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                <text>Regards croisés sur les méthodes d'analyse urbaine : du quantitatif au qualitatif</text>
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                <text>Bailleul Hélène, Delas Julien, méthodes d'analyse urbaine, espace urbain, perception, parcours, représentations spatiales, habitants, entretien</text>
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17 juin 2010

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Julien Delas, 
H&amp;eacute;l&amp;egrave;ne Bailleul</text>
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Auteurs
Julien Delas
H&amp;eacute;l&amp;egrave;ne Bailleul

Type
S&amp;eacute;minaire

Date
17 juin 2010

Dur&amp;eacute;e
et 35'

Diffuseur
Cr&amp;eacute;villes


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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;sentation par l'organisateur :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
L&amp;rsquo;association ESSPACES organise son deuxi&amp;egrave;me s&amp;eacute;minaire de m&amp;eacute;thodologie en sciences sociales. Apr&amp;egrave;s avoir d&amp;eacute;crypt&amp;eacute; la carte comme outil et objet d&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;tude en sciences sociales, ce s&amp;eacute;minaire aura pour but d&amp;rsquo;interroger la pertinence des m&amp;eacute;thodes d&amp;rsquo;analyse quantitative et qualitative dans des probl&amp;eacute;matiques urbaines.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
L&amp;rsquo;objectif de cette demi-journ&amp;eacute;e est de confronter diff&amp;eacute;rentes m&amp;eacute;thodes d&amp;rsquo;analyse des ph&amp;eacute;nom&amp;egrave;nes socio-spatiaux en termes quantitatifs (statistiques, analyses textuelles&amp;hellip;) et qualitatifs (entretiens, perceptions, observations de terrain&amp;hellip;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Interventions :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Julien Delas&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Les parcours &amp;quot;en aveugle&amp;quot; : une m&amp;eacute;thode in situ pour saisir le v&amp;eacute;cu urbain quotidien.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Ecouter ou t&amp;eacute;l&amp;eacute;charger l'intervention de Julien Delas au format mp3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
T&amp;eacute;l&amp;eacute;charger le diaporamat de Julien Delas au format pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;H&amp;eacute;l&amp;egrave;ne Bailleul&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Aborder le rapport &amp;agrave; l&amp;rsquo;espace de vie dans sa dynamique : les repr&amp;eacute;sentations spatiales des habitants &amp;agrave; l&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;preuve des projets urbains.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Ecouter ou t&amp;eacute;l&amp;eacute;charger l'intervention d'H&amp;eacute;l&amp;egrave;ne Bailleul au format mp3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sabrina Bresson&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Un exemple de m&amp;eacute;thode d&amp;rsquo;analyse d&amp;rsquo;entretiens sociologiques&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
Enregistrement non disponible&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Julien Gregorio</text>
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20 avril 2012

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Labor et Fides

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130</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;sentation par l'&amp;eacute;diteur :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Au milieu des ann&amp;eacute;es 1990, cent soixante logements &amp;eacute;taient occup&amp;eacute;s par deux mille squatters &amp;agrave; Gen&amp;egrave;ve. Aujourd&amp;rsquo;hui, le squat s&amp;rsquo;est exil&amp;eacute; dans des roulottes &amp;agrave; la p&amp;eacute;riph&amp;eacute;rie de la Ville, cons&amp;eacute;quence de l&amp;rsquo;abandon des politiques tol&amp;eacute;rantes qui pr&amp;eacute;valaient avant les ann&amp;eacute;es 2000. Photographe engag&amp;eacute;, Julien Gregorio propose ici les portraits sur dix ans (2002-2012) de la plan&amp;egrave;te squat &amp;agrave; Gen&amp;egrave;ve. Ses quatre-vingt-une photos &amp;eacute;voquent des installations, des vies quotidiennes, des &amp;eacute;vacuations et les &amp;eacute;volutions d&amp;rsquo;une forme d&amp;rsquo;habitation motiv&amp;eacute;e par la crise du logement et des aspirations &amp;agrave; la vie communautaire. Dix-sept lieux apparaissent dans ce livre, en r&amp;eacute;sonnance avec des affiches et des documents qui &amp;eacute;clairent de l&amp;rsquo;int&amp;eacute;rieur une culture trop souvent caricatur&amp;eacute;e. Comme l&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;crit le sociologue Luca Pattaroni dans sa postface, &amp;laquo; l&amp;rsquo;histoire du mouvement squat &amp;agrave; Gen&amp;egrave;ve a &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; aussi celle de l&amp;rsquo;invention d&amp;rsquo;une ville un peu plus hospitali&amp;egrave;re &amp;agrave; la diversit&amp;eacute; des personnes et des mani&amp;egrave;res de vivre &amp;raquo;. Ce livre en est la m&amp;eacute;moire ouverte.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Julien Gregorio&lt;/b&gt; est photographe &amp;agrave; Gen&amp;egrave;ve. &lt;b&gt;Luca Pattaroni&lt;/b&gt;, qui signe la postface, est chercheur en sociologie urbaine &amp;agrave; l&amp;rsquo;EPFL (Lausanne).&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
exposition&lt;/a&gt; se tient &amp;agrave; la galerie Focale de Nyon (Suisse) jusqu'au 17 juin 2012&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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F&amp;eacute;vrier 2011

