of Ethiopia was transformed into a federal state with large transfers of administrative powers to the regional states. At the same time, Eritrea gained de facto its independence and Ethiopia became landlocked. Ethiopia was under the rule of the provisional government that had created 14 regional states. The number of these states was later reduced to 9 by the constitution of 1995. The constitution has also created two metropolis that are directly accountable to the federal level. These metropolis are Addis-Ababa, the capital city, and Dere-Dawa the second largest city of the country. The two cities are hence federal urban enclosures inside the regional states. By considering the case of these two urban enclosures, three level of analysis are proposed in the following paper. First, the evolution of territorial and political aims are examined by analysing their strives to open up Ethiopia especially by means of cities’ development. The emergence of the regional states and their identities’ recognition in the newly established federation are also studied so as to assess the real impact of the current decentralization process. At last, the new stakes linked to the federal cities in the context of the Ethiopian cities network are analysed. The evolution of this network seems to be a new way of tackling the problem of being a landlocked state for contemporary Ethiopia. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index2710.html</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569803">
                <text>fr</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Addis-Ababa</text>
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                <text>decentralization</text>
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                <text>Dere-Dawa</text>
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                <text>Ethiopia</text>
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                <text>landlocked state</text>
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                <text>urban enclosures</text>
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                <text>urban network</text>
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                <text>Addis-Abeba</text>
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                <text>décentralisation</text>
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                <text>Deré-Dawa</text>
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                <text>enclaves urbaines</text>
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                <text>état enclavé</text>
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                <text>Éthiopie</text>
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                <text>réseau urbain</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Enclaves urbaines et stratégies territoriales dans l’Éthiopie contemporaine</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569858">
                <text>Poyau, Aurélie</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569859">
                <text>2005-01-01</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>L’objet de ce texte est de mettre en lumière les récentes mutations des marchés urbains d’Abidjan. Il montre que la situation se détériore et que les nouveaux marchés en construction, dont la gestion est de type B.O.T, deviennent des forteresses commerciales. Dans un contexte de crise politique et économique, cet article propose une analyse des implications de la situation actuelle dans les marchés. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569861">
                <text>The purpose of this text is to bring to light the recent transformations to the local trading markets in Abidjan. The passage shows us the situation is deteriorating and that the new markets, currently under construction and controlled by BOT management, are becoming commercial strongholds. In a context of political and economical crisis, this article analyses the implications of the current situation in the markets. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index2744.html</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>fr</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Abidjan</text>
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                <text>enclosing</text>
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                <text>hygiene</text>
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                <text>management</text>
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                <text>privatization</text>
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                <text>security</text>
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                <text>segregation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569871">
                <text>supplies</text>
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                <text>trading market</text>
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                <text>Abidjan</text>
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                <text>approvisionnement</text>
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                <text>enclavement</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569876">
                <text>gestion</text>
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                <text>hygiène</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569878">
                <text>marché</text>
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                <text>privatisation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569880">
                <text>sécurité</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569881">
                <text>ségrégation</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="569882">
                <text>Les récentes mutations des marchés économiques dans la capitale économique ivoirienne</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Mainet, Hélène</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="569885">
                <text>Édouard, Jean-Charles</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2005-01-01</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Les petites villes constituent un espace intéressant pour questionner la notion d’enclavement, à différentes échelles. En effet, leur insertion plus ou moins bonne dans les réseaux urbains et leur fonction dans l’organisation des territoires leur confèrent une position charnière entre territoires ruraux et espaces urbains, alors qu’à l’échelle locale, elles présentent des éléments de proximité spatiale souvent propices à une bonne intégration sociale. L’étude de deux petites villes de la province sud-africaine du KwaZulu-Natal permet de mettre en valeur le rôle essentiel des acteurs publics et privés dans l’évolution des situations d’enclavement, dans un contexte de recomposition récente des découpages administratifs et une redéfinition des politiques d’aménagement. Assiste-t-on à une inversion de la mise en enclavement qui était la norme à l’époque de l’apartheid ? Quelle place les petites villes occupent-elles au sein des nouveaux territoires ?  </text>
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                <text>Small-sized towns are an interesting case study for the notion of spatial enclosing. They are inserted in urban networks, in dif- ferent ways and they have a key function in polarising both urban and rural territories. At the local scale, they often present ele- ments of proximity which favour social integration. The analysis of two small towns in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal is a good way to underline the role of both private and public actors in the evolution of enclosing situations, in a broad context of administrative and managing redefinition, in the post-apartheid area. What can be the place of this urban scale in the newly created territories ? </text>
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                <text>The aim of this article is to illustrate the links between daily travel and spatial segregation in sub-Saharan Africa cities. In a context of rapid demographic growth, unplanned urban sprawl and increasing poverty of the public sector and the population, in Dar Es Salaam and Dakar, like in other large African cities, trips between distant districts are problematic. The case studies highlight differential access to the urban space between the “confirmed pedestrians” and the users of motorised means of transport, and between the residents from the well-off planned and accessible districts and those from the poor unplanned and inaccessible ones. Deficiencies in the supply of basic facilities and in the accessibility to the neighbourhoods reinforce the negative impact of low incomes on daily travel, and encourage the confinement of populations in their neighbourhood with the risk of increasing urban poverty and segregation. </text>
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                <text>La ville hors de portée ? Marche à pied, accès aux services et ségrégation spatiale en Afrique subsaharienne</text>
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                <text>Se fondant sur l’étude d’un cas, le quartier du Chemin Vert à Boulogne-sur-Mer, les auteurs proposent dans cet article une réflexion sur les relations entre les dimensions socio-urbaines et environnementales dans la construction des inégalités sociales et écologiques. À partir de deux approches en géographie et en sociologie, les auteurs analysent la construction de l’espace urbain et les processus de marginalisation qui l’associe dans les années 1990 à une zone urbaine sensible. Si les caractéristiques sociales de ce quartier le rangent sans ambiguïté dans la catégorie des quartiers socialement très défavorisés, l’inégalité environnementale est partielle par rapport aux autres quartiers de la ville. En effet l’environnement urbain du quartier est certes bien dégradé par la faiblesse de l’accès aux services, par la qualité médiocre de ses logements et par sa marginalisation spatiale mais il bénéficie d’un environnement « naturel » objectivement positif que lui procure sa situation littorale et sa proximité à la mer. Les politiques de rénovation urbaine soutenues par l’Agence Nationale de Rénovation Urbaine en 2004 marquent une rupture dans cette évolution avec notamment un projet urbain intégrant la prise en compte de la dimension littorale et maritime du quartier. Une étude sociologique menée en 2006-2007 montre les difficultés de l’appropriation de ces transformations par les habitants. L’environnement vécu et perçu par les habitants diffère fondamentalement de celui des acteurs du territoire. La notion d’inégalité écologique s’enrichit de la double lecture des approches sociologique et géographique  </text>
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                <text>A team of sociologists and geographers conducted a research about relations between social and ecological inequalities. The case study is located in a problem urban area, located in Boulogne-sur-Mer (North of France). Basing their analysis on a case study of the Chemin Vert district in Boulogne-sur-Mer, the authors examine the relationship between the socio-urban dimension and the environmental dimension in the construction of social and ecological inequalities. From an integrated geographical and sociological perspective, the authors analyze the construction of urban space and the processes of marginalization that, in the 1990s, were associated to this space, resulting in the concept of zone urbaine sensible (sensitive urban zone). While the authors agree that the social characteristics of the Chemin Vert district place it unequivocally in the category of extremely under-privileged, the district’s environmental inequality is nonetheless limited in comparison to other districts in the city. In fact, although the urban environment of the Chemin Vert is certainly diminished by the lack of access to services, by the mediocre quality of housing, and by the district’s spatial marginalization, it benefits from a "natural" environment that is objectively positive, due to its coastal location and its proximity to the sea. The urban renewal policies financed by France’s National Urban Renovation Agency in 2004 signaled a change in the evolution of this district, notably with an urban project that takes the Chemin Vert’s coastal and maritime dimension into account. A sociological study conducted in 2006-2007 high- lighted the difficulties that the inhabitants have in appropriating the transformations engendered by this urban project. The environment lived in and perceived by the inhabitants differs fundamentally from the one perceived by the territorial stakeholders. The contrasting perspectives of the geographical and sociological approaches act to expand the notion of ecological inequality. </text>
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                <text>Inégalités écologiques, inégalités sociales et territoires littoraux : L’exemple du quartier du Chemin Vert à Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais, France)</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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                <text>Pour qui connaît mal Madagascar, cette île isolée au sud-est de l’Afrique peut apparaître comme « immobile » tant les processus de mobilités n’y sont pas spectaculaires. Or la réalité est tout autre si l’on s’intéresse non plus seulement aux grands indicateurs statistiques mondiaux mais aux pratiques des habitants de la Grande Île à différentes échelles. Le pays connaît bien une émigration d’élites originale et accueille des migrants, certes peu nombreux, mais qui traduisent son insertion dans des flux mondialisés, comme l’illustre le cas des commerçants chinois. À l’échelle nationale, se développent de nombreux fronts pionniers (ruées) liés à des cultures exportatrices (crevettes, litchis) ou à des gisements de pierres précieuses qui créent des mobilités intenses et des recompositions spatiales, tout en impliquant des acteurs migrants étrangers. Les migrations permanentes ou saisonnières sont également très nombreuses et contribuent à redessiner la répartition ethnique du peuplement. Enfin, les villes sont le lieu d’intenses mobilités, intra-urbaines tout comme entre villes et campagnes, qui souvent portent la marque des difficultés économiques structurelles mais aussi révèlent des stratégies d’adaptation pour surmonter ces crises. L’approche multiscalaire ainsi menée pour Madagascar pourrait permettre de mieux considérer le cas de pays du Sud peu connus, en apparence en marge des mobilités liées notamment à la mondialisation, mais en fait pleinement concernés par ces processus de transformation des espaces et des sociétés. </text>
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                <text>Who does not know Madagascar very well, this isolated island in the South East of Africa may seem motionless because of mobility processes which are not spectacular. When considering not only global data and indicators but mainly spatial practices of the inhabitants of the Big Island at different scales, then a different picture appears. As a matter of fact, there are Malagasy elites emigrating in Northern countries. There are also migrants settling in Madagascar. Although they are not numerous, they illustrate the way the country gets more and more involved in global flows (e.g. Chinese shopkeepers). Inside the country many pioneer fronts (rushes) have recently been developed, based on agricultural goods intended to export (shrimps, litchis) or gem deposits. They create dense mobilities, they lead to spatial evolutions and foreign migrants get involved in these new activities. Permanent and seasonal migrations are also well developed and lead to a new distribution of the different ethnic groups. Finally, dense mobilities exist in the urban eras (intra-urban mobilities and urban-rural exchanges). They convey economic crises but they also reveal new strategies to adapt and overcome these difficulties. The case of Madagascar here studied with a multiscale approach can help studying other Southern countries which are too often considered as standing apart from mobilities due to the consequences of globalisation whereas they are in fact fully concerned by these processes which transform spaces and societies.  </text>
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                <text>vivrier marchand</text>
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                <text>Madagascar, île immobile ?</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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                <text>BENNAFLA, Karine</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2010-12-31</text>
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                <text>Cet article aborde la complexité du lien entre mobilités et politique avec le cas d’une petite ville isolée, siège d’un mouvement de protestation sociale entre 2005 et 2009. Sidi Ifni a vécu une période de gloire espagnole (1934-69), l’érigeant en place attractive, puis une politique de marginalisation socio-économique après sa rétrocession au Maroc (1969). La proximité du Sahara Occidental et la catégorisation du pays Aït Baamrane en marche frondeuse du royaume éclairent la stratégie de renouvellement de la population du Makhzen. Le déclin urbain a généré une émigration de crise, surtout vers l’Europe, grâce au statut juridique particulier des Ifnaouis en Espagne. L’immigration illégale s’intensifie depuis les années 1980, avec des harragas vers les Canaries voisines. Les émigrés ont fait pression sur les autorités marocaines lors de la vague protestataire. Leur rôle de levier de développement est plus modeste, comme l’est celui des actifs, touristes et retraités européens, de plus en plus nombreux à fréquenter et s’installer à Sidi Ifni. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570491">