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IFAO

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(2 volumes)</text>
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
L&amp;rsquo;histoire du Caire, l&amp;rsquo;une des plus grandes capitales de l&amp;rsquo;Islam m&amp;eacute;di&amp;eacute;val et de tout l&amp;rsquo;Ancien monde, pr&amp;eacute;sente un double apog&amp;eacute;e &amp;agrave; l&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;poque mamelouke. Au milieu du XIV&amp;#7497; si&amp;egrave;cle, la ville atteint sa plus grande extension spatiale et conna&amp;icirc;t une monumentalisation spectaculaire, qui vaut &amp;agrave; la m&amp;eacute;tropole d&amp;rsquo;aujourd&amp;rsquo;hui une part essentielle de son patrimoine architectural. Dans la premi&amp;egrave;re moiti&amp;eacute; du XVe si&amp;egrave;cle s&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;labore au Caire une historiographie d&amp;rsquo;une richesse exceptionnelle, qui, autour de l&amp;rsquo;&amp;oelig;uvre d&amp;rsquo;al-Maqr&amp;#299;z&amp;#299;, soutient pour la premi&amp;egrave;re fois en Islam la possibilit&amp;eacute; d&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;crire une histoire globale de la ville. Entre-temps, Le Caire et le sultanat mamelouk ont travers&amp;eacute; l&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;preuve de la ruine et vu se modifier le cours de leur histoire.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Le livre se donne ainsi pour objet ce si&amp;egrave;cle de bouleversements politiques et urbains. Il tente d&amp;rsquo;analyser deux processus qui, en quelques d&amp;eacute;cennies, ont profond&amp;eacute;ment red&amp;eacute;fini les &amp;eacute;quilibres du sultanat mamelouk : l&amp;rsquo;entr&amp;eacute;e en crise du pouvoir et la restauration de l&amp;rsquo;&amp;Eacute;tat d&amp;rsquo;une part, la ruine du Caire et la mue urbaine qui accompagne sa reconstruction d&amp;rsquo;autre part. La confrontation des textes, des inscriptions et des &amp;eacute;difices encore en place, ainsi que des actes de fondation en waqf, permet de comprendre comment le sultan et les hommes de sa Maison, dans leur h&amp;eacute;g&amp;eacute;monie nouvelle, ont &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; &amp;agrave; la fois des fauteurs de ruine et les premiers artisans de la reconstruction du Caire. Une plus grande communaut&amp;eacute; de destin s&amp;rsquo;est ainsi instaur&amp;eacute;e, &amp;agrave; la faveur de la crise, entre le sultanat mamelouk et sa capitale. Relever la ville de ses ruines ou restaurer l&amp;rsquo;&amp;Eacute;tat, c&amp;rsquo;est en somme devenu la m&amp;ecirc;me chose : dans les deux cas, il s&amp;rsquo;agit bien de reconstruire la Maison du sultan.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Julien Loiseau&lt;/b&gt; est ma&amp;icirc;tre de conf&amp;eacute;rences en histoire m&amp;eacute;di&amp;eacute;vale &amp;agrave; l'universit&amp;eacute; Paul-Val&amp;eacute;ry Montpellier 3.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Editions de l'Aube

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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;sentation par l'&amp;eacute;diteur :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
La place de Rome dans l&amp;rsquo;histoire du cin&amp;eacute;ma est consid&amp;eacute;rable. Une Rome bless&amp;eacute;e dans &lt;i&gt;Rome, ville ouverte&lt;/i&gt; (Rossellini, 1945) et dans la trilogie de De Sica et Zavattini (&lt;i&gt;Sciusci&amp;agrave;&lt;/i&gt; en 1946, &lt;i&gt;Le Voleur de bicyclette&lt;/i&gt; en 1948, &lt;i&gt;Umberto&lt;/i&gt; D. en 1952)&amp;thinsp;; puis le boom avec &lt;i&gt;La Dolce Vita&lt;/i&gt; (Fellini, 1960) et les antih&amp;eacute;ros de Pasolini (&lt;i&gt;Accattone&lt;/i&gt; en 1961, et &lt;i&gt;Mamma Roma&lt;/i&gt; en 1962)&amp;thinsp;; pour atteindre la Rome chaotique de &lt;i&gt;Fellini Roma&lt;/i&gt; (1972). Huit films, cinq cin&amp;eacute;astes&amp;thinsp;: autant de parcours dans la ville et son imaginaire. Toutes les images aussi m&amp;egrave;nent &amp;agrave; Rome...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Immortalis&amp;eacute;e par le cin&amp;eacute;ma, la Ville &amp;eacute;ternelle en devient une des capitales avec &lt;i&gt;Cinecitt&amp;agrave;&lt;/i&gt;. &amp;Agrave; Rome et ses couches arch&amp;eacute;ologiques correspondent ainsi des films et les couches iconographiques laiss&amp;eacute;es par la s&amp;eacute;dimentation de la cr&amp;eacute;ation. Les images de Rome au cin&amp;eacute;ma sugg&amp;egrave;rent des formes distinctes de la r&amp;eacute;alit&amp;eacute; d&amp;eacute;j&amp;agrave; prot&amp;eacute;iforme de la ville et ont, en retour, transform&amp;eacute; les structures urbaines et les coutumes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cet essai est une invitation &amp;agrave; penser la vie de la ville entre m&amp;eacute;moire et images. Une r&amp;eacute;flexion en mouvement sur le r&amp;ocirc;le du cin&amp;eacute;ma dans nos mani&amp;egrave;res modernes de &amp;quot;faire cit&amp;eacute; ensemble&amp;quot;.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Docteur en histoire (EHESS) et dipl&amp;ocirc;m&amp;eacute; de l'ESSEC, &lt;b&gt;Julien Neutres&lt;/b&gt; m&amp;egrave;ne en parall&amp;egrave;le une carri&amp;egrave;re dans la communication et des recherches en sciences humaines.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Novembre 2008

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L'Harmatttan

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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;4e de couverture :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Le d&amp;eacute;c&amp;egrave;s accidentel de deux jeunes qui tentaient d'&amp;eacute;chapper &amp;agrave; une interpellation polici&amp;egrave;re a d&amp;eacute;clench&amp;eacute;, lors de l'automne 2005, une flamb&amp;eacute;e de violence urbaine. Durant trois semaines, les forces de l'ordre ont connu des &amp;eacute;chaufour&amp;eacute;es et ont parfois essuy&amp;eacute; des tirs &amp;agrave; balles r&amp;eacute;elles. Plus de 200 gendarmes et policiers ont &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; bless&amp;eacute;s sur les 11 500 hommes d&amp;eacute;ploy&amp;eacute;s.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
En consid&amp;eacute;rant les 110 000 faits de violence urbaine recens&amp;eacute;s au cours de l'ann&amp;eacute;e 2005, ces &amp;eacute;meutes ne repr&amp;eacute;sentent en v&amp;eacute;rit&amp;eacute; qu'un sympt&amp;ocirc;me. Elles ne sont ni nouvelles, ni pass&amp;eacute;es. Une police de r&amp;eacute;pression est-elle alors v&amp;eacute;ritablement efficace pour lutter contre ce ph&amp;eacute;nom&amp;egrave;ne ?&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
La r&amp;eacute;ponse est n&amp;eacute;gative. L'utilisation d'une approche exclusivement r&amp;eacute;pressive ne permet pas d'appr&amp;eacute;cier correctement une dynamique de d&amp;eacute;sordre qui agr&amp;egrave;ge, dans l'espace et le temps, des actes d'incivilit&amp;eacute; et de forte gravit&amp;eacute; p&amp;eacute;nale. Les strat&amp;eacute;gies polici&amp;egrave;res et sociales sont d&amp;egrave;s lors inadapt&amp;eacute;es. L'&amp;eacute;tude de la th&amp;eacute;orie des &amp;quot;vitres cass&amp;eacute;es&amp;quot; et des r&amp;eacute;centes &amp;eacute;volutions des mod&amp;egrave;les policiers (notamment au Canada et aux Etats-Unis) invite &amp;agrave; effectuer de profonds changements. La France devrait ainsi opter pour une police de &amp;quot;r&amp;eacute;solution des probl&amp;egrave;mes&amp;quot;.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Julien Piednoir&lt;/b&gt; est titulaire d'un doctorat en droit et d'un Philosophiae doctor en criminologie (universit&amp;eacute; de Montr&amp;eacute;al).&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Justin B. Hollander

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In recent years there has been a growing focus on urban and environmental studies, and the skills and techniques needed to address the wider challenges of how to create sustainable communities. Central to that demand is the increasing urgency of addressing the issue of urban decline, and the response has almost always been to pursue growth policies to attempt to reverse that decline. The track record of growth policies has been mixed at best.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Until the first decade of the twenty-first century decline was assumed to be an issue only for former industrial cities &amp;ndash; the so-called Rust Belt. But the sudden reversal in growth in the major cities of the American Sunbelt has shown that urban decline can be a much wider issue. Justin Hollander&amp;rsquo;s research into urban decline in both the Sun and Rust Belts draws lessons planners and policy makers that can be applied universally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hollander addresses the reasons and statistics behind these &amp;quot;shrinking cities&amp;quot; with a positive outlook, arguing that growth for growth&amp;rsquo;s sake is not beneficial for communities, suggesting instead that urban development could be achieved through shrinkage. Case studies on Phoenix, Flint, Orlando and Fresno support the argument, and Hollander delves into the numbers, literature and individual lives affected and how they have changed in response to the declining regions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Written for urban scholars and to suit a wide range of courses focused on contemporary urban studies, this text forms a base for all study on shrinking cities for professionals, academics and students in urban design, planning, public administration and sociology.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Justin B. Hollander&lt;/b&gt; is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning at Tufts University and a Research Scientist at the George Perkins Marsh Institute at Clark University.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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IFPO et T&amp;eacute;ra&amp;egrave;dre