                <text>This article studies the complex relationship between mobilities and politics, through the case of a small and isolated city, site of social mobilizations between 2005 and 2009. Sidi Ifni was a developed and attractive place during the Spanish occupation (1934-1969). Since the reintegration to Morocco (1969), the city suffers from a social and economic marginalization policy. The Makhzen is deploying “repopulation” strategy, in order to reduce the pressure of local people, due to the proximity of conflictual Sahara and to the categorization of Aït Baamrane’s zone as a historical turbulent region. Urban decline generates migratory movements, especially to Europe because of the special status held by Ifnaouis in Spain. Harrags’ illegal migrations to the Canary Islands are increasing since 1980’s. Emigrants did lobbying over the Moroccan authorities during the protests, but their role in local development is less important, same as the economic contribution of European workers, tourists and retired persons, who are more and more to visit and live in Sidi Ifni. </text>
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                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4144.html</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570493">
                <text>fr</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570494">
                <text>development</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570495">
                <text>emigrants</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570496">
                <text>harraga</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570497">
                <text>marginalization</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570498">
                <text>mobilities</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570499">
                <text>Sidi Ifni</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570500">
                <text>tourism</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570501">
                <text>développement</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570502">
                <text>émigrés</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570503">
                <text>harraga</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570504">
                <text>marginalisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570505">
                <text>mobilité</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570506">
                <text>Sidi Ifni</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570507">
                <text>tourisme</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570508">
                <text>Mobilités et politique à Sidi Ifni, ville isolée du Sud marocain</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644298">
                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text/>
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                <text>Dahdah, Assaf</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>2010-12-31</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Depuis la fin des années 1970, le Liban est devenu un pays d’immigration pour des migrantes originaires principalement des pays du monde indien, d’Asie du Sud-Est, d’Afrique de l’Est et de l’Ouest. Aujourd’hui estimées à environ 250 000, les migrantes travaillent dans leur grande majorité en tant que domestiques à demeure dans les foyers des classes moyennes et supérieures libanaises. Cette migration économique entre pays des Suds s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une législation censée limiter les femmes étrangères à la domesticité et à l’invisibilité sociale et spatiale. À travers une étude de cas sur la migration des femmes éthiopiennes, nous montrerons comment les migrantes sont à la fois « invisibilisées » depuis l’espace domestique jusque dans la ville, mais qu’elles participent également dans les interstices de la ville et de ses temporalités à une reformulation du paysage urbain beyrouthin. Cette situation migratoire dans le contexte de la mondialisation contemporaine interroge in fine quant à la notion de cosmopolitisme et de la place de l’altérité dans une ville méditerranéenne et arabe comme Beyrouth. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570513">
                <text>Since the end of the 1970s, Lebanon has become a country of immigration for female migrants coming from the Asian sub-continent, Southeast Asia, East and West Africa. Today it is estimated that about 250,000 people migrants work for the most part as householders in the homes of middle and upper class Lebanese families. This economic migration between southern countries is linked to a legislation that is supposed to restrict foreign women to domesticity and spatial and social invisibility. Based on a case study which focuses on the migration of Ethiopian women, we show how immigrants are disappearing from domestic space and moving into the city. Nevertheless they also contribute, through the interstices of the city and its temporalities, to a reformulation of the Beirut urban landscape. The migration situation in the context of contemporary globalization raises questions about the concept of cosmopolitanism and the place of otherness in a Mediterranean and Arab city like Beirut. </text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570514">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4154.html</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570515">
                <text>fr</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570516">
                <text>Beirut</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570517">
                <text>domesticity</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570518">
                <text>gender</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570519">
                <text>international migrations</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570520">
                <text>territoriality</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570521">
                <text>visibility</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570522">
                <text>Beyrouth</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570523">
                <text>domesticité</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570524">
                <text>genre</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570525">
                <text>migrations internationales</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570526">
                <text>territorialité</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570527">
                <text>visibilité</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570528">
                <text>Mobilités domestiques internationales et nouvelles territorialités à Beyrouth (Liban) : le cosmopolitisme beyrouthin en question</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644298">
                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text/>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570554">
                <text>Doré, Émilie</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570555">
                <text>2010-12-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570556">
                <text>Dans cet article, qui s'appuie sur un travail de terrain effectué dans un quartier pauvre des faubourgs de la capitale péruvienne, nous abordons plusieurs aspects de la mobilité des habitants, des jeunes adultes en particulier : la mobilité géographique, la mobilité « sociale », mais aussi la mobilité en tant que capacité à diversifier ses relations et à se mouvoir en ville. Nous décrivons le processus d'apprentissage de la vie citadine chez ces jeunes migrants d'origine rurale, venus de départements des Andes. Dans la capitale, ils doivent surmonter leur peur et leur méconnaissance des modes de vie de la grande ville. Les problèmes de transgression et de déviance, le repli, la fragmentation sociale et la pauvreté sont quelques-uns des écueils qui les attendent. Ils seront également confrontés aux préjugés racistes qui stigmatisent leurs origines andines. Devenir citadin peut alors impliquer d'oublier ses origines, associées à la misère, mais cela peut aussi déboucher sur des réinventions identitaires et l'apparition de nouveaux espaces et réseaux de socialisation. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570557">
                <text>This paper relies on an investigation led in a poor area of the suburb of the Peruvian capital, and deals with various facets of the young adults’ mobility : geographic mobility, social mobility, and mobility as a capacity to diversify one's relationships and moving into the city. We describe how these migrants from the Andes gradually learn how to live in the big city. They have to overcome their fear and ignorance of the urban way of life. Issues of transgression, isolation, and poverty are some of the obstacles they meet. They are also facing racist prejudices. Becoming a city dweller may mean forgetting one's origin, due to poverty and stigmata. But it may also lead to an identity reinvention and to the creation of new networks and spaces of socialization. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570558">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4175.html</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570559">