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L&amp;rsquo;ouvrage &amp;eacute;tudie la situation des populations de migrants, r&amp;eacute;fugi&amp;eacute;s et rel&amp;eacute;gu&amp;eacute;s dans des villes du Proche-Orient, dans ces &amp;quot;espaces &amp;eacute;carts&amp;quot; &amp;ndash; en p&amp;eacute;riph&amp;eacute;rie (camps), ou en position plus centrale (immeubles squatt&amp;eacute;s&amp;hellip;), stigmatis&amp;eacute;s, parce que r&amp;eacute;put&amp;eacute;s ins&amp;eacute;cures, lieux de trafics, de criminalit&amp;eacute;, d&amp;rsquo;extr&amp;eacute;misme religieux, voire de terrorisme.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Il propose de nouvelles donn&amp;eacute;es empiriques qui contribuent &amp;agrave; nourrir une r&amp;eacute;flexion sur les dynamiques des marges urbaines et sur les ressources mises en &amp;oelig;uvre par les individus ou les groupes dans leur relation &amp;agrave; la ville.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ce livre, au-del&amp;agrave; de la situation proche-orientale, offre aux chercheurs, mais aussi aux politiques, travailleurs sociaux, caritatifs&amp;hellip; des descriptions et des analyses permettant de comprendre aussi la situation fran&amp;ccedil;aise.&lt;/div&gt;
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L'ouvrage &amp;eacute;tudie la situation des populations de migrants, refugi&amp;eacute;s et rel&amp;eacute;gu&amp;eacute;s dans des villes du Proche-Orient, dans ces &amp;quot;espaces &amp;eacute;carts&amp;quot; - en p&amp;eacute;riph&amp;eacute;rie (camps), ou m&amp;ecirc;me en position plus centrale (immeubles squatt&amp;eacute;s...), stigmatis&amp;eacute;s, parce que r&amp;eacute;put&amp;eacute;s &lt;i&gt;insecures&lt;/i&gt;, lieux de trafics, de criminalit&amp;eacute;, d'extr&amp;eacute;misme religieux, voire de terrorisme. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Il propose de nouvelles donn&amp;eacute;es empiriques qui contribuent &amp;agrave; nourrir une r&amp;eacute;flexion sur les dynamiques des marges urbaines et sur les ressources mises en oeuvre par les individus ou les groupes dans leur relation &amp;agrave; la ville.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ce livre, au-del&amp;agrave; de la situation proche-orientale, offre aux chercheurs, mais aussi aux politiques, travailleurs sociaux, caritatifs. des descriptions et des analyses permettant de comprendre aussi la situation fran&amp;ccedil;aise.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
In contrast to theorizing cities that have experienced disaster or trauma as systems that need to become more resilient, in this talk Karen Till argues that cities marked by past structures of violence and exclusion should be understood as both wounded places and as environments that offer its residents care. The talk draws upon her book in progress and ethnographic research in Bogota, Cape Town and Roanoke, Virginia -- cities in which settlement clearances have produced spaces so steeped in oppression that the geographies of displacement continue to structure urban social relations. She will introduce her concepts of 'wounded city', 'memory-work' and a 'place-based ethics of care' as a means of retheorizing the city. She argues that the memory-work of artists, activists and residents offer alternative models to imagine more socially just urban futures. A deeper appreciation of the lived and place-based experiences and expertise of these urban inhabitants would enable planners, policy makers and urban theorists to consider more ethical and sustainable forms of urban change.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Karen Till's book in progress, Wounded Cities, is based on more than ten years of ethnographic research and examines cities scarred by difficult national histories (Berlin, Germany, Cape Town, South Africa, Bogot&amp;aacute;, Colombia, and Minneapolis and Roanoke, USA). The book engages recent debates about divided, resilient and resurgent cities by incorporating ethnographic and residents' insights, as well as relevant interdisciplinary discussions about heritage and memory; rights and cosmopolitics; and collaborative governance and civil society.&lt;br /&gt;
Her talk is based on her just published article 'Wounded Cities' in Political Geography 31 (1) (January 2012): 3-14, that includes responses by Rob Shields, Jeff Garmany, and Kevin Ward, with Dr. Till's reply, and outlines some of the major concepts in a preliminary fashion that will be discussed in depth in the book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Karen Till&lt;/b&gt; is Lecturer in Geography at the National University of Ireland Maynooth and Director of the Space &amp;amp; Place Research Collaborative.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
This book tracks New Spain's mendicant orders past their so-called golden age of missions into the ensuing centuries and demonstrates that they had equally crucial roles in what Melvin terms the &amp;quot;spiritual consolidation&amp;quot; of cities. Beginning in the late sixteenth century, cities became home to the majority of friars and to the orders' wealthiest houses, and mendicants became deeply embedded in urban social and cultural life. Friars ministered to urban residents of all races and social standings and engaged in traditional mendicant activities, serving as preachers, confessors, spiritual directors, alms collectors, educators, scholars, and sponsors of charitable works. Each order brought to this work a distinct identity that informed people's beliefs and shaped variations in the practice of Catholicism. Contrary to prevailing views, mendicant orders flourished during the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and even the eighteenth-century reforms that ended this era were not as devastating as has been assumed.Even in the face of new institutional challenges, the demand for their services continued through the end of the colonial period, demonstrating the continued vitality of baroque piety.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Karen Melvin &lt;/b&gt;is Assistant Professor of History at Bates College.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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In this pioneering study of the water infrastructure of Renaissance Rome, urban historian Katherine Rinne offers a new understanding of how technological and scientific developments in aqueduct and fountain architecture helped turn a medieval backwater into the preeminent city of early modern Europe. Supported by the author&amp;rsquo;s extensive topographical research, this book presents a unified vision of the city that links improvements to public and private water systems with political, religious, and social change. Between 1560 and 1630, in a spectacular burst of urban renewal, Rome&amp;rsquo;s religious and civil authorities sponsored the construction of aqueducts, private and public fountains for drinking, washing, and industry, and the magnificent ceremonial fountains that are Rome&amp;rsquo;s glory. Tying together the technological, sociopolitical, and artistic questions that faced the designers during an age of turmoil in which the Catholic Church found its authority threatened and the infrastructure of the city was in a state of decay, Rinne shows how these public works projects transformed Rome in a successful marriage of innovative engineering and strategic urban planning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Katherine Wentworth Rinne&lt;/b&gt; is an urban designer and historian of Renaissance and baroque architecture and urbanism. She is adjunct professor in the department of architecture at the California College of the Arts and associate fellow at the Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities at the University of Virginia.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Waters of the city of Rome&lt;/a&gt;'&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
The idea of the open city as a place of social integration, cultural diversity and collective identity is perceived as an irreversible achievement of modernity, and fuels our visions for a sustainable urban future. Nevertheless, we are witnessing increasing fragmentation and seclusion, which threatens the existence of the open city. Suburban compounds, gated communities, university campuses, covered shopping malls, urban entertainment areas, airport security zones, holiday resorts, all tend to develop into privatized and controlled zones, which are connected with the city at large by a limited number of corridors and access points. Public space - traditionally understood as the ultimate space of social encounter and equality - is being eroded by commerce, changing lifestyles and functionality. This lecture will address whether these conditions are destroying the sensible tissue of the open city, which are intended to encourage social interaction and balance. Are cities degenerating into secluded islands that denying a balanced urban totality? And how might the open city react to these developments?&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Kees Christaanse&lt;/b&gt; is Professor of Architecture and Urban Design at the ETH Zurich and the founder of KCAP, which has offices in Rotterdam, Zurich and London. He is a member of the Mayor's Design for London Advisory Group.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Thames and Hudson

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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Depuis sa premi&amp;egrave;re &amp;eacute;dition en langue anglaise en 1980, L&amp;rsquo;Architecture moderne &amp;ndash; Une histoire critique, est devenu un classique incontest&amp;eacute;. L&amp;rsquo;ouvrage de Kenneth Frampton, historien de l&amp;rsquo;architecture internationalement reconnu, m&amp;ecirc;le en effet le ton p&amp;eacute;dagogique et accessible d&amp;rsquo;un enseignant invit&amp;eacute; dans les universit&amp;eacute;s et &amp;eacute;coles d&amp;rsquo;architecture les plus prestigieuses du monde et le point de vue d&amp;rsquo;un chercheur et critique profond&amp;eacute;ment engag&amp;eacute; dans les d&amp;eacute;bats de son temps. La revue Architectural Design a ainsi salu&amp;eacute; son livre comme &amp;quot;l&amp;rsquo;un des plus importants sur l&amp;rsquo;architecture moderne&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
L&amp;rsquo;auteur retrace les origines tant culturelles qu&amp;rsquo;urbaines et techniques de l&amp;rsquo;architecture moderne en remontant jusqu&amp;rsquo;au tout d&amp;eacute;but du XIXe si&amp;egrave;cle. Il examine ensuite en des chapitres clairement d&amp;eacute;limit&amp;eacute;s &amp;ndash; o&amp;ugrave; b&amp;acirc;timents et th&amp;eacute;ories architecturales sont toujours &amp;eacute;clair&amp;eacute;s par leur contexte social, politique, &amp;eacute;conomique et technique &amp;ndash; les principaux mouvements, d&amp;eacute;veloppements nationaux ou p&amp;eacute;riodes de cr&amp;eacute;ation des grands concepteurs du XXe si&amp;egrave;cle.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Enfin, en critique avis&amp;eacute; de l&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;poque actuelle, il d&amp;eacute;tecte et explicite certains traits de l&amp;rsquo;architecture contemporaine, notamment &amp;agrave; l&amp;rsquo;aide des concepts de &amp;quot;r&amp;eacute;gionalisme critique&amp;quot; et de &amp;quot;pratique r&amp;eacute;flexive&amp;quot;. Son analyse de l&amp;rsquo;aspect plus particuli&amp;egrave;rement tectonique de certaines &amp;oelig;uvres architecturales est &amp;agrave; la fois originale et f&amp;eacute;conde.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Une version fran&amp;ccedil;aise de la premi&amp;egrave;re &amp;eacute;dition de cette Histoire &amp;eacute;tait parue en 1985, et introuvable depuis de nombreuses ann&amp;eacute;es. Le pr&amp;eacute;sent ouvrage, qui reprend la troisi&amp;egrave;me et derni&amp;egrave;re &amp;eacute;dition anglaise, b&amp;eacute;n&amp;eacute;ficie d&amp;rsquo;une nouvelle traduction ainsi que d&amp;rsquo;une bibliographie revue et augment&amp;eacute;e. Ses 377 illustrations viennent appuyer avec pr&amp;eacute;cision le propos de l&amp;rsquo;auteur. Il s&amp;rsquo;agit d&amp;rsquo;ores et d&amp;eacute;j&amp;agrave; d&amp;rsquo;un v&amp;eacute;ritable manuel de r&amp;eacute;f&amp;eacute;rence.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Kenneth Frampton&lt;/b&gt; est architecte, historien et critique d&amp;rsquo;architecture. Apr&amp;egrave;s avoir enseign&amp;eacute; dans des institutions de r&amp;eacute;putation internationale, il est aujourd'hui professeur &amp;agrave; la Graduate School of Architecture and Planning de la Columbia University de New York.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Taschen