                <text>fr</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570560">
                <text>cultural expressions</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570561">
                <text>family norms</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570562">
                <text>internal migration</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570563">
                <text>Lima</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570564">
                <text>Peru</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570565">
                <text>racism</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570566">
                <text>transgression</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570567">
                <text>expressions culturelles</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570568">
                <text>Lima</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570569">
                <text>migration interne</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570570">
                <text>normes familiales</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570571">
                <text>Pérou</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570572">
                <text>racisme</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570573">
                <text>transgression</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570574">
                <text>Du migrant au citadin : mobilités et apprentissage de la vie urbaine chez les jeunes adultes d'un quartier pauvre de la périphérie de Lima</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570575">
                <text>article</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644298">
                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644299">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644300">
                  <text>Revues.org</text>
                </elementText>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570576">
                <text>Bertrand, Monique</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570577">
                <text>2010-12-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570578">
                <text>Le renouvellement de la migration internationale nigérienne vers la côte du Golfe de Guinée s’accompagne d’une évolution non moins séculaire de leur insertion dans la capitale du Ghana. L’article traite en parallèle ces dimensions pluri-générationnelles des faits migratoires et urbains. Il s’attache aux ressortissants de l’ouest du Niger, Songhaï-Zarma qui sont re-catégorisés « Zabrama » à l’étranger. Dans le Grand Accra en particulier, l’essaimage et la dissémination de leurs arrangements résidentiels, continuent d’associer les migrants sédentarisés et les nouveaux venus. Elle déplace également des stocks de marchandises importées vers des clientèles régionales excentrées. À ces adresses Zabrama, la référence au « zongo » musulman se maintient mais en articulant désormais plusieurs entrepreneuriats : commerciaux dans la mondialisation, fonciers dans la métropole, politiques enfin, en référence à l’histoire précoloniale et aux critères de la citoyenneté ghanéenne. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570579">
                <text>Since the last century, the renewal of the international migration of labour from Niger to the Gulf of Guinea is accompanied with significant changes in the migrants’ livelihoods and housing in the capital of Ghana. The paper focuses on the experience of the Songhai-Zarma, from western Niger, which are re-categorized abroad as “Zabrama people”. It deals with their migration and urbanisation that are both analysed as pluri-generational processes. Particularly in the Greater Accra Region, their residential arrangements scatter through a wider dissemination, but still associate new comers with already settled migrants. This metropolitan allocation follows the general move of imported goods from Accra central markets towards the urban fringe customers. All the Zabrama addresses maintain the reference to Moslems foreigners communities, known as “zongo” in West-Africa. But they now articulate three kinds of enterprises: commercial initiatives through globalized business networks, land mediation in agreement with customary owners, new political leadership by reference to the pre-colonial history of Ghana and local norms of citizenship in the host society. </text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570580">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4189.html</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570581">
                <text>fr</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Ghana</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570583">
                <text>international migration</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570584">
                <text>moslems communities</text>
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                <text>residential mobility</text>
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                <text>urban sprawl</text>
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                <text>étalement urbain</text>
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                <text>Ghana</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570590">
                <text>migration internationale</text>
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                <text>mobilité résidentielle</text>
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                <text>Niger</text>
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                <text>Zongo musulman</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570594">
                <text>Migration internationale et métropolisation en Afrique de l’Ouest : le cas des Zabrama du Grand Accra, Ghana</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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                <text>Gall, Julie Le</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>En trente ans, les Boliviens et leurs descendants sont devenus les principaux acteurs de l’approvisionnement en légumes de Buenos Aires et occupent l’ensemble des espaces maraîchers de production, de commercialisation de gros et de vente au détail. Les Boliviens profitent d’un ensemble de facteurs conjoncturels, propres à l’Argentine des années 1990, pour s’insérer et circuler dans l’aire métropolitaine. Grâce à l’utilisation efficace et spécifique des réseaux matériels et immatériels, ils impulsent des mobilités innovantes dans l’activité maraîchère des années 2000. Étudier les mobilités des maraîchers boliviens témoigne des évolutions du couple migratoire classique Bolivie / Argentine et met en évidence les mutations profondes affectant la métropole argentine depuis la fin des années 1980. </text>
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                <text>In thirty years, the Bolivian migrants and their kin have become key players in the supply of vegetables in Buenos Aires and hold control on all gardening spaces for farming, marketing, wholesaling and retailing. Bolivians benefited from various trends specific to the Argentinean context in the 1990s that allowed them to move around and integrate the metropolitan area. Thanks to their own efficient way of mobilizing the physical and virtual networks, they induce original mobility patterns in the gardening system of the years 2000. Looking at the mobility patterns of the Bolivians involved in the gardening activity shows how much the migratory couple formed by Bolivia and Argentina lately evolved and reveals the deep changing process happening in Buenos Aires since the end of the 1980s. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570600">
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570601">
                <text>fr</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>bolivian</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570603">
                <text>Buenos Aires</text>
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                <text>gardening system</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570605">
                <text>networks</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570606">
                <text>periurban agriculture</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570607">
                <text>agriculture périurbaine</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570608">
                <text>boliviens</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570609">
                <text>Buenos Aires</text>
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                <text>maraîchage</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570611">
                <text>réseaux</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570612">
                <text>Nouvelles mobilités « maraîchères » à Buenos Aires : les migrants boliviens à l’œuvre</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570613">
                <text>article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644298">
                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644299">
                  <text/>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644300">
                  <text>Revues.org</text>
                </elementText>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570614">
                <text>Pochet, Pascal</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570615">
                <text>Plat, Didier</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570616">
                <text>Olvera, Lourdes Diaz</text>
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                <text>Sahabana, Maïdadi</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570618">
                <text>2010-12-31</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570619">
                <text>Comment se déplace-t-on au quotidien dans les villes africaines, dans un contexte de pauvreté très prégnant et quelles stratégies d’adaptation est-on amené à développer ? Loin d’une mobilité uniformément faible, des enquêtes auprès des ménages mettent en évidence des mobilités, certes contraintes et parfois contrariées, mais également très diverses selon les villes et les individus. Des usages des modes originaux se développent, objets d’adaptations et d’innovations permanentes du côté de l’offre comme de la demande de déplacements. La grande plasticité de l’offre de transport artisanale et en particulier l’essor des motos-taxis dans plusieurs villes comme le partage relatif de l’usage d’un bien rare, la voiture particulière, qui permet d’élargir le cercle de ses bénéficiaires occasionnels bien au-delà de son détenteur, témoignent du double mouvement de mise en commun des véhicules individuels et d’individualisation des modes collectifs. En conclusion, les apports mais aussi les limites, notamment environnementales, de ces évolutions, amènent à questionner les politiques urbaines nécessaires pour réguler et organiser les mobilités quotidiennes. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570620">
                <text>Within a context of deep poverty, how does one accomplish daily travel in Sub-Saharan African cities and which strategies for adaptation one is brought to develop? Far from a low uniform mobility level, household travel surveys show evidence of a diversity of mobilities, which are constrained, sometimes even hindered, and present different characteristics according to cities and individuals. Modes of transport are used in original ways and continuous adaptations and innovations are undertaken in the fields of both the supply of transport and the demand for transport. Two examples of this process are discussed in this paper. The first one deals with the great plasticity of transport services supplied by informal operators, as in the case of the motorbike-taxi in several cities. The second example concerns the relative sharing in the use of a rare asset, the personal car, which allows to extend the number of regular users towards a circle of occasional users. Both examples contribute to a two-fold movement, on the one hand the pooling of personal vehicles and in the other hand the individualisation of public transport. In conclusion, the benefits and the limits, in particular environmental limits, of these evolutions, lead to questioning the urban policies necessary for the regulation and organisation of daily mobilities. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570621">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4206.html</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570622">
                <text>fr</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570623">
                <text>adaptation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570624">
                <text>african city</text>
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                <text>car</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570626">
                <text>daily mobility</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570627">
                <text>lifestyle</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570628">
                <text>motorbike-taxi</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570629">
                <text>poverty</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570630">
                <text>social use</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570631">
                <text>adaptation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570632">
                <text>automobile</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570633">
                <text>mobilité quotidienne</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570634">
                <text>mode de vie</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570635">
                <text>moto taxi</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570636">
                <text>pauvreté</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570637">
                <text>usages sociaux</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570638">
                <text>ville africaine</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570639">
                <text>Entre contraintes et innovation : évolutions de la mobilité quotidienne dans les villes d’Afrique subsaharienne</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644298">
                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644299">
                  <text/>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570641">
                <text>Piron, Marie</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570642">
                <text>Gouëset, Vincent</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570643">
                <text>Demoraes, Florent</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570644">
                <text>Figueroa, Oscar</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570645">
                <text>Zioni, Silvana</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570646">
                <text>2010-12-31</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570647">
                <text>La question du rôle des mobilités quotidiennes comme facteur d’inégalités socio-spatiales se pose avec une grande acuité en Amérique latine, du fait des caractéristiques de l’urbanisation sur ce continent : une transition urbaine bien avancée, des métropoles « millionnaires » très étalées et peu denses, marquées par de profondes inégalités sociales, une très forte ségrégation socio-résidentielle, ainsi qu’une inéquitable répartition des emplois dans la ville. L’objectif est d’explorer ici le lien entre les déplacements domicile-travail et les inégalités socio-spatiales dans trois métropoles contrastées (Bogotá, Santiago, São Paulo). Nous montrons qu’au-delà du simple effet de la hiérarchie sociale, l’effet territorial est déterminant sur les conditions de mobilité quotidienne des citadins. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570648">
                <text>The role of daily mobility as a socio-spatial inequalities factor is a key issue in Latin America and is partly attributable to urbanisation patterns on this continent: a rather advanced urban transition, low density and wide spread millionaire metropolises, deep social inequalities, high socio-residential segregation, and an inequitable work distribution within the city. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relation between daily trips to work and socio-spatial inequalities in three contrasted metropolises (Bogotá, Santiago, São Paulo). We demonstrate that beyond the social hierarchy effect, the territorial effect is determining on people’s daily mobility conditions. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570649">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4218.html</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570650">
                <text>fr</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Bogotá</text>
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                <text>daily mobility</text>
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                <text>Santiago</text>
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                <text>São Paulo</text>
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                <text>social inequalities</text>
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                <text>territorial typology</text>
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                <text>Bogotá</text>
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                <text>inégalités sociales</text>
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                <text>mobilité quotidienne</text>