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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
De la premi&amp;egrave;re photo connue prise &amp;agrave; Los Angeles jusqu&amp;rsquo;aux plus r&amp;eacute;cents panoramas tentaculaires, cet hommage photo &amp;agrave; la Cit&amp;eacute; des Anges est la premi&amp;egrave;re enqu&amp;ecirc;te approfondie qui regroupe tous les t&amp;eacute;moignages photographiques existants sur l&amp;rsquo;histoire de la ville. Explorant l&amp;rsquo;histoire culturelle, politique, industrielle et sociologique de LA gr&amp;acirc;ce aux contributions d&amp;rsquo;une myriade de photographes, notre ouvrage examine les grandes &amp;eacute;tapes de l&amp;rsquo;histoire de la ville depuis le boom immobilier des ann&amp;eacute;es 1880 jusqu&amp;rsquo;&amp;agrave; l&amp;rsquo;extension incontr&amp;ocirc;l&amp;eacute;e de la ville dans la seconde moiti&amp;eacute; du XXe si&amp;egrave;cle. Avec plus de 500 images, LA est montr&amp;eacute;e &amp;eacute;mergeant d&amp;rsquo;un no man&amp;rsquo;s land d&amp;eacute;sertique pour devenir un paradis horticole gr&amp;acirc;ce &amp;agrave; d&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;normes travaux d&amp;rsquo;irrigation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Les grands &amp;eacute;v&amp;eacute;nements qui ont captiv&amp;eacute; l&amp;rsquo;attention du public, les deux Jeux Olympiques, l&amp;rsquo;assassinat de Robert Kennedy, les &amp;eacute;meutes cons&amp;eacute;cutives &amp;agrave; l&amp;rsquo;affaire Rodney King, r&amp;eacute;v&amp;egrave;lent une cit&amp;eacute; aux multiples facettes. A c&amp;ocirc;t&amp;eacute; des personnalit&amp;eacute;s, architectes, artistes et &amp;eacute;v&amp;eacute;nements marquants de Los Angeles, Hollywood, capitale mondiale du Show Business, et ses stars, ne sont pas oubli&amp;eacute;es. Nombre des mouvements culturels pop qui ont commenc&amp;eacute; &amp;agrave; Los Angeles, tels le surf, les restaurants di&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute;tiques, les hot-rods, sont aussi pr&amp;eacute;sent&amp;eacute;s ici, tout comme les crimes et criminels c&amp;eacute;l&amp;egrave;bres de la ville.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Ce livre r&amp;eacute;v&amp;egrave;le une nouvelle dimension de l&amp;rsquo;histoire visuelle d&amp;rsquo;une des cit&amp;eacute;s les plus connues et les plus photographi&amp;eacute;es au monde, avec des centaines d&amp;rsquo;images r&amp;eacute;cemment d&amp;eacute;couvertes sign&amp;eacute;es Julius Shulman, Garry Winogrand, William Claxton parmi beaucoup d&amp;rsquo;autres. Extraites d&amp;rsquo;archives historiques majeures, de mus&amp;eacute;es, de collections priv&amp;eacute;es et d&amp;rsquo;universit&amp;eacute;s, ces images, s&amp;eacute;lectionn&amp;eacute;es par l'anthropologue culturel &lt;b&gt;Jim Heimann&lt;/b&gt;, sont accompagn&amp;eacute;es de textes &amp;eacute;clairants de Kevin Starr, historien de Los Angeles et de David Ulin, expert en histoire litt&amp;eacute;raire de LA.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Kevin Starr&lt;/b&gt;, titulaire d&amp;rsquo;un Doctorat de l&amp;rsquo;universit&amp;eacute; Harvard, est actuellement professeur d&amp;rsquo;histoire &amp;agrave; l&amp;rsquo;Universit&amp;eacute; de Los Angeles de Californie du Sud.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;David L. Ulin&lt;/b&gt; est responsable des pages litt&amp;eacute;raires du Los Angeles Times.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Edition en anglais, fran&amp;ccedil;ais, allemand.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Editions Europia