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                <text>Santiago</text>
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                <text>typologie territoriale</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570663">
                <text>Mobilités quotidiennes et inégalités socio-territoriales à Bogotá, Santiago du Chili et São Paulo</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text/>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="570665">
                <text>Florin, Bénédicte</text>
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                <text>Semmoud, Nora</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570667">
                <text>2010-12-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570668">
                <text>Processus commun aux grandes villes maghrébines, l'exode rural des décennies précédentes a laissé place au redéploiement centrifuge des quartiers centraux vers des périphéries, formelles ou informelles, très dynamiques. L'analyse des nouvelles formes de mobilité, issue d'un travail de recherche collectif récent sur la fabrication des périphéries au Maghreb, met en exergue les reconfigurations sociales et spatiales qui découlent des stratégies résidentielles : les modalités d'accès au logement, l'émergence des classes moyennes et de modes d'habiter qui leur sont propres, l'apparition de nouvelles polarités, notamment liées aux pratiques commerciales, tendent à accroître la fragmentation des espaces urbains. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570669">
                <text>Common process to big cities from the Maghreb, the rural exodus of the previous decades left place to a centrifugal redeployment of the central districts towards dynamics suburbs, formal or informal. The analysis of the new forms of mobility, result from a recent collective research work on the suburbs in the Maghreb, highlights the social and spatial reconfigurations which ensue from residential strategies. The modalities of access to the housing, the emergence of middle classes and their own way of life, the appearance of news polarities, connected to the commercial practices, tend to increase the fragmentation of the urban spaces. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570670">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4232.html</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570671">
                <text>fr</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570672">
                <text>Algeria</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570673">
                <text>anchoring</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570674">
                <text>distinction</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570675">
                <text>individuation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570676">
                <text>integration</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570677">
                <text>Maghreb</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570678">
                <text>marginalization</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570679">
                <text>middle classes</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570680">
                <text>Morocco</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570681">
                <text>residential mobilities</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570682">
                <text>Tunisia</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570683">
                <text>Algérie</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570684">
                <text>ancrage</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570685">
                <text>classes moyennes</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570686">
                <text>distinction</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570687">
                <text>individuation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570688">
                <text>intégration</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570689">
                <text>Maghreb</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570690">
                <text>marginalisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570691">
                <text>Maroc</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570692">
                <text>mobilités résidentielles</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570693">
                <text>Tunisie</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570694">
                <text>Mobilités résidentielles et territorialisations dans les villes du Maghreb : entre exclusion et intégration</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570695">
                <text>article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644298">
                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644299">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644300">
                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570696">
                <text>Tallet, Bernard</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570697">
                <text>Valette, Jean François</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570698">
                <text>2010-12-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570699">
                <text>L’évolution actuelle de la métropole mexicaine est moins à suivre en termes de croissance urbaine qu’en termes de redistribution interne de sa population. Les mobilités résidentielles alimentent des phénomènes de recompositions socio-spatiales importants ; ce mouvement qualifié de transition urbaine est étudié grâce aux données des recensements de population. Considéré dans le cadre de la Zone Métropolitaine de la Vallée de Mexico (ZMVM), Mexico compte plus de 19,2 millions d’habitants. Sur la période 1995-2000, la croissance continue par apports de la croissance naturelle (environ 1,8 million de personnes supplémentaires). Le solde migratoire est, lui, négatif : la ville perd davantage qu’elle n’attire et voit le départ d'environ 800 000 personnes. Parallèlement, la mobilité interne (changements de résidence) est, elle, très forte puisqu’on enregistre environ 1,4 million de mouvements sur la même période ; cela concerne donc 8 % de la population. L’article insiste sur l’amplification et la complexification des trajectoires de migrants à l’intérieur de la métropole ; cela permet de proposer une lecture de l’expansion urbaine comme processus de redistribution de la population. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570700">
                <text>The current evolution of the Mexican metropolis requires an approach examining the population redistribution into the urban area, further than a growth rate study. Residential movements are shaping deep socio-spatial changes. The urban transition process is enlightened by population census data. Considered into the metropolitan area limits (ZMVM), 19.2 million people are living in Mexico City. During the period 1995-2000, the city was still growing, thanks to the natural growth (plus 1.8 million people). There was a negative net migration : the city was more pushing people than pulling and 800 000 people left the metropolitan area. In the same time, inner mobility was very important and the census registered 1.4 million residential changes during this period (8 per cent of the total population). This paper focuses on the development of more and more expanded and complex migrants’ trajectories into the area. This hypothesis lets enlighten the urban development as populating dynamics of migrations into the city. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570701">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4250.html</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570702">
                <text>fr</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570703">
                <text>metropolisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570704">
                <text>Mexico-City</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570705">
                <text>migrant trajectories</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570706">
                <text>population redistribution pattern</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570707">
                <text>urban inner migration</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570708">
                <text>Métropolisation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570709">
                <text>Mexico</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570710">
                <text>mobilités intra-urbaines</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570711">
                <text>redistribution de population</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="570712">
                <text>trajectoires migratoires</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570713">
                <text>Une ville qui bouge, une ville qui change</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="570714">
                <text>article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="36165" public="1" featured="0">
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644298">
                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644299">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644300">
                  <text>Revues.org</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
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      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571036">
                <text>Bergouignan, Christophe</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571037">
                <text>Cauchi-Duval, Nicolas</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571038">
                <text>2011-12-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571039">
                <text>L’étude des évolutions 1968-2006 des caractéristiques démographiques des cantons de France métropolitaine permet d’identifier les manifestations territoriales des principales transformations socio-démographiques. Elles concernent l’économie et l’emploi (tertiarisation et montée du chômage), l’allongement de la durée des études et l’entrée dans la vie adulte, la constitution de la famille et la cohabitation intergénérationnelle. L’analyse multidimensionnelle systématique de l’expression spatiale de ces évolutions plus générales fait apparaître, en 2006, l’existence de 7 profils de territoire (ouvrier, touristique rural, touristique urbanisé, urbain en difficulté, urbain central provincial, urbain central francilien et urbain périphérique familial). Ils résultent de la mutation des espaces ruraux via la réduction du poids des agriculteurs, le développement des activités touristiques, le déplacement et la transformation de certaines activités industrielles et l’extension de l’aire d’influence des villes. Dans les espaces les plus urbanisés ces profils traduisent aussi l’effet des concentrations de populations en rapide augmentation (étudiants, cadres, chômeurs, familles monoparentales). </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571040">
                <text>The 1968-2006 demographic trends, analyzed at the district level, leads to identify spatial expression of main socio-demographic trends. These major socio-demographic trends involve economy and employment (growth of services and unemployment), lengthening of school duration and later beginning of the adult life, family formation and co-residence. Multidimensional analysis of the spatial expression of those general evolutions leads, in 2006, to identify 7 clusters of places (blue collar, rural tourist, urban tourist, urban poor, urban central – for Paris and other big cities –, suburbs). In rural areas these clusters of places are the result of the decrease of the farmers proportion, the growth of tourism services, the changes in industrial production and the urban sprawl. In urban areas these clusters are the results of some growing populations (students, white collars, unemployed, one-parent families). </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571041">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4635.html</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571042">
                <text>fr</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571043">
                <text>1968-2006 demographic trends</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571044">
                <text>socio-demographic concentration</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571045">
                <text>spatial clustering</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571046">
                <text>spatial demography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571047">
                <text>concentrations socio-démographiques</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571048">
                <text>démogéographie</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571049">
                <text>évolutions démographiques 1968-2006</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571050">
                <text>types d’espace</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571051">
                <text>Les spécificités démo-géographiques des territoires en France métropolitaine : analyse de l’évolution des critères de différenciation pour une typologie synthétique</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571052">
                <text>article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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  </item>
  <item itemId="36166" public="1" featured="0">
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644298">
                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644299">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644300">
                  <text>Revues.org</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
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      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571053">
                <text>Chalard, Laurent</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571054">
                <text>2011-12-31</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571055">
                <text>La France a changé depuis 2004 de méthode de recensement, ce qui entraîne des biais dans l’étude des évolutions démographiques par rapport au dernier recensement exhaustif de 1999. Pour remédier à ce problème, la mise en place d’une méthode de correction reposant sur l’évolution de la vacance, permet de déterminer de manière plus pertinente les évolutions démographiques 1999-2007 de la France métropolitaine. En effet, cette méthode de redressement montre l’existence d’un écart de 420 000 habitants entre les deux recensements, qui peut correspondre aux personnes oubliées en 1999, année d’un recensement de mauvaise qualité. À l’arrivée, que peut-on en déduire suivant les différentes échelles ? À l’échelle nationale, la croissance démographique est semblable à celle de la période intercensitaire précédente, contrairement à ce que laisserait penser les chiffres bruts, qui témoignent d’une accélération de la croissance. À l’échelle régionale, de nouveau, nous n’avons pas de ruptures apparentes, puisque les régions du Sud et de l’Ouest sont toujours celles connaissant la plus forte progression de leur population, alors que les régions du Nord-Est stagnent relativement. Enfin, à l’échelle départementale, se constate une poursuite des tendances constatées dans les décennies précédentes, à travers le renforcement de l’attractivité démographique des départements littoraux, des départements périurbains, en particulier autour de Toulouse, et des départements ruraux de la moitié sud de la France au cadre de vie jugé agréable. En définitive, les évolutions démographiques 1999-2007 de la France métropolitaine s’inscrivent dans la continuité des périodes intercensitaires précédentes, la dernière rupture démographique française remontant à 1975 et la fin du baby-boom. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571056">
                <text>Since 2004, France adopted a new census method. So, comparing the population of France in 1999 and in 2007 is not pertinent because the figures were calculated according to different census methods. In order to better interpret the population evolution of France, it is necessary to adopt a method of population rectification. This latter shows that there is a difference of 420 000 inhabitants between the two census, that can be explained very easily by the bad quality of 1999 census. What are the results at different geographical scales? Concerning the all country, France’s population is growing at the same rate in the 2000’s than in the 1990’s, whereas the official figures show an increasing of population growth. So, France population is not booming. At the regional scale, the trends are also the same than in the previous decade: the south and the west are growing, whereas the north-east is relatively stagnating. At the “department” scale, the 1990’s trends are accentuated: the growth being more and more higher on Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts, in departments near big metropolis, especially Toulouse, and in sunny and “beautiful” southern rural places. In conclusion, continuity is the rule. The last demographic rupture remains the end of baby boom in 1975. </text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571057">
                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4636.html</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571058">
                <text>fr</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="571059">
                <text>census</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571060">
                <text>coastal attraction</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571061">
                <text>continuity</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571062">
                <text>natural growth</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571063">