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                <text>&lt;div&gt;Actes du colloque sur &lt;i&gt;les &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Technologies de l&amp;rsquo;Information et de la  Communication en milieu urbain&lt;/i&gt; organis&amp;eacute; &amp;agrave; Montr&amp;eacute;al en septembre 2011&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sommaire :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Enjeux de l'am&amp;eacute;nagement de la ville hybrid&amp;eacute;e : une 4&amp;egrave;me dimension&amp;quot;, par Khaldoun ZREIK&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;L'architecture num&amp;eacute;rique : promesses et impasses&amp;quot;, par Serge WACHTER&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Interactions et r&amp;eacute;alit&amp;eacute; mixte dans la ville hybride&amp;quot;, par Jean-Fran&amp;ccedil;ois LUCAS&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;La ville document&amp;eacute;e : les applications mobiles comme m&amp;eacute;dia hyperurbain de valorisation sociale d'information en context&amp;quot;, par B&amp;eacute;a ARRUABARRENA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Vers une structuration &amp;laquo; hyperg&amp;eacute;ographique &amp;raquo; des espaces urbains participatifs&amp;quot;, par Jean-Pierre CAHIER, Nour EL MAWAS et Philippe Le GONNIDEC&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;3D et am&amp;eacute;nagement : peut-on se fier aux apparences ?&amp;quot;, par Florence JACQUINOD&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Nouvelles perceptions et nouveaux usages urbains par les technologies num&amp;eacute;riques : le point de vue de l'habitant&amp;quot;, par Patrizia LAUDATI&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;La Citt&amp;agrave; Analoga d'Aldo Rossi &amp;eacute;tait-elle une hyperurbanit&amp;eacute; pr&amp;eacute;monitoire ?&amp;quot;, par Jean-Pierre CHUPIN&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Contre l'accaparement des terres : Les SIG-P comme outil de contr&amp;ocirc;le citoyen dans la dynamique villes-campagnes&amp;quot;, par Ibrahima SYLLA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Pour une ville hybride, une conception hybride&amp;hellip;&amp;quot;, par Claude YACOUB&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Urbain, trop urbain&amp;hellip;.. ou l'ivresse num&amp;eacute;rique&amp;quot;, par Michel Max RAYNAUD&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Itin&amp;eacute;raires interactifs dans Beyrouth : enjeux du d&amp;eacute;veloppement durable dans une ville hybride&amp;quot;, par Nada EL-KHOURY et Giovanni DE PAOL&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Cet ouvrage d'HyperUrbain a pour th&amp;egrave;me la &amp;quot;ville cartographi&amp;eacute;e&amp;quot;. Il entend interroger les formes &amp;eacute;mergentes d'appropriation des territoires urbains par des individus et des groupes mobilisant diff&amp;eacute;rentes technologies num&amp;eacute;riques, &amp;agrave; travers des applications vari&amp;eacute;es &amp;eacute;voluant dans divers contextes sociaux. Les fictions hyperurbaines, ou exemplifications virtuelles et r&amp;eacute;alisations d'un imaginaire urbain par les nouvelles technologies, ne concernent pas seulement les ing&amp;eacute;nieurs, mais aussi des types d'innovation transversale d&amp;eacute;velopp&amp;eacute;s dans des usages quotidiens (l'habitant de la ville) et dans les usages alternatifs (les artistes). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
HyperUrbain.2 se propose d'approcher ces questions de mani&amp;egrave;re pluridisciplinaire et vise explicitement le dialogue entre les professionnels, les disciplines techniques et les Sciences Humaines et Sociales.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sommaire :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Khaldoun Zreik  Avant-propos : HyperUrbain2&lt;br /&gt;
Khaldoun Zreik.  Nouvelles navigations, nouvelles cartographies, nouvelles villes : vers des boussoles augment&amp;eacute;es ;&lt;br /&gt;
Maurice Benayoun. La crise de nerfs du corps global. Un mod&amp;egrave;le organique du monde connect&amp;eacute; ;&lt;br /&gt;
Boris Beaude. Espace de la ville, espace de la carte. De l'analogie &amp;agrave; la coexistence ;&lt;br /&gt;
Boris Mericskay, St&amp;eacute;phane Roche. Cartographie num&amp;eacute;rique en ligne nouvelle g&amp;eacute;n&amp;eacute;ration : Impacts de la n&amp;eacute;og&amp;eacute;ographie et de l'information g&amp;eacute;ographique volontaire sur la gestion urbaine participative ;&lt;br /&gt;
Marco Quaggiotto, Donato Ricci, Gaia Scagnetti, Giorgio Caviglia, Michele Graffieti, Samuel Granados Lopez, Daniele Guido. New maps from the media-city : CityMurmur as a tool for the visualization of urban space ;&lt;br /&gt;
Bruno Hilaire, Nicolas Klein; Terra Magna : Enjeux et usages d'un SIG 3D pour l'am&amp;eacute;nagement et l'urbanisme ;&lt;br /&gt;
Olivier Balay. Cartes &amp;agrave; l'&amp;eacute;coute de la ville. Prol&amp;eacute;gom&amp;egrave;nes pour le renouvellement des cartographies acoustiques de la ville europ&amp;eacute;enne ;&lt;br /&gt;
Eve Ross. De la collaboration au virtuel ;&lt;br /&gt;
Francesco Cingolani, Domenico Di Siena (Collectif IMAGINARIO). &amp;quot;Hyper-local Internet&amp;quot; : la nouvelle dimension des espaces publics de nos villes ? ;&lt;br /&gt;
Rob Van Kranenburg; Tools for decision making ;&lt;br /&gt;
Sophie P&amp;egrave;ne. Le pi&amp;eacute;ton dans la ville. Nouvelles &amp;eacute;preuves de la micromobilit&amp;eacute; hyperdocument&amp;eacute;e ;&lt;br /&gt;
Natacha Roussel. Art et cartographie, cartographie de la pr&amp;eacute;sence de multiples humains distribu&amp;eacute;s au sein de l&amp;rsquo;espace urbain ;&lt;br /&gt;
Laurent Desombre , Smail Khainnar, Patrizia Laudati. Ville cartographi&amp;eacute;e. Cartographie de la ville. Promenades atmosph&amp;eacute;ristes en jardin public ;&lt;br /&gt;
J&amp;eacute;r&amp;eacute;mie Valentin. Les nouveaux usages g&amp;eacute;ographiques du cyberespace (Draft) ;&lt;br /&gt;
Marc Relieu. Les usages d&amp;rsquo;une carte dynamique en situation de catastrophe naturelle. Une &amp;eacute;tude des annotations d&amp;rsquo;un mashup propos&amp;eacute; apr&amp;egrave;s le passage de l&amp;rsquo;ouragan Katrina sur la Nouvelle-Orl&amp;eacute;ans ;&lt;br /&gt;
Christophe Leclercq, Camille Paloque-Berg&amp;egrave;s. Les artistes face aux services de cartographie Web.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Khalifa Chater et Robert Escallier&lt;br /&gt;
Avant-propos&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Robert Escallier&lt;br /&gt;
De la tribu au quartier, les solidarit&amp;eacute;s dans la tourmente. L&amp;rsquo;exemple marocain&lt;br /&gt;
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Hassan El-Annabi&lt;br /&gt;
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Fay&amp;ccedil;al El Ghoul&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
Abdesslem Ben Hamida&lt;br /&gt;
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Yvan Gastaut&lt;br /&gt;
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Bechir Yazidi&lt;br /&gt;
Immigration politique et solidarit&amp;eacute;. Le cas des r&amp;eacute;fugi&amp;eacute;s espagnols en Tunisie&lt;br /&gt;
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Alain Romey&lt;br /&gt;
Jean El Mouhoub Amrouche, ou le dilemme d&amp;rsquo;une solidarit&amp;eacute; controvers&amp;eacute;e (1945-1961)&lt;br /&gt;
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Jean-Baptiste Pisano&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
Jacques Mi&amp;egrave;vre&lt;br /&gt;
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Ralph Schor&lt;br /&gt;
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Val&amp;eacute;rie Pietri&lt;br /&gt;
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Karine Lambert&lt;br /&gt;
Solidarit&amp;eacute;s reconstitu&amp;eacute;es : prostitution et criminalit&amp;eacute; en milieu urbain proven&amp;ccedil;al sous l&amp;rsquo;Ancien R&amp;eacute;gime&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
St&amp;eacute;phane Mourlane&lt;br /&gt;
Solidarit&amp;eacute;s formelles et informelles : les associations d&amp;rsquo;Italiens en France depuis 1945&lt;/div&gt;
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Kian Tajbakhsh