                <text>vacancy</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571064">
                <text>continuité</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571065">
                <text>littoral</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="571066">
                <text>périurbanisation</text>
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                <text>Les évolutions démographiques 1999-2007 de la France métropolitaine : continuités ou ruptures ?</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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                <text>Desplanques, Guy</text>
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                <text>Les disparités régionales de fécondité en France perdurent. La fécondité est la plus élevée dans les Pays de la Loire et dans le Nord - Pas-de-Calais. Elle est la plus faible dans le Sud-Ouest de la France. Ce schéma diffère peu de celui qui prévalait dans les années du baby-boom, il y a 50 ans. Cependant, la fécondité de l’Île-de-France est désormais supérieure à la moyenne nationale, alors qu’elle était la région de plus faible fécondité.  Au niveau infrarégional, la fécondité est plus basse dans les zones les plus urbanisées, surtout dans des régions où une part importante de la population reste rurale. Ces disparités entre zones rurales et zones urbaines, de même que les disparités entre villes-centres et banlieues, renvoient aux disparités relatives aux structures familiales. Ainsi, à Paris, la part de personnes seules parmi les femmes en âge de procréer est forte et la fécondité est faible.  Quelques départements de la banlieue parisienne où la présence immigrée est importante ont une forte fécondité. Mais d’autres, comme la Mayenne, comptent peu d’immigrés et ont aussi une fécondité élevée. L’inverse est également vrai : une forte présence immigrée ne s’accompagne pas toujours d’une fécondité forte. Dans toutes les régions, les femmes les moins diplômées ont une fécondité plus forte. Mais l’écart entre les plus diplômées et les moins diplômées varie : très faible dans l’Ouest de la France, il est marqué dans le Nord - Pas-de-Calais. Au total, ces différents facteurs n’expliquent qu’une faible part des disparités régionales, finalement assez durables. </text>
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                <text>Regional fertility differentials are everlasting. Fertility is the highest in Pays de Loire and Nord - Pas-de-Calais regions ; it is the lowest in the South-West. This is not far from what was during the baby-boom times. Nevertheless, in Île-de-France, fertility is now above the national mean. It was the lowest before.  At an infra-regional level, fertility is lower in urban areas, especially in the regions where an important part of population lives in rural areas. This gap between rural and urban areas, as well as the gap between town centres and suburbs, is linked to the question of family structure. So, in Paris, the part of persons living alone among women in the age of maternity is high and fertility is low. Some departments of Île-de-France where there are many migrants have a high fertility. But other departments with high fertility, like Mayenne, have few migrants. The opposite can be true : a high proportion of migrants does not mean a high fertility.  In all regions, women with low level of education have a higher fertility. But the discrepancy between highest levels and lowest levels vary according to the region : very low in west regions, it is high in Nord - Pas-de-Calais region.  In a whole, these different possible causes explain only a low part of regional differentials, which are finally steady. </text>
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                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4649.html</text>
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                <text>discrepancies</text>
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                <text>fertility</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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                <text>territory</text>
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                <text>fécondité</text>
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                <text>France.</text>
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                <text>territoire</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Les disparités géographiques de fécondité en France</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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                <text>Tribalat, Michèle</text>
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                <text>Aubry, Bernard</text>
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                <text>La rareté des données sur les origines (lieu de naissance et filiation) oblige, pour retracer les transformations du peuplement des territoires qui ont accompagné différents moments de l’immigration, à se concentrer sur un segment de population particulier : les plus jeunes encore au foyer de leurs parents. Le fichier SAPHIR construit par Bernard Aubry a permis de mener ce type d’analyse entre 1968 et 2005 en retenant la proportion de jeunes âgés de 0-17 ans d’origine étrangère. L’étude de l’évolution des concentrations ethniques est un préalable et un précieux complément à celle d’indicateurs plus sophistiqués, et notamment des indicateurs de dissimilarité, d’usage courant, ou d’autres indicateurs de composition des voisinages.  Une telle étude montre une réelle évolution des lieux de concentration ethnique singularisant fortement l’Ile-de-France devenue la région de très forte concentration ethnique qu’elle n’était pas à la fin des années 1960, alors devancée par les régions de la façade méditerranéenne et la Lorraine. L’exception du grand quart ouest de la France, autrefois très peu touché par l’immigration, est désormais terminée. Enfin, ces concentrations ethniques sont devenues un phénomène de plus en plus urbain, reflétant les changements dans la composition des origines et un chassé-croisé entre les familles de natifs et celles d’immigrés, les premières préférant de plus en plus les zones d’habitat rural et périurbain quand les secondes se sont implantées prioritairement dans les communes de taille moyenne, des grandes zones urbaines.  </text>
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                <text>A key obstacle in analysing the evolution of the population by origin in French geographic areas is the scarcity of data on foreign background (place of birth and filiation). A proxy is given by the proportion of children under 18 with a foreign background which is available at each census, since they live with their parents. The SAPHIR file contains this information from 1968 to 2005. The analysis of ethnic concentrations is a prerequisite and brings a valuable help to the use of more sophisticated indicators like the dissimilarity index which is now in common use or other indicators on neighbourhoods. The study of ethnic concentrations from 1968 to 2005 shows a real change. Île-de-France has become a region of huge ethnic concentration which it was not at the end of the sixties. It was then behind the Mediterranean coast regions and Lorraine. At the end of the sixties, the large west quarter of France was virtually free of immigration and its demographic impact. It is no longer true. Finally, ethnic concentrations have become more and more an urban phenomenon, which is the result of a change in the ethnic composition of immigration and a crossover between natives and immigrants families. The former have shown a preference for rural or periurban areas while the later has settled in medium-sized cities in the outskirts of big cities. </text>
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                <text>http://eps.revues.org/index4663.html</text>
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                <text>fr</text>
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                <text>differential mobility</text>
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                <text>ethnic concentrations</text>
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                <text>origin</text>
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                <text>youth with foreign background</text>
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                <text>concentrations ethniques</text>
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                <text>jeunes d’origine étrangère</text>
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                <text>mobilité différentielle des natifs et des immigrés</text>
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                <text>origine</text>
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                <text>Les concentrations ethniques en France : évolution 1968-2005</text>
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