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2001

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University of California Press

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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
The Promise of the City proposes a new theoretical framework for the study of cities and urban life. Finding the contemporary urban scene too complex to be captured by radical or conventional approaches, Kian Tajbakhsh offers a threefold, interdisciplinary approach linking agency, space, and structure. First, he says, urban identities cannot be understood through individualistic, communitarian, or class perspectives but rather through the shifting spectrum of cultural, political, and economic influences. Second, the layered, unfinished city spaces we inhabit and within which we create meaning are best represented not by the image of bounded physical spaces but rather by overlapping and shifting boundaries. And third, the macro forces shaping urban society include bureaucratic and governmental interventions not captured by a purely economic paradigm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tajbakhsh examines these dimensions in the work of three major critical urban theorists of recent decades: Manuel Castells, David Harvey, and Ira Katznelson. He shows why the answers offered by Marxian urban theory to the questions of identity, space, and structure are unsatisfactory and why the perspectives of other intellectual traditions such as poststructuralism, feminism, Habermasian Critical Theory, and pragmatism can help us better understand the challenges facing contemporary cities.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Kian Tajbakhsh&lt;/b&gt; is Assistant Professor in the Urban Policy Analysis Department at the Robert J. Milano Graduate School of Management and Urban Policy, New School University.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Offering an innovative, interdisciplinary approach to the city which opens up new ways of understanding urban culture and urban space, the author approaches the city as essentially a &amp;quot;material&amp;quot; place where people live, work, and participate in social practices within historical limits set not by sensory experience or cultural meanings but material social conditions. Urban cultural theory, the book contends, needs to understand the human senses in the context of (imperceptible) material relations of production so as to take part in the struggle to transform them.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Kimberly DeFazio &lt;/b&gt;teaches in the English Department at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse.&lt;/div&gt;
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Actes Sud

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&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Loin l&amp;agrave;-haut, &amp;agrave; 10 degr&amp;eacute;s du p&amp;ocirc;le nord, sur l'archipel perdu du Svalbard (Spitzberg), territoire norv&amp;eacute;gien, les Russes exploitent depuis pr&amp;egrave;s d'un si&amp;egrave;cle quelques mines de charbon. Autour de l'une de celles-ci, Pyramiden, fut construite une ville qui, dans les ann&amp;eacute;es 1990, comptait 2 500 habitants. En quelques semaines, ils abandonn&amp;egrave;rent totalement les lieux. La ville subsiste, t&amp;eacute;moin d'une architecture id&amp;eacute;ale socialiste. Dans le palais de la culture, des photos montrent les derni&amp;egrave;res rencontres sportives et les spectacles scolaires comme s'ils dataient d'hier. Les livres sont sur les rayons de la biblioth&amp;egrave;que, les jouets sur le parquet de la cr&amp;egrave;che, les animaux locaux empaill&amp;eacute;s attendent un improbable visiteur du mus&amp;eacute;e. A Pyramiden, le temps s'est arr&amp;ecirc;t&amp;eacute;.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Outre une r&amp;eacute;flexion sociale, politique mais aussi litt&amp;eacute;raire sur cette belle ville fant&amp;ocirc;me perdue dans un bout du monde, et qu'il a visit&amp;eacute;e, Kjartan Fl&amp;Oslash;gstad analyse le projet culturel et social de Pyramiden en l'&amp;eacute;largissant au th&amp;egrave;me de la mine, avec des r&amp;eacute;f&amp;eacute;rences que l'auteur puise dans le folklore comme dans la litt&amp;eacute;rature (Orwell, Kapuscinsky, Zola) ou la musique (Dylan, Lluis Lach, Woody Guthrie). Centr&amp;eacute; sur la construction d'une utopie urbaine, son essai interroge un projet moderniste aussi bien que les valeurs id&amp;eacute;ales du travail, symbolis&amp;eacute;es par le mineur, arch&amp;eacute;type de l'ouvrier communiste victorieux face &amp;agrave; l'avenir, mais aussi du travailleur productif en Occident dans les ann&amp;eacute;es 1950.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Kjartan Flogstad&lt;/b&gt; est un &amp;eacute;crivain et essayiste norv&amp;eacute;gien.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